• The Korean Journal of Physiology
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• 제4권2호
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• pp.19-24
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• 1970

Since the discovery of the muscle spindle by Hassall (1831), an intensive studies of its anatomical and physiological characteristics had been undertaken. Recent morphological studies of Boyd (1962) demonstrated that the muscle spindles have two different intrafusal muscle fibers, nuclear bag and nuclear chain fiber, and these intrafusal fibers are under independent motor innervation by ${\gamma}_1$ and ${\gamma}_2$ motor neurone. Neurophysiological studies of Hunt and Kuffler (1951) showed regulatory effect of ${\gamma}$ motor neurone upon the excitability of the spindle afferents. Harvey and Mathews (1961) observed the dynamic and static characteristics of the two different spindle afferents, the primary and secondary ending. Furthermore, Mathews (1962) postulated the functional existance of two kind of ${\gamma}$ motor neurones, namely, the dynamic and static fusimotor fiber. Recent report of Kim and Partridge(1969) pointed out that the descending vestibular signals had increased the slope of the length-tension relationship in stretch reflex; Kim (1967) demonstrated that the descending vestibular impulses act upon the stretch reflex loop through the ${\gamma}$ motor pathway. These experimental evidences from the morphological and neurophysiological studies on the muscle spindles support the concept that the stretch reflex action of the skeletal muscle operates as a negative feedback control system. The author had discussed the way by which the f system participates in the control of stretch relfex feed back system. that was taken for a prototype of posture and movement.

• PNF and Movement
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• 제1권1호
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• pp.1-9
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• 2003

Objectives: The main purpose of this study is to analyze the importance of the rotatory factor in PNF pattern. In this article has to analyze and clarify the importance of the rotatory factor in PNF pattern by comparing the general concepts, facilitation technics, and neuroscience of muscle spindle, etc. Methods: This is a literature study with books. Results : There is close relationships between the pattern in PNF and rotatory factor. PNF pattern is priorily made up the diagonal and spiral pattern. the rotatory factor influences and guides from the start to end in the pattern. Conclusions : Rotation component is most important of the three component that one flexion or extension, abduction or adduction and rotation. It is that provide longer muscle length and stimulate the muscle spindles.

• 한국임상수의학회지
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• 제23권2호
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• pp.102-104
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• 2006

본 연구의 목적은 개의 경혈에 관한 조직학적 소견을 관찰하는 것이다. 개(4마리)에서 내관(PC06), 간유(BL18), 신유(BL23) 및 방광유(BL28)에 1 cm 깊이로 자침을 실시하고, 경혈주위의 조직을 관찰하였다. 각 경혈의 주위조직을 현미경학적으로 관찰하였다. 신경섬유, 소혈관, 및 근방추체들은 인근 지점에서의 비경혈, 또는 피부, 피하조직 및 근육과 같은 부위에서의 비경혈에서도 가끔 발견 되지만, 모든 예의 침의 선단 주위에서 신경섬유, 소혈관, 및 근방추체가 발견되었다. 따라서, 신경섬유, 소혈관 및 근 방추체는 잠재성 경혈 수용체일수도 있다는 가능성이 제시된다.

• 보건의료생명과학 논문지
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• 제10권2호
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• pp.387-391
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• 2022

본 연구는 강원도 지역 20대 대학생 8명을 대상으로 온천욕을 주 1회씩 4주간 진행 후 근방추 활성도를 통한 인체의 자세 균형에 미치는 영향을 알아보는 실험연구로 온천욕 이후 인체에 미치는 온열 효과와 수중 역학의 특성에 따른 근방추 활성화와 그에 따른 신체 균형감각의 변화를 분석하였다. Win-Track 프로그램을 이용하여 실험 전·후 측정값을 비교 분석하였다. 실험 결과 온천욕 이전의 경우 체중을 지지하는 발의 면적이 상대적으로 온천욕 이후에 비해 넓게 분포하였으며, 압력의 변화에서는 온천 이후에 비해 발의 압력은 최대값과 평균압력치 값이 모두 낮았다. 실험 결과 결과로 근방추 활성으로 인체의 체중을 지지하는 발의 면적감소와 더불어 인체 무게중심에 대응하기 위한 발의 압력변화가 긍정적으로 나타났다. 균형자세 유지에 어려움을 겪고 있는 질환자의 효율적인 치료적 훈련프로그램에 적용할 수 있을 것이다.

• International Journal of Oral Biology
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• 제31권4호
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• pp.113-118
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• 2006

In the primary sensory neuron of the mesencephalic trigeminal nucleus (MTN), the peripheral axon supplies a large number of annulospiral endings surrounding intrafusal fibers encapsulated in single muscle spindles while the central axon sends only a few number of synapses onto single ${\alpha}-motoneurons({\alpha}-MNs)$. Therefore, the ${\alpha}-{\gamma}$ linkage is thought to be very crucial in the jaw-closing movement. Spike activity in a ${\gamma}-motoneuron\;({\gamma}-MN)$ would induce a large number of impulses in single peripheral axons by activating many intrafusal fibers simultaneously, subsequently causing an activation of ${\alpha}-MNs$ in spite of the small number of synapses. Thus, the activity of ${\gamma}-MNs$ may be vital for modulation of jaw-closing movements. Independently of such a spindle activity modulated by ${\gamma}-MNs$, somatic depolarization in MTN neurons is known to trigger the oscillatory spike activity. Nevertheless, the trafficking of these spikes arising from the two distinct sources of MTN neurons is not well understood. In this short review, switching among multiple functional modes of MTN neurons is discussed. Subsequently, it will be discussed which mode can support the ${\alpha}-{\gamma}$ linkage. In our most recent study, simultaneous patch-clamp recordings from the soma and axon hillock revealed a spike-back-propagation from the spike-initiation site in the stem axon to the soma in response to a somatic current pulse. The persistent $Na^+$ current was found to be responsible for the spike-initiation in the stem axon, the activation threshold of which was lower than those of soma spikes. Somatic inputs or impulses arising from the sensory ending, whichever trigger spikes in the stem axon first, would be forwarded through the central axon to the target synapse. We also demonstrated that at hyperpolarized membrane potentials, 4-AP-sensitive $K^+$ current ($IK_{4-AP}$) exerts two opposing effects on spikes depending on their origins; the suppression of spike initiation by increasing the apparent electrotonic distance between the soma and the spike-initiation site, and the facilitation of axonal spike invasion at higher frequencies by decreasing the spike duration and the refractory period. Through this mechanism, the spindle activity caused by ${\gamma}-MNs$ would be safely forwarded to ${\alpha}-MNs$. Thus, soma spikes shaped differentially by this $IK_{4-AP}$ depending on their origins would reflect which one of the two inputs was forwarded to the target synapses.