• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• 제61권1호
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• pp.2-14
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• 2023

Trichomonas vaginalis is a flagellated protozoan that causes trichomoniasis, a common nonviral sexually transmitted infection. T. vaginalis infection is asymptomatic in most infected men but can lead to chronic infection. The inflammatory response to chronic T. vaginalis infection may contribute to prostatic diseases, such as prostatitis and benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH); however, studies on the relationship between T. vaginalis infection and prostate diseases are scarce. In this review, we discuss evidence from our studies on the involvement of T. vaginalis in the pathogenesis of prostate diseases, such as prostatitis and BPH. Studies of prostatitis have demonstrated that the attachment of T. vaginalis trophozoite to prostate epithelial cells (PECs) induces inflammatory cytokine production and inflammatory cell migration, leading to prostatitis. T. vaginalis also causes pathological changes, such as inflammatory cell infiltration, acinar changes, interstitial fibrosis, and mast cell infiltration, in prostate tissues of infected rats. Thus, T. vaginalis is considered an infectious agent that triggers prostatitis. Meanwhile, studies of prostatic hyperplasia revealed that mast cells activated by T. vaginalis-infected prostate cells secreted inflammatory mediators, such as β-hexosaminidase and tryptase, which promoted proliferation of prostate stromal cell (PSC). Moreover, interleukin-6 produced by proliferating PSCs induced the multiplication of BPH-1 epithelial cells as a result of stromal-epithelial interaction, suggesting that the proliferation of T. vaginalis-infected prostate cells can be induced through crosstalk with mast cells. These collective findings suggest that T. vaginalis contributes to the progression of prostatitis and prostatic hyperplasia by creating an inflammatory microenvironment involving PECs and PSCs.

• 식물조직배양학회지
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• 제24권1호
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• pp.43-48
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• 1997

고추냉이의 정단분열조직을 생장조절제 무처리, cytokinin류와 1.0 mg/L IAA를 혼용처리 및 cytokinin류를 단용 처리한 MS배지에 배양한 후 캘러스, shoot 및 뿌리발생률을 조사하였고 분화된 multiple shoot는 본엽 3~5매 정도에서 분할한 후 IAA와 IBA 단용 배지에 계대배양하여 뿌리형성에 적합한 생장조절제의 효과를 조사하였다. 생장조절제 무처리구의 경우 캘러스 유도없이 치상체에서 직접 shoot 및 뿌리발생이 이루어졌으나 배양 80일까지 shoot수는 2~3매로 생육이 저조하였다. Cytokinin류와 1.0 mg/L IAA 혼용처리의 경우 전 처리구가 100%의 캘러스가 유도되었으나 캘러스의 계속적인 증식은 없었고 대부분 캘러스로부터 다수의 뿌리가 형성된 후 배양 60일 후에 배양당시 부착된 엽원기가 shoot로 분화되는 경향이었는데 shoot수는 2~7개 정도였고 1개의 치상체당 multiple shoot수는 2~3개 정도였다. 1.0 mg/L zeatin과 1.0 mg/L IAA 혼용처리구의 경우 뿌리형성 후 shoot가 분화되어 본엽 4~5매의 완전한 식물체가 재분화되었다. Cytokinin류 단용 처리는 생장조절제의 종류와 무관하게 배양 5~10일 경부터 100%의 shoot가 분화된 후 증식되었고 배양 90일 후에는 다수의 multiple shoot로 증식되었는데 BA와 kinetin의 경우 1.0 mg/L에서 zeatin은 2.0 mg/L에서 multiple shoot분화율이 가장 높았다. 그러나 shoot로부터 뿌리분화는 극히 저조하여 완전한 식물체로의 재분화수는 IAA혼용처리에 비해 저조하였으나 shoot 분화에는 cytokinin류 단용 처리가 훨씬 효과적이었다. Multiple shoot를 본엽 3~4매에서 액아를 붙여 분할하여 뿌리분화율을 조사한 결과 IAA처리구보다 IBA처리구가 효과적이었는데 특히 0.01 mg/L IBA의 경우 계대배양 60일 후 93.3%의 뿌리 분화와 2~3개의 multiple shoot로 증식되어 shoot로부터 뿌리형성에 가장 좋은 결과였다.

• 대한수의학회지
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• 제34권4호
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• pp.857-866
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• 1994

톡소플라즈마 과면역(過免疫) 우혈청(牛血淸)에서 유래된 면역증강제인 obioactin으로 처리한 마우스 복강 macrophages내(內)에서의 톡소플라즈마 증식억제 활성을 검토하였다. obioactin 및 lonomycin A로 처리한 macropohages에서는 첨가농도의 증가에 따라 세포내의 톡소플라즈마 증식이 현저하게 억제되었다. 그러나 macrophages 활성물질인 muramyl dipeptide(MDP)는 톡소플라즈마의 증식억제 효과가 없었다. 이와같이 obioactin 및 lonomycin A의 첨가에 의해 macrophages내(內)에서 톡소플라즈마의 증식이 억제되는 기전의 일부를 해명하기 위한 일환으로 활성산소 중간체 및 lysozyme 분비량을 검토하였다. obioactin과 MDP로 처리한 macrophages에서는 활성산소 중간체인 superoxide anion($O_2{^-}$)과 hydropen peroxide($H_2O_2$)의 생산은 첨가농도에 의존해서 증가하였으나 lonomycin A 첨가군에서는 대조군과 차이가 없었다. 한편 세포내에서 분비되는 lysozyme의 양은 obioactin, lonomycin A 및 MDP를 첨가한 각각의 macrophages에서 첨가농도의 증가에 따라 무처지 대조군에 비해 감소되었다. 이러한 결과로 부터 obioactin은 macrophages를 활성화시켜 세포내에서 활성산소 중간체($O_2{^-}$ 및 $H_2O_2$)를 발생시켜 이것들에 의해 톡소플라마즈의 증식이 억제되는 것으로 사료되었다. 그러나 macrophages내에서 분비되는 lysozyme은 톡소플라즈마의 증식억제와는 무관하였다.

• 대한전자공학회논문지SD
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• 제41권9호
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• pp.115-124
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• 2004

본 논문은 고효율, 저전력을 갖는 PRML 디스크 드라이브 읽기 채널용 6비트, 8탭의 FIR 필터 칩을 제안한다. 제안된 필터는 병렬처리 구조를 채택하고 있으며 4단의 파이프라인으로 구성되어 있다. 곱셈 연산을 위하여 수정 부스 알고리즘을 사용하였으며 덧셈 연산을 위하여 압축회로 로직을 사용하였다. 전력 소모를 줄이기 위하여 CMOS 패스-트랜지스터 로직을 사용하였으며 싱글-레일 로직을 이용하여 칩의 면적을 감소시켰다. 제안된 필터는 실제 칩으로 구현되었으며 3.3V 전원을 공급하여 100MHz에서 120mV의 전력을 소비하고 1.88×1.38 ㎟의 면적을 차지한다. 구현된 필터는 유사 선폭의 공정을 사용한 기존구조에 비해 약 11.7%의 전력이 감소하였다.

• Plant Biotechnology Reports
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• 제4권2호
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• pp.139-148
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• 2010

Jatropha curcas L. (Physic nut) is a commercially important non-edible oil seed crop known for its use as an alternate source of biodiesel. In order to investigate the morphogenic potential of immature embryo, explants from four developmental stages were cultured on medium supplemented with combinations of auxins and cytokinins. It was found that the size of embryo is critical for the establishment of callus. Immature embryos (1.1-1.5 cm) obtained from the fruits 6 weeks after pollination showed a good response of morphogenic callus induction (85.7%) and subsequent plant regeneration (70%) with the maximum number of plantlets (4.7/explant) on Murashige and Skoog's (MS) medium supplemented with IBA (0.5 $mg\;l^{-1}$) and BA (1.0 $mg\;l^{-1}$). The above medium when supplemented with growth adjuvants such as 100 $mg\;l^{-1}$ casein hydrolysate + 200 $mg\;l^{-1}$ L-glutamine + 8.0 $mg\;l^{-1}$ $CuSO_4$ resulted in an even higher frequency of callus induction (100%). Plant regeneration (90%) with the maximum number of plantlets (10/explant) was achieved on MS medium supplemented with 500 $mg\;l^{-1}$ polyvinyl pyrrolidone + 30 $mg\;l^{-1}$ citric acid + 1 $mg\;l^{-1}$ BA + 0.5 $mg\;l^{-1}$ Kn + 0.25 $mg\;l^{-1}$ IBA. It was observed that plantlet regeneration could occur either through organogenesis of morphogenic callus or via multiplication of pre-existing meristem in immature embryos. The age of immature embryos and addition of a combination of growth adjuvants to the culture medium appear to be critical for obtaining high regeneration rates. Well-developed shoots rooted on half-halfstrength MS medium supplemented with 0.5 $mg\;l^{-1}$ IBA and 342 $mg\;l^{-1}$ trehalose. The rooted plants after acclimatization were successfully transferred to the field in different agro-climatic zones in India. This protocol has been successfully evaluated on five elite lines of J. curcas.

• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• 제34권2호
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• pp.161-166
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• 2007

In vitro shoot regeneration and multiple shoot induction has been obtained from the stolen node explants in Eremochloa ophiuroides (Munro) Hack. The highest number of shoots ($10.66{\pm}0.21$) was observed from initial explants after one month culture duration on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium containing 6-benzyladenine (BA: 0.5 mg/l). First generation shoot was excised and sub-cultured on the same fresh media for further multiplication of shoots. An enhanced number of second round shoots ($15.33{\pm}0.21$) was obtained compared to the initial culture media containing BA (0.5 mg/l). The number of shoots/stolon node was higher among all the concentrations of BA than kinetin (KN). In vitro regenerated shoots were successfully rooted in the phytohormone free MS medium. Plantlets generated with roots were transferred to pots containing compound mixture of soil and kept in green house conditions. Acclimatized plants showed 100% survival rate with normal morphology in green house conditions. The present study demonstrates the effect of explant and different plant growth regulators towards in vitro response in E. ophiuroides. Moreover, the study reveals the effect of cytokinin on induction of shoot number per stolen node explant in E. ophiuroides.

• 미생물학회지
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• 제29권1호
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• pp.49-55
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• 1991

The heat shock responses of Campylobacter jejuni were studied by examination of their survival rates and synthesis of heat shocd proteins. When C. jejuni cells were treated at the sublethal temperatures of 48.deg.C for 30 minutes, most of the cells maintained their viabilities and synthesized the heat shock proteins of 90, 73, and 66 kD in molecular weight. By the method of two-dimensional electrophoresis, the heat shock proteins of C. jejuni were identified to be Hsp90, Hsp73, and Hsp66. During the heat shock at 48.deg.C, the heat shock proteins were induced from about 5 minutes after the heat shock treatment. Their synthesis was continued upto 30 minutes, but remarkably retarded after 50 minutes. When C. jejune cells were heat shocked at 51.deg.C for 30 minutes, the survival rates of the cells were decreased by about $10^{3}$ fold and synthesis of heat shock proteins and normal proteins was also generally retarded. The cells exposed to 55.deg.C for 30 minutes died off by more than $10^{5}$ cells and the new protein synthesis was not observed. But when C. jejuni cells were heat-shocked at the sublethal temperature of 48.deg.C for 15 to 20 minutes and then were exposed at the lethal temperature of 55.deg.C for 30 minutes, their viabilities were higher than those exposed at 55.deg.C for 30 minutes without pre-heat shock at 48.deg.C. Therefore, the heat shock proteins synthesized at the sublethal temperature of 48.deg.C in C. jejuni were thought to be responsible for thermotolerance. However, when C. jejuni cells heat-shocked at various ranges of sublethal and lethal temperatures were placed back to the optimum temperature of 42.deg.C, the multiplication patterns of the cells pretreated at different temperatures were not much different each other.

• 한국자원식물학회지
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• 제28권6호
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• pp.690-696
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• 2015

We micropropagated pear (Pyrus species) using shoot tips and nodal explants from three pear genotypes. The ability to establish shoot tip cultures, proliferate shoots, induce rooting, and acclimatize the resulting plantlets are all elements of in vitro micropropagation. Shoots were induced from shoot tips on Murashige and Skoog medium (MS) with five different plant growth regulator combinations. The highest shoot formation rates were achieved for the three genotypes using MS supplemented with 1.0 mg/L N⁶-benzyladenine (BA) and 0.1 mg/L gibberellic acid (GA₃). The maximum shoot number and shoot length for the three cultivars were recorded with 2.0 mg/L BA and 0.2 mg/L indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) in multiplication medium using nodal explants produced from microshoots. Nodal explants with one or two axillary buds cultured for three weeks initiated roots on medium supplemented with various concentrations of 1-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) or/and IBA in half-strength MS medium for adventitious rooting. The highest rooting response was with the combination of 0.2 mg/L NAA and 0.2 mg/L IBA. A combination of NAA and IBA resulted in a significant increase in the rooting ratio over NAA or IBA alone. In this medium, the root formation rate according to ranged from 68.9% for the BaeYun No. 3 genotype to 51.8% for the Hwanggeum genotype. We also investigated the influence of the concentration the polyamine phloroglucinol in rooting medium. For all three genotypes, the highest rooting ratio, longest root length, and greatest root number were observed in the treatments with 75-150 mg/L phloroglucinol. Most rooted plants were acclimatized successfully.

• KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS)
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• 제15권12호
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• pp.4345-4363
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• 2021

Deep Learning as a Service (DLaaS), utilizing the cloud-based deep neural network models to provide customer prediction services, has been widely deployed on mobile cloud computing (MCC). Such services raise privacy concerns since customers need to send private data to untrusted service providers. In this paper, we devote ourselves to building an efficient protocol to classify users' images using the convolutional neural network (CNN) model trained and held by the server, while keeping both parties' data secure. Most previous solutions commonly employ homomorphic encryption schemes based on Ring Learning with Errors (RLWE) hardness or two-party secure computation protocols to achieve it. However, they have limitations on large communication overheads and costs in MCC. To address this issue, we present LeHE4SCNN, a scalable privacy-preserving and communication-efficient framework for CNN-based DLaaS. Firstly, we design a novel low-expansion rate homomorphic encryption scheme with packing and unpacking methods (LeHE). It supports fast homomorphic operations such as vector-matrix multiplication and addition. Then we propose a secure prediction framework for CNN. It employs the LeHE scheme to compute linear layers while exploiting the data shuffling technique to perform non-linear operations. Finally, we implement and evaluate LeHE4SCNN with various CNN models on a real-world dataset. Experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness and superiority of the LeHE4SCNN framework in terms of response time, usage cost, and communication overhead compared to the state-of-the-art methods in the mobile cloud computing environment.

• 한국산림과학회지
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• 제64권1호
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• pp.33-41
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• 1984

송이(松茸)는 적송(赤松)의 세근(細根)에 활물기생(活物寄生)한다고 하나 그 본질(本質)이 아직 구명(究明)되지 못하고 있음으로 인공재배(人工栽培) 확립(確立)이 모색(模索)되고 있는 중이다. 본논문(本論文)에서는 일차적(一次的)으로 송이(松茸)에서 순수분리(純粹分離)한 균(菌)을 배양(培養)하여 생리적(生理的) 특성(特性)을 구명(究明)하고 인공원기(人工原基)를 만들어 인공적(人工的)인 송이재배(松茸栽培)의 본질(本質)을 구명(究明)하여 송이재배(松茸栽培) 방법(方法)을 돕고자 송이균(松茸菌)의 생리특성(生理特性)에 대(對)하여 조사한 결과(結果)는 다음과 같다. 1) 각종(各種) 배양기상(培養基上)에서의 송이균계(松茸菌系)의 발육(發育)은 봉밀(蜂蜜)+송이발생토양전즙(松茸發生土壤煎汁)+적송수근추출물(赤松鬚根抽出物)+건조효모(乾燥酵母)+$KH_2PO_4$+Inositol+엽산(葉酸)+Biotin의 배지(培地)가 가장 우수(優秀)하였다. 2) 송이포자(松茸胞子)의 발아(發芽) 및 균계배양(菌系培養)에서 최적온도(最適溫度)는 $24^{\circ}C$, 최적(最適) pH는 4.5였다. 3) 송이균계배양(松茸菌系培養)에 있어서 송이자실체(松茸字實體)의 조직(組織)에서 분리(分離)한 것과 포자(胞子)에서 분리(分離)한 것은 그 발율(發育)에 차이(差異)가 없었다, 4) Hamada 배지(培地)에 각종(各種) 미량중금속염류(微量重金屬鹽類) $ZnSO_4$, $MnSO_4$, $MgSO_4$, $CaCl_2$ 구연산철(枸櫞酸鐵) 등(等)의 첨가(添加)는 별효과(別效果)가 없었다. 5) 적송수근추출물(赤松鬚根抽出物) 첨가(添加)는 균계발육(菌系發育)에 확실(確實)한 효과(效果)가 있었다. 적송(赤松)에는 송이균계(松茸菌系)의 생장(生長)을 촉진(促進)하는 인자(因子)가 존재(存在)한다는 것을 알 수 있었다. 6) 송이균계(松茸菌系) 배양용(培養用) 인공배양기(人工培養基)의 C원(源)으로서 glucose보다 봉밀(蜂蜜)의 효과(效果)가 크다. 7) Fairy Ring이 가장 많이 존재(存在)하는 미생물(微生物)인 Mortierlla spp의 배양여액(培養濾液)을 송이균계(松茸菌系) 인공배양기(人工培養基)에 첨가(添加)한 것이 대조치(對照値)에 비(比)하여 균계(菌系)의 발육(發育)이 양호)良好)하였다. 8) 송이인공원기(松茸人工原基)의 배지(培地)에 적송수근추출물(赤松鬚根抽出物) lnsitol Biotin 엽산(葉酸)의 첨가(添加)는 효과(效果)가 크다. 균계(菌系)의 만연(蔓延)된 후(後) 온도(溫度)를 내려서 $19^{\circ}C$로 유지(維持)할 때 primordium의 형성(形成)을 확인(確認)하였다.