• Journal of Haehwa Medicine
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.395-415
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• 2001

A general concept of Geun includes the soft organizations such as a muscle, a myofascia, a tendon and a ligament, cartilages and nerves that surround it. The main function of it is a movement of the body such as a flextion and a extension, a connection of the joints, and a construction of the body shape. Lately, we consider Geun important little by little, develop a variety of the therapeutic measures which make use of it, and apply it to the treatment in the oriental medicine, And the therapeutic measures which utilize Geun will be developed from now on. Therefore, this study reviewed and analyzed the direction of the research referred to Geun in the oriental medicine and the tendency to the experiment to grow the study referred to Geun in oriental medicine continuously and developed the new direction. This study collected 44's theses reported in the oriental medical journal and analyzed in accordance with the journal, time, form and topics. The following results were obtained in this study; 1. In the theses referred to Geun, the journal of Korean acupuncture & moxibustion society and of Korean oriental medicine have the most of them(11's theses) and at the next the journal of oriental rehabilitation medicine has 9's theses. 2. By analyzing the form of the theses, these were classified into the theoretical, experimental and clinical studies. The theoretical these occupied 39%, the experimental theses 54%, and the clinical theses 7%. 3. By analyzing the theses referred to Geun, these were classified into the muscular abnormality - such as a powerlessness, a injury, a atrophy, a disorder, and a pain - the theory of muscles along the regular meridians, the muscular organization, the therapeutic measures, the manipulation and so on. 4. The theses of the muscular abnormality occupied 30% of them referred to Geun and the theory of muscles along the regular meridians 20%, the muscular organization 12%, the therapeutic measures 12%, and the manipulation 8%. According to the above results, the study of the new field referred to Geun and the clinical report are indispensable since the field is limited and the tendency is theoretical and experimental.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.39 no.5
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• pp.632-640
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• 2009

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of DHEA (Dehydroepiandrosterone) on muscle weight and Type I and II fiber cross-sectional area of affected and unaffected hindlimb muscles in rats with neuropathic pain induced by unilateral peripheral nerve injury. Methods: Neuropathic pain was induced by ligation and cutting of the left L5 spinal nerve. Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly assigned to one of two groups: The DHEA group (n=10) had DHEA injections daily for 14 days, and the Vehicle group (n=10) had vehicle injections daily for 14 days. Withdrawal threshold, body weight, food intake and activity were measured every day. At 15 days all rats were anesthetized and soleus, plantaris and gastrocnemius muscles were dissected from the both hindlimbs. Body weight, food intake, activity, muscle weight and Type I, II fiber cross-sectional area of the dissected muscles were measured. Results: The DHEA group showed significant increases (p<.05), as compared to the vehicle group for muscle weight of the unaffected plantaris, and in Type II fiber cross-sectional area of the gastrocnemius muscle. The DHEA group demonstrated a higher pain threshold than the vehicle group whereas total diet intake and activity score were not significantly different between the two groups. Conclusion: DHEA administration for 14 days attenuates unaffected plantaris and gastrocnemius muscle atrophy.

• Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology
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• v.22 no.2 s.57
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• pp.119-128
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• 2007

The present study was conducted to find out effect of PFOS on survival, activity, growth and organ structure of the melania snail, Semisulcospira gottschei. Experimental groups were composed of one control condition and four PFOS exposure condition (0.1, 0.5, 1.0 and 5.0 mg/L). After 16 week exposure, survival rate and activity were not significantly influenced at the two lower exposure groups, 0.1 and 0.5 mg/L, but they were significantly reduced in 1.0 and 5.0 mg/L groups. Total weight and meat weight rate (MWR) were reduced in PFOS exposure group in comparison to control group. Also, histological degenerations such as acidification of mucous, necrosis and split of muscular fiber bundle, atrophy of anterior pedal gland were recognized in the foot. Hepatopancreas showed the atrophy and degeneration of the digestive cell, vacuolation of digestive gland and closure of lumen in digestive gland.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.37 no.1
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• pp.81-90
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• 2007

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of daily exercise before steroid treatment on mass, the type I and II fiber cross-sectional area, and myofibrillar protein content of hindlimb muscles in a rat model. Method: Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly assigned to one of three groups: a control group(n=10) that had a normal saline injection for 7days, a steroid group(n=10) that had a steroid injection for 7days, and an exercise-steroid group(n=10) that ran on the treadmill for 7days before a steroid treatment. Body weight and food intake were measured every day. At 15 days all rats were anesthetized and the soleus, plantaris and gastrocnemius muscles were dissected. Result: The exercise-steroid group showed significant increases as compared with the steroid group in body weight, muscle weight of the soleus and gastrocnemius, type II muscle fiber cross-sectional area of plantaris, and myofibrillar protein content of the soleus, plantaris, and gastrocnemius. As compared with the control group, the steroid group showed significant decreases in body weight and diet intake, muscle weight, the type II fiber cross-sectional area and myofibrillar protein content of the soleus, plantaris, and gastrocnemius muscles. Conclusion: Daily exercise before steroid treatment attenuates hindlimb muscle atrophy, with type II muscle changes more apparent than type I muscle changes.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.40 no.5
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• pp.611-619
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• 2010

The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of exercise on muscle weight and Type I and II fiber cross-sectional area of affected and unaffected hindlimb muscles in rats with neuropathic pain induced by unilateral peripheral nerve injury. Methods: Neuropathic pain was induced by ligation and cutting of the left L5 spinal nerve. Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly assigned to one of two groups: The Pain+Exercise (PE) group (n=21) and the Sham+Exercise (SE) group (n=20). All rats had 28 sessions of treadmill exercise at grade 10 for 30 minutes, twice/day at 10 m/min for 14 days. Body weight, food intake and activity were measured every day. At 15 days all rats were anesthetized and soleus, plantaris and gastrocnemius muscles were dissected. Muscle weight and Type I, II fiber cross-sectional area of the dissected muscles were measured. Results: The PE group showed significant increases (p<.05), as compared to the SE group for body weight and total diet intake, muscle weight of the unaffected soleus and plantaris, and in Type I and II fiber cross-sectional area of unaffected three muscles and affected plantaris. Conclusion: Exercise for 14 days attenuates unaffected soleus, plantaris and gastrocnemius muscle atrophy in neuropathic pain model.

• Journal of Korean Medicine Rehabilitation
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.95-102
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• 2016

Objectives To investigate correlation between slip percentage (SP) of spondylolisthesis and cross-sectional area (CSA) of lumbar paraspinal muscles; psoas major (PM), multifidus (MU) and erector spinae (ES). Methods A retrospective study was carried out in 120 spondylolisthesis patients who had visited the Spine center of Kyung Hee University Hospital at Gangdong and had taken lumbar MRI. CSA of lumbar paraspinal muscles was measured from axial T2-weighted MRI and divided by CSA of vertebral body to avoid weight's influence. SP was also measured from sagittal MRI. Results SP increase has significant correlation with decreased CSA-MU (r=0.37, p<0.01) and increased CSA-ES (r=0.19, p<0.05). There was no significant correlation between SP and CSA-PM. Conclusions MU atrophy and ES hypertrophy have significant correlation with SP of spondylolisthesis. CSA of lumbar paraspinal muscles can be a risk factor of progression of spondylolisthesis and compensation for the instability.

• Journal of Korean Medicine Rehabilitation
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.1-8
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• 2017

Objectives Ethanol is a potent inhibitor of muscle protein synthesis. Muscle mass is regulated by the balance between rates of protein synthesis and protein breakdown. Both acute and chronic alcohol consumption inhibits synthesis to a greater extent than degradation. Protein synthesis is more intensely decreased in type II fibers than in type I fibers. Apoptosis has been shown to occur frequently in a variety of tissues in response to chronic alcohol feeding. Increased muscle fiber apoptosis has been shown in alcoholics with myopathy. Pueraria radix has been used for many disorders such as fevers, gastrointestinal disorders, muscle aches, allergies, respiratory problems, skin problems, high blood pressure, migraine headaches, lowering cholesterol and treating chronic alcoholism. We therefore tested the hypothesis that oral treatment with Pueraria radix could reduce the ethanol-induced muscle atrophy. Methods Young male Sprague-Dawley rats were orally given 25% ethanol (5 ml/kg, body weight) daily with Ethanol for 4 weeks. Normal group was similarly administrated with saline. The Rats of Pueraria radix treated group (EtOH+PR) were orally administrated Pueraria radix water extract, and rats of EtOH group were given with the vehicle only. After 4 week, the morphology of gastrocnemius and plantaris muscles were assessed by hematoxylin and eosin staining. The immunoreactivities of pre-apoptotic BAX and anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 proteins were also measured. Results The muscles from rats of EtOH group represented a significant reduction in average cross section area compared to Normal group. EtOH+PR group had increased fiber compared to the EtOH group. Moreover, to investigate the ethanol-induced muscular apoptosis, the immunohistochemical analysis of Bax and Bcl-2 was carried out. The treatment with Pueraria radix (EtOH+PR) significantly decreased BAX expression and increased Bcl-2 expression 4 weeks after ethanol administration when compared with Normal group. Conclusions These results suggest that Pueraria radix water extract has protective effects on chronic alcohol induced myopathy.

• The Journal of Dong Guk Oriental Medicine
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• v.5
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• pp.79-95
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• 1996

When we see normal gait, gait cycle is seperated as stance phase and swing phase. It needs 6 determinant of gait of pelvic rotation, pelvic tilt, knee joint of stance phase, ankle and foot motion, ankle and knee motion, and pelvic movement to be accomplished. In addition, a joint and muscle action is accomplished biomechanically at the same time with its gait cycle. In oriental medicine, the relationships between chang-fu physiology and meridian physiology are summaried as follows ; ${\bullet}$ chang-fu physiology : Spleen manages the extremities. Liver manages soft tissues. Liver stores blood. Kidney stores essences. Kidney manages bones. ${\bullet}$ meridian physiology : The Leg Greater Yang Meridian and meridian soft tissues The Leg Yang-Myeong Meridian and meridian soft tissues The Leg Lesser Yang Meridian and meridian soft tissues The Leg Greater Yin Meridian and meridian soft tissues The Leg Lesser Yin Meridian and meridian soft tissues The Leg Absolute Yin Meridian and meridian soft tissues Especially, we can find out relations between in a "blood supplied feet can walk well" that explains "blood regulations and by liver nourishing effects"that is the closest concept of muscle. Abnormal gaits are due to three causes as following; first, physical defect secoud, pain third, nervous system or instability of muscle. In oriental medicine, we can know relationship in "atrophy, numbness, stroke, convulsion, muscular dystrophy of knee, rheumatoid arthritis, five causes of infantile growing defects, five causes of softening, sprain". Especially, atrophy is the most important symptom. Gait evaluation should be emphasized where a point can walk 8 feet to 10 feet considering stride width, stride length, the body weight center, stride number, flexion, extension, rotation of a joint as a standard factor. The point is we should find out something strange in a patient's side, front and back view. After that we should find out its cause as an index that we can observe abnormal findings in a joint and muscle.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.244-246
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• 2007

Clinical and histopathologic features of idopathic polymyositis in twenty-month-old Alaskan malamute dog are described. The clinical signs were progressive exercise intolerance with acute exacerbation of weakness, muscle atrophy, synchronous pelvic limb gait, short stiff steps and tip-toeing as like walking on eggshells. Physical and clinical examination revealed no evidence of neurologic, skeletal and secondary muscular disorders associated with other diseases. Therefore muscle biopsy was performed at the most severe muscle atrophy lesions to confirm by histopathology. Histopathologic findings documented mononuclear cell infiltration and necrosis of muscle fiber and it was diagnosed as idiopathic polymyositis. Initial treatment was focused on pain relief. Prednisone at immunosuppressive dose (2 mg/kg) was administered orally twice daily. After 3 weeks of starting treatment, the patient showed improvement of gait, appetite, exercise as well as gradually return to normal state of hematologic and serum chemistry profiles.

• The Korean Journal of Pain
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• v.34 no.4
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• pp.454-462
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• 2021

Background: This study was performed to reveal the relationships between the cross-sectional areas (CSAs) of the paraspinal muscles and the severity of low back pain (LBP), including the level of disability. Methods: This single-center cross-sectional study was conducted on 164 patients with chronic LBP. The effects of demographic characteristics, posture, level of physical activity, disc herniation type, and sarcopenia risk on the CSAs of paraspinal muscles were evaluated along with the relationship between the CSAs and severity of pain and disability in all patients. The CSAs of paraspinal muscles were evaluated using the software program Image J 1.53. Results: A negative significant correlation was found between age and the paraspinal muscle's CSA (P < 0.05), whereas a positive correlation was present between the level of physical activity and the CSA of the paraspinal muscle at the L2-3 and L3-4 levels. The CSAs of paraspinal muscles in patients with sarcopenia risk was significantly lower than those in patients without sarcopenia risk (P < 0.05). The CSAs of paraspinal muscles at the L2-3 and L3-4 levels in obese patients were significantly higher than those in overweight patients (P = 0.028, P = 0.026, respectively). There was no relationship between the CSAs of paraspinal muscles and pain intensity or disability. Conclusions: Although this study did not find a relationship between paraspinal CSAs and pain or disability, treatment regimens for preventing paraspinal muscles from atrophy may aid pain physicians in relieving pain, restoring function, and preventing recurrence in patients with chronic LBP.