• 아동학회지
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• 제38권3호
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• pp.75-90
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• 2017

Objective: This study aimed to identify children's cognitive processing and performance characteristics while multiple task performance. It confirmed whether their multiple task performance and psychological refractory period (PRP) varied by task condition (stimulus onset asynchrony [SOA] and task difficulty) and stimulus modality. Methods: Seventy 5-year-olds were recruited. Multi-task tools were developed using the E-prime software. The children were required to respond to two stimuli (visual or auditory) presented with microscopic time difference and their response times (RTs) were recorded. Results: As the SOA increased, the RTs in the first task increased, while the RTs in the second task and PRP decreased. The RTs of the first and second tasks, and the PRP for difficult tasks, were significantly longer than those for easy tasks were. Additionally, there was an interaction effect between the SOA and task difficulty. Although there was no main effect of stimulus modality, task difficulty moderated the modality effect. In the high difficulty condition, the RTs of the first and second tasks and PRP for the visual-visual task were significantly longer than those for auditory-auditory task were. Conclusion: These results inform theoretical discussions on children's multi-task mechanism, and the loss of multiple task performance. Additionally, they provide practical implications and information on the composition of multi-tasks suitable for children in educational environments.

• 대한의용생체공학회:의공학회지
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• 제29권1호
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• pp.73-81
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• 2008

The purpose of this study is to observe the brain activity patterns during visual oddball tasks with two difficulty levels by the analysis of high-density event-related potential (ERP). Along with conventional statistical analysis of averaged ERP waveforms, we applied independent component analysis (ICA) for the individual, single-trial analysis and verified its effectiveness. We could identify multiple ERP components such as early visual components (P1, N1), and two components which seem to be important task-related components and showed difficulty-dependent variability (P2, P300). The P2 was found around central region at $180{\sim}220ms$, and the P300 was found globally at $300{\sim}500ms$ poststimulus. As the task became difficult, the P2 amplitude increased, and the P300 amplitude decreased. After single-trial ERPs were decomposed into multiple independent components (ICs), several ICs resulting from P2 and P300 sources were identified. These ICs were projected onto scalp electrodes and the projected ICs were statistically compared according to two task difficulties. For most subjects, the results obtained from single-trial/individual analysis using ICA gave the tendencies of amplitude change that are similar to the averaged ERP analysis for most subjects. The temporal pattern and number of ICs corresponding to ${\mu}$ rhythm was not dependent on the task difficulty. It seems that the motor response was not affected by the task difficulty.

• 한국의상디자인학회지
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• 제14권2호
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• pp.33-47
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• 2012

The purposes of this study were to investigate the differences of self-efficacy and appearance management behavior according to demographic variables, to disclose the relationship between self-efficacy and appearance management behavior, and to examine the characteristics that affect appearance management behavior of male and female college students. The research method was a survey method using a questionnaire. The subjects were 632 college students (male: 302, female: 330) living in Seoul area. Statistical analysis methods were factor analysis, Cronbach's ${\alpha}$-reliability coefficient, t-test, ${\chi}^2$-test, one-way ANOVA, Duncan's multiple range test, Pearson's product-moment correlation coefficient, and multiple regression analysis. The self-efficacy factor derived four categories including self-control efficacy, social self-efficacy, physical self-efficacy, and task difficulty preference. The college students who were in higher social stratification and older had more appearance management behavior, and those who had lower task difficulty preference and lower physical self-efficacy had more plastic surgery management. Both men and women who had higher self-control efficacy had more clothing management. Women who had higher self-control efficacy, social self-efficacy, and task difficulty preference had more appearance management expenses.

• 한국안전학회지
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• 제21권5호
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• pp.103-111
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• 2006

The purpose of this study was to analyse the relationships between cognitive abilities and driving characteristics of elderly drivers. Driving characteristics of elderly and younger drivers who were driving a fixed base driving simulator vehicle were examined. Participants consisted of 12 drivers over age 65 (the 'older' group) and 12 drivers between the ages of 25 and 55 (the "younger" group). As indices of cognitive ability, critical flicker fusion frequency (CFF) tests and cognitive reaction tests were given before the driving task. CFF was also tested after the simulated driving task for both groups. Cognitive reaction tests, which were composed of speed estimation tests, multiple choice reaction tests and obstacle avoidance tests, were developed by the Korean Road Traffic Safety Authority in 2003. CFF values between the two groups exhibited significant differences both before and after the task, with a p-value less than 0.01 and a t-value of -3.01 before the test and a p-value less than 0.031 and a t-value of -2.35 after the test. Older drivers' CFF values were lower than those of the younger. However, there was no difference in older or younger driver CFF values before and after the task within the same group. Except for the multiple choice reaction test, there was no difference in cognitive reaction test results between the two groups. The elderly drivers made more errors though they did not differ from the younger drivers in reaction times. At the simulated driving task the reaction time of the elderly driver was longer than that of the younger; however, the driving speed of the elderly was lower and the number of collisions greater. There was a positive correlation (r=.496) between the number of errors in the multiple choice reaction test and the number of collisions in the driving task. Therefore, it was identified that critical attributes contributing to automobile crashes involving elderly drivers included cognitive difficulty in judging and responding to complex situations.

• 가정과삶의질연구
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• 제29권6호
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• pp.71-87
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• 2011

The purpose of this study was to investigate perceptions of the self-efficacy of youth (self-confidence, self-regulatory efficacy, and task difficulty preference) and the subjective quality of life. The participants in this research were 697 university students 314 males and 383 females. All respondents submitted their answers on a self-report questionnaire. The data were analyzed with descriptive statistics, t-tests, Pearson's correlations, and multiple regression analyses. The major results of this study were as follows: (a) Young males exhibited higher levels of self-efficacy perception compared to young females. Regarding the subjective quality of life, gender was not a significant factor. (b) The subjective quality of life was highly correlated with the self-efficacy of youth (self-confidence, self-regulatory efficacy, and task difficulty preference). (c) Self-satisfaction, self-confidence regarding one's career, satisfaction with one's friends, satisfaction with one's parental relationship, quantity of reading, and the amount of study-time all had significant influences on the self-efficacy of youth, whereas the family's socioeconomic status and campus life satisfaction were not significant factors. (d) Self-efficacy had the strongest influence on the youth subjective quality of life. Self-satisfaction, campus life satisfaction, and satisfaction with friends all had significant influences on the youth subjective quality of life, whereas the quantity of reading, the amount of study-time, self-confidence with one's career, the family's socioeconomic status, and satisfaction with one's parental relationship were not significant factors. However, self-confidence with one's career, satisfaction with one's parental relationship, the family's socioeconomic status, and quantity of reading all had different levels of influence on the subjective quality of life for young males and females.

• 감성과학
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• 제12권3호
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• pp.279-288
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• 2009

이 연구의 목적은 과제수행에 대하여 주관적 인지부하 요인과 GSR의 각성수준이 어떤 관계를 형성하고 있는지를 검증하는 것이다. 이를 위하여 인지부하 설문지(신체적 노력, 정신적 노력, 지각된 과제난이도, 자기평가, 자료설계의 용이성), 사전-사후검사, GSR에 의한 각성수준을 측정하였다. 사전검사는 학습자의 사전지식 수준을 의미하며, 사후검사는 과제수행의 결과를 의미한다. 이 연구의 분석방법은 사후검사의 결과를 종속변수로 하는 회귀분석이었다. 첫째, 자기보고의 인지부하 요인이 사후검사에 미치는 영향을 분석한 결과에 따르면, 사전검사, 신체적 노력, 지각된 과제난이도가 사후검사에 유의미한 영향을 미치고 있었다. 신체적 노력은 정적관련성을 보이고 있었으나 지각된 과제난이도는 부적관련성을 보이고 있었다. 이 결과는 사전검사의 점수가 높은 사람은 상대적으로 과제난이도를 낮게 지각하는 경향이 있으며 과제해결을 위하여 신중히 노력함으로써 사후검사의 결과가 올라간다는 것을 보여주는 것이다. 둘째, 각성수준에 대한 연구결과에서는 평가단계에서 측정된 각성수준이 사후검사의 점수를 유의미하게 예측하고 있는 것으로 나타났다. 평가단계의 GSR은 과제수행(사후검사)과 부적 관계를 형성하고 있었다. 즉, 평가단계에서 적절한 이완수준을 유지하고 있을 때 사후검사의 결과가 증진된다는 것을 보여주는 것이다.

• Physical Therapy Rehabilitation Science
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• 제11권3호
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• pp.376-383
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• 2022

Objective: This study investigated how social support and self-efficacy affect the quality of life of elderly people with chronic diseases. Design: The study consisted of descriptive survey research. Methods: A questionnaire covering social support, self-efficacy, and quality of life was distributed to 320 elderly people with chronic diseases. Pearson's correlation analysis was performed to examine the correlation between the respondents' social support (family support, friend support, medical support), self-efficacy (confidence, self-regulation efficacy, preference for task difficulty), and quality of life. Multiple regression analysis was also performed to identify the factors affecting the respondents'quality of life. Results: "Friend support" and "quality of life" (r=-636, p<0.001), had a negative correlation, "confidence" and "quality of life" (r=0.827, p<0.001), "self-regulating efficacy" and "quality of life" (r=0.736, p<0.001), and "preference for task difficulty" and "quality of life" (r=0.295, p<0.001)-had positive correlations. Friend support (𝛽=-0.164, p<0.001), confidence (𝛽=0.592, p<0.001), and self-regulation efficacy (𝛽=0.160, p<0.001) were found to affect quality of life. The independent variables showed the following degrees of influence, in order: confidence, friend support, and self-regulation efficacy. Their explanatory power was 73.3% (F=146.844, p<0.001). Conclusions: The quality of life of elderly people with chronic diseases can be improved by formulating health-promotion programs that foster a sense of community.

• 의학교육논단
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• 제15권1호
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• pp.46-53
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• 2013

The purpose of this study was to analyze the relationship among medical students' learning motivation, characteristics of multiple intelligence, and academic achievement. The participants were 144 medical students. The data were collected by administering learning motivation tests (self-confidence, self-efficacy, level of task, emotion of learning, learning behavior, failure tolerance, task difficulty, and academic self-efficacy), a multiple intelligence test (linguistic intelligence, logical-mathematical intelligence, musical intelligence, bodily-kinesthetic intelligence, spatial intelligence, interpersonal intelligence, intrapersonal intelligence, and naturalistic intelligence), and two semesters of grades. There is a correlation between multiple intelligences and learning motivation. Among academic self-efficacy of academic motivation, the self-control efficacy (0.28) and behavior (0.18) subscales are significantly positively correlated with academic achievement. However, the emotion subscale (-0.18) was significantly negatively correlated. Learning motivation was correlated with two of the eight multiple intelligence profiles: the intrapersonal intelligence (0.18) and bodily-kinesthetic intelligence (-0.19). The structural equation modeling analysis showed that the behavior and self-control efficacy subscales of intrapersonal intelligence had an impact on academic achievement. An analysis according to the academic achievement group showed significant differences in self-control efficacy and emotion subscales with intrapersonal intelligence. A positive relationship can be observed between learning motivation and some characteristics of multiple intelligence of medical school students. In light of the findings, it is worth examining whether we can control medical students' learning motivation through educational programs targeting self-control efficacy and intrapersonal intelligence.

• 한국비블리아학회지
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• 제27권3호
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• pp.51-73
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• 2016

본 연구는 공공도서관 사서들이 어려움을 느끼고 있는 평생교육 단위직무를 파악하고 동시에 재교육이 필요한 교육 내용에 대한 우선 순위를 맨휘트니(Mann Whitney U-test), 다중회귀분석(Multiple regression analysis)과 AHP(Analytic Hierarchy Process) 분석을 통해 제시하였다. 첫번째, 조사 대상 사서의 87%가 평생교육 직무는 보통이거나 어렵다고 인식하고 있었으며, 단위 업무별로는 운영계획수립을 가장 어려운 직무로 생각하고 있었다. 두번째, 평생교육사 자격이 있는 사서가 없는 경우에 비해 업무를 수월하게 인식하고 있었으며(P=0.04), 단위업무별로는 강사섭외(P=0.04), 운영계획수립(P=0.05)에 있어 유의한 차이가 검증되었다. 또한 평생교육관련 경력이 길수록 업무를 수월하게 (R=-0.217) 느끼는 것으로 나타났으며, 특히, 일정편성(R=-0.33), 진행업무(R=-0.22)에 있어, 통계적으로 유의한 상관성을 보였다. 세번째, 다중회귀분석 결과, 공공도서관 사서들이 평생교육업무 전반에 대하여 느끼는 체감 난이도에 유의한 영향을 주는 단위 직무는 운영계획수립(P=0.04)과 홍보(P=0.05) 업무인 것으로 나타났으며, 그중 운영계획수립(${\beta}=0.233$)이 체감 난이도 형성에 가장 많은 영향을 주는 요인인 것으로 판명되었다. 한편, 91%의 사서가 평생교육 직무 관련 재교육이 필요하다고 느끼고 있으며, 스피어만(Spearman rank-order correlation coefficient) 분석 결과(R=-0.210), 평생교육 업무에 대한 체감 난이도가 높은 사서일수록 재교육 필요성을 더욱 많이 느끼고 있는 것으로 나타났다. AHP 분석 결과 평생교육 직무 관련 재교육 내용은 이용자와의 소통(CU P=0.310), 기획(PL P=0.246), 마케팅(LM P=0.173) 순의 가중치를 보였으며, 도출된 CR(Consistency Ratio) 비율은 0.146으로 계산돼, 응답에 대한 일관성은 허용할 수 있는 수준인 것으로 나타났다.

• 한국산학기술학회논문지
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• 제14권3호
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• pp.1157-1163
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• 2013

본 연구는 중학생의 창의적 사고능력과 자기효능감, 자기결정성 동기 요인 간의 상관 및 설명력을 알아보고자 실시되었다. 이를 위해 서울지역의 중학생 212명을 대상으로 창의적 사고능력, 자기효능감, 자기 결정성 동기 검사를 실시하였다. 수집된 자료를 활용하여 상관관계, 회귀 분석을 실시한 결과는 다음과 같다. 창의적 사고능력은 자기효능감과 자기결정성 동기의 하위요인들과 유의한 정적상관이 있는 것으로 나타났다. 창의적 사고능력을 가장 잘 설명해주는 자기효능감의 하위요인은 과제난이도 선호와 자기조절 효능감 요인으로 나타났으며 자기결정성 동기에서는 내적동기인 것으로 나타났다. 이러한 결과로 중학생들의 창의적 사고능력을 증진시키는데 과제난이도선호, 자기조절효능감, 내적동기의 중요성을 알 수 있었다.