• Advances in nano research
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.165-173
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• 2024

The production of multipurpose cotton fabrics aimed at elevating the quality of aerobic and dance sportswear is explored in this study. Powder metallurgy, known for its high efficiency in manufacturing technological components with minimal waste, is employed as a method for fabricating brush ferrules for painting. The utilization of iron-copper material, prepared through powder metallurgy, enhances the strength and quality of the brush ferrules. A microscopic analysis reveals a robust interconnection between the particles of each layer achieved through isostatic pressure, resulting in a favorable microstructure. The relative density and strength of parts produced from copper-iron powder exhibit an increase with higher pressure levels. The application of this material in brush ferrules ensures their durability and longevity, thereby supporting the creation of artwork. The evolution of art over time reflects changing ideas and possibilities, and technological advancements have significantly improved artistic tools. The role of tools in artistic expression is paramount, and the integration of powder metallurgy materials in brush ferrules fortifies their artistic importance. In summary, this study underscores the advantages of powder metallurgy in augmenting the quality of art tools and facilitating artistic creation.

• The Journal of the Korea institute of electronic communication sciences
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• v.8 no.8
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• pp.1247-1255
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• 2013

In this paper, We proposes multipurpose function electronic measurement reference station prototype system based on LED and Gyro Sensor. This system have developed to possible with real time data collection and landscape illumination and surrounding diastrophism monitoring for that analyze problems of existing planted reference station. Hardware for the proposed system consists of a gyro sensor module to detect diastrophism, GPS module to process location information, environment sensor module to process surrounding environmental data and CDMA wireless data communication to send the collected data to server. In addition, this paper intends to enhance system management and future usability in a way that applies LED, QR-code, RFID and Solar cell module to outer side of electronic measurement reference station to improve usability of H/W for electronic measurement reference station. Lastly, this paper conducted current amount evaluation to supply stabilized electricity with its various functions in the proposed multipurpose function electronic measurement reference station and it's proved that this system can be stably operated with its electricity loss factor of 2.29% loss factor. And this paper conducted a qualitative comparison with existing electronic measurement reference station system in order to evaluate superiority of the proposed electronic measurement reference station.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.668-676
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• 2016

This study reviewed the planning characteristics of contemporary Japanese middle school architecture on which related studies are insufficient, aiming to obtain new ideas for planning Korean middle school facilities. Fourteen case schools built after 1990s were selected and analyzed. They were divided into learning-living space and other major spaces. The planning characteristics of the case schools are summarized as follows 1) The case schools were classified into two categories, departmentalized classroom type (D type) and usual with variation type (UV type) by school system. These categories can also be the classification standard for basic architectural characteristics in learning and living space of case schools. 2) D type case schools have departmentalized classrooms, home base, media space and teacher's space for learning-living space. D type case schools are divided into 'attached-to-classroom type' and 'separate type' depending on the adjacency of the home base and departmentalized classroom. 3) UV type case schools have multipurpose space around the classroom for learning-living space and can be divided into two types, i.e., 'directly adjacent' and 'separate', depending on the connectivity to classroom of multipurpose room. 4) Specialized classrooms are designed to have the openness to the public and the own characteristics of school subjects strengthened and show the spatial differentiation with connected ancillary spaces. 5) Libraries are designed as complex zones grouped with computer labs, audio visual rooms and multipurpose halls not as a single room and as open plan not with a closed wall. 6) The gymnasium is the basic sports facility with a martial arts room and outdoor pool, which are for after-school activities as well as physical education class. 7) The terrace, balcony and outdoor stairs are frequently used architectural vocabularies as diverse outdoor spaces with a variety of functions.

• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.37 no.3
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• pp.549-559
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• 2017

The complementary relationship hypothesis for areal evapotranspirations was validated in the regional-scale area of multipurpose dam basins in Korea and the long-term water balances were indirectly identified. Annual actual evapotranspiration ($ET_A$) was assumed the difference between total annual precipitation and total annual inflow and the available moisture was assumed the total precipitation. The seasonally varying pan coefficient (kp) is estimated as the ratio of the $ET_{pan}$ and the evapotranspiration calculated by FAO Penman-Monteith equation ($ET_{PM}$). The complementary relationships using ground observation data of $ET_P$ and $ET_A$ in the multipurpose dam basins follow generally the typical pattern that $ET_P$ and $ET_A$ is complementary and converges to equivalent evapotranspiration ($ET_W$) under the extreme wet environment. However, $ET_A$ of Juam dam was estimated relatively greater than other basins and exceeds even $ET_P$ at certain range with high moisture availability, which can be understood as the results of possible over-estimation of precipitation or under-estimation of dam inflow. It is expected that the use of evapotranspiration complementary relationship for validating hydrological water balances will contribute to controlling uncertainties in estimating dam inflows during flood season in particular.

• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.35 no.5
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• pp.1039-1049
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• 2015

The inflow estimation at large multipurpose dam reservoir is carried out by considering the water balance among the discharge, the storage change during unit time interval obtained from the observed water level near dam structure and area-volume curve. This method can be ideal for level pool reservoir but include potential errors when the inflow is influenced by the water level slope due to backwater effects from upstream flood inflows and strong wind induced by typhoon. In addition, the other uncertainties arisen from the storage reduction due to sedimentation after the dam construction and water level noise due to mechanical vibration transmitted from the electric power generator. These uncertainties impedes the accurate hydraulic inflow measurement requiring exquisite hydrometric data arrangement for reservoir waterbody. In this study, the distributed hydrologic model using UBC-3P boundary setting was applied and its feasibility was evaluated. Finally, the modeling performance has been verified since the calculated determination coefficient has been in between 0.96 to 0.99 after comparing with observed peak inflow and total inflow at Namgang dam reservoir.

• Magazine of the Korean Society of Agricultural Engineers
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• v.41 no.6
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• pp.54-63
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• 1999

Considering that rural village had evolved through a long-sustained effort of harmnization with nature, there should be the wisdom not only to reflect the level of rural resident's housing demand, but also to conserve the traditional characteristics of high-valuation in the modern rural housing. In Korea , standard design proposals of rural houses had been made public three times ; in 1972 , 1984 and 1995. so , firstly, this study analysed the inner-space layouts of design proposals mentioned above, from which changes and problems in the past housing design were derived. And also, through, the positive acceptance of residents' opinion living inthe houses built by standard design proposals in 1970 ~1980's, improved design principles and an alternative model were proposed , finally. The inner-space structed of standard design proposals in 1970s was originated from small-scaled and low-priced one, basically under the " open system". In 1980s, the basic design principle changed to the 'closed system' in which the living room being the focus of indoor family life, and , in 1990s, progressively, therural housing developed to the high qualified type by the spatial enlargement and with increased equipements. However, this structural change of rural house brought about the problem of functional separatioon between farming and daily living activities. In details, limited spaces of multipurpose spaces and sanitary facility would be mentioned as problems for improvement. conclusively in this study, newoly arranged "open system" was recommended , as a basic design principle for theinner space structure formation of rural house, which easily links the constituent inner-house spaces to outer one. Based on this principle, the detailed design criterial was proposed as follows ; 1. The living room be directly linked to the front-yard and centrally placed, the addtional space of which could be secured for the special family events by the flexibleuse of its adjacent room or by the housing of male quarters(separated from main building quarter). 2. The kitchen also be directly linked to side-yard and to livng room , for the convenience of farming activities and the shortening of path flow housewife. 3. The expanded toilet-and-bathroom be placed in the directly connected left-hand side to the living room and also be allowed access through multipurpose spaces to out door. 4. The multipurpose spaces be directly connected to the kitchen and the toilet and-bathroom , of which function would be for undressing of working clothes, quickwashing and ordinary working.nd ordinary working.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.460-474
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• 1997

The purpose of this study was to evaluate and compare the effectiveness of various low-viscosity resin systems used as rebonding agents to prevent microleakage at the margins of class I composite resin restorations. Seventy sound human premolars were selected for experiment. Class I cavities were prepared and each cavity was conditioned with a 37% phosphoric acid for 15 sec, rinsed with water for 15 sec, and dried with compressed air. Bonding agent(Scotchbond Multipurpose, 3M Co.) was applied and a hybrid composite resin (Z-100, 3M Co.) was placed using an incremental technic. The excess cured composite resin was carefully removed with Sof-Lex discs(3M Co.) to expose the original margins of the cavity. The following seven groups were established : group 1 was not rebonded and used as control group ; group 2 was rebonded with a Scotchbond Multipurpose(3M Co.) and finished ; group 3 was rebonded with a Fortify(BISCO) and finished ; group 4 was rebonded with a Concise white sealant(3M Co.) and finished ; group 5 was rebonded with a Concise white sealant(3M Co.) and not finished ; group 6 was rebonded with a P&F sealant(BISCO) and finished; group 7 was rebonded with a P&F sealant(BISCO) and not finished. The specimens were then subjected to 500 thermocycles between 5 & 65 with a 10 see dwell time and immersed in 2% methylene blue dye solution for 24 hours and sectioned with low-speed diamond cutter into two part under water condition. The extent of microleakage at rebonded margins was evaluated microscopically and scored for dye penetration according to the following scale : 0=no dye penetration ; 1=dye penetration to half-way along axial wall between enamel surface and DEJ ; 2=dye penetration beyond halfway along axial wall between enamel surface and DEJ ; 3=dye penetration to the full depth of DEJ or beyond DEJ. Selected samples were prepared for SEM observation to determine the depth of penetration of the rebonding agent into the marginal interface. The obtained results were as follows: 1. In the group 2 and 3, which is rebonded with a Scotchbond Multipupose and Fortify, dye penetration score were decreased significantly than that of group 1 (P<0.05), but group 4 and 6 were not statistically different from group 1(P>0.05). 2. There were significant differences between group 4, 6 and group 5, 7 when compared by dye penetration score (P<0.05). 3. In the SEM observation, Scotchbond Multipurpose and Fortify were penetrated within $30-40{\mu}m$ depth of the outermost surface. However, both sealants were failed to penetrate into the debonded interface.

• Journal of The Korean Ophthalmological Society
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• v.58 no.5
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• pp.509-515
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• 2017

Purpose: To compare the amoebicidal effects of nephrite containing contact lens (CL) storage cases with conventional CL storage cases. Methods: Acanthamoeba lugdunensis were inoculated onto 5% nephrite containing CL storage cases as well as conventional CL storage cases both with and without silicone hydrogel contact lenses (SHCLs). Then the amount of Acanthamoeba proliferation on CL storage cases and the number of adherent Acanthamoeba on SHCLs were determined and compared. The effects of multipurpose solution (MPS) with and without 1% or 5% nephrite solution on Acanthamoeba adhesion were analyzed. Results: Nephrite containing CL storage cases showed more inhibitory effects on Acanthamoeba proliferation (p = 0.02) and significantly reduced the number of adherent Acanthamoeba on SHCLs compared with conventional CL storage cases, regardless of SHCLs generation (p = 0.001, p = 0.001 and p < 0.001, respectively). The number of adherent Acanthamoeba on the first generation of SHCLs was significantly reduced by MPS with 1% and 5% nephrite solutions (p = 0.03 and p = 0.004, respectively), but the numbers for the second and third generation SHCLs were not. Conclusions: Nephrite could be used as a new additive component for CL storage cases and multipurpose solutions to improve the disinfection effects on Acanthamoeba.

• Journal of the Korean Professional Engineers Association
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• v.44 no.2
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• pp.23-28
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• 2011

The assumption that the spatiotemporal distribution of rainfall has stationarity for a long period is not realistic due to frequent unusual weather phenomena. Based on the understanding of the situation, this paper investigates the effects of it to hydraulic structures especially dams and deals measures for it.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Agricultural Engineers Conference
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• 2003.10a
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• pp.503-506
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• 2003

The DAWAST model was originally developed to consider daily variation in the unsaturated soil water storage and it is a conceptual lumped model. Return flows from agricultural, domestic and industrial water were included to the original result of model simulation to calibrate model parameter. Daily inflow to the Daechung multipurpose dam was applied to verify the DAWAST model considered return flows. Simulation results were comparable to the inflows of dam operation reasonably.