• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.97-106
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• 1999

This study was designed to investigate the effect of a hand massage program on anxiety and immune function in patients during cataract surgery. The hand massage program, in this study, consisted of hand massage and hand-holding. The subjects were sixty-three patients, thirty for the experimental and thirty-three for the control group, who were admitted at Kang Nam St. Mary's Hospital for cataract surgery. This study was carried out from December 10, 1997 to February 26, 1998. The level of anxiety as measured by the Visual Analogue Scale, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, and pulse rate were measured before, after hand massage, and after hand-holding. Epinephrine, norepinephrine, cortisol, blood sugar levels, neutrophil, lymphocyte, and natural killer cell percentages also were measured before hand massage and five minutes before the end of the operation. Data were analyzed by t-tests, ANCOVA, repeated measures ANOVA, and Bonferroni multiple comparisons. The results were as follows : 1) After hand massage, psychological anxiety levels decreased significantly compared with before hand massage in the experimental group, not in the control group. After hand holding, there were significant decrease in both groups. 2) There were not significant differences on systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, and pulse rates in both groups. 3) The hand massage program decreased epinephrine, norepinephrine, and cortisol significantly in the experimental group, and increased epinephrine, norepinephrine, and cortisol in the control group. 4) There were no differences in blood sugar levels, neutrophil and lymphocyte percentages in white blood cells after the hand massage program. However, natural killer cells in lymphocytes were significantly increased in the experimental group. These findings indicate that a hand massage program could be a effective nursing intervention in decreasing the psychological and physiological anxiety levels and improving immune function in clients having cataract surgery under local anesthesia.

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• v.38 no.3
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• pp.126-134
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• 2011

Preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD) is gradually widely used in prevention of gene diseases and chromosomal abnormalities. Much improvement has been achieved in biopsy technique and molecular diagnosis. Blastocyst biopsy can increase diagnostic accuracy and reduce allele dropout. It is cost-effective and currently plays an important role. Whole genome amplification permits subsequent individual detection of multiple gene loci and screening all 23 pairs of chromosomes. For PGD of chromosomal translocation, fluorescence $in-situ$ hybridization (FISH) is traditionally used, but with technical difficulty. Array comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) can detect translocation and 23 pairs of chromosomes that may replace FISH. Single nucleotide polymorphisms array with haplotyping can further distinguish between normal chromosomes and balanced translocation. PGD may shorten time to conceive and reduce miscarriage for patients with chromosomal translocation. PGD has a potential value for mitochondrial diseases. Preimplantation genetic haplotyping has been applied for unknown mutation sites of single gene disease. Preimplantation genetic screening (PGS) using limited FISH probes in the cleavage-stage embryo did not increase live birth rates for patients with advanced maternal age, unexplained recurrent abortions, and repeated implantation failure. Polar body and blastocyst biopsy may circumvent the problem of mosaicism. PGS using blastocyst biopsy and array CGH is encouraging and merit further studies. Cryopreservation of biopsied blastocysts instead of fresh transfer permits sufficient time for transportation and genetic analysis. Cryopreservation of embryos may avoid ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome and possible suboptimal endometrium.

• Proceedings of the KOR-BRONCHOESO Conference
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• 1993.05a
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• pp.93-93
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• 1993

We analyzed retrospectively 100 cases of floor of mouth cancer, treated at Korea Cancer Center Hospital from Jan. 1985 to Dec, 1992. The most prevalent age group were 6th, 1th decades, the sex ratio was M:F =4.6:1. 95 patients were smoker, 73 patients smoked more than 1 pack per day. 51 patients were heavy drinker (So-ju more than 1 B/day). Histopathologically, the squamous cell carcinoma (95 cases) was most common, followed by the adenoid cystic carcinoma (4 cases), mucoepidermoid carcinoma (1 case). The most common clinical staging was stage IV, and lymph node metastasis were 71 cases, histopathologically. Distant metastasis were 2 cases, multiple primary cancer was 1 case. 5 years survival rates according to treatment modality were 71.4% in operation only group that were almostly in early stage, 0% in radiation therapy group that were almostly in advanced stage, 32.5 % in combination therapy with operation and radiation therapy.

• Journal of Digital Convergence
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.375-382
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• 2015

The purpose of this study was to investigate the factors related to problem drinking in male workers according to occupational classes. Data were derived from the 2012 Korean National Survey on male workers. A total of 391 office workers, 707 manufacturing workers, and 309 service workers participated in this study. Data were analyzed using Rao-Scott $X^2$-test, simple and multiple logistic regressions. Problem drinking was defined as ${\geq}8$ points in the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test. The problem drinking rates were 45.1% in office workers, 39.1% in manufacturing, and 42.3% in service. In office workers, the factor related to problem drinking was only smoking. In manufacturing workers, the factors related to problem drinking were spouse, smoking and prevalence of Diabetes. In service workers, the factors related to problem drinking were age and smoking. Therefore, different intervention should be developed for each occupational class in order to manage the problem drinking in male workers.

• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.28 no.6
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• pp.366-373
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• 1984

Methanolysis rates of benzylbenzenesulfonates, substituted both on the substrate (Y) and on the leaving group (Z), were determined in MeOH-MeCN mixtures. The results showed that the reaction proceeds via the dissociative $S_N2$ mechanism, in which bond breaking proceeds in greater degree compared to bond formation at the transition state(TS). Multiple Hammett correlation analysis showed that the cross term, ${\rho}_{YZ}$, is very small and hence the cross interaction of two substituents, Y and Z, at the TS is not important, supporting the dissociative $S_N2 $ type mechanism. While transition state variations predicted by the quantum mechanical model is shown to agree in general with the experimental results, those predicted by the potential energy surface model failed to account for the leaving group effect properly.

• The Journal of Korean Institute of Communications and Information Sciences
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• v.36 no.8B
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• pp.910-920
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• 2011

In a heterogeneous wireless environment, a variety of Radio Access Technologies (RATs) coexist. Since the number of RATs is anticipated to increase in the near future, it is desirable to have radio and network resources managed in a cooperative manner using the Common Radio Resource Management (CRRM) strategy. In order to make RAT-specific radio resources manageable in CRRM, this paper proposes the Analytical Network Process (ANP) based resource management scheme that efficiently allocates resources among heterogeneous wireless networks. The proposed ANP-based method is flexible enough to be used in any network environment and can consider a multitude of decision factors. In addition, the proposed scheme uses a radio bandwidth model, which properly reflects transmission rates under given channel conditions, as the actual radio resources to be allocated. The model considers the AMC (Adaptive Modulation and Coding) scheme that is widely used in current broadband wireless access technologies, and thus, packet service characteristics, such as response time, can be analyzed. The effectiveness and flexibility of the proposed method are demonstrated by implementing a number of existing factors on heterogeneous networks environment.

• The Journal of Korean Institute of Communications and Information Sciences
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• v.39C no.11
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• pp.1177-1184
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• 2014

An wired ship area network has functionality of remote control and autonomous management of various sensors and instruments embedded or boarded in a ship. For such environment, the DiffServ (Differentiated Services) realizes that the high-speed real-time flow with the higher priority has the guaranteed minimum data rate and is delivered faster. As a result of this DiffServ effect, the intelligent Ship Area Networks can be implemented. In this paper, an packet drop technique is proposed to outperform the previous RIO (RED In and Out) drop mechanism for DiffServ in ship area networks. the proposed packet drop technique does not manage the individual flows and divides them into several flow groups according to a criterion. And it guarantees the fairness between individual flows in the same QoS class through the group-based control. In simulation results of the proposed packet drop technique, the link utilization decreases than RIO. But it guarantees more data rates to DiffServ flows passing multiple bottleneck links.

• The Transactions of the Korean Institute of Electrical Engineers A
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• v.55 no.4
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• pp.172-178
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• 2006

In this paper, an advanced demand clustering algorithm which can explore the planned maintenance outage of generators in changed electricity industry is proposed. The major contribution of this paper can be captured in the development of the long-term estimates for the generation availability considering planned maintenance outage. Two conflicting viewpoints, one of which is reliability-focused and the other is economy-focused, are incorporated in the development of estimates of maintenance outage based on the advanced demand clustering algorithm. Based on the advanced clustering algorithm, in each demand cluster, conventional effective outage of generators which conceptually capture maintenance and forced outage of generators, are newly defined in order to properly address the characteristic of the planned maintenance outage in changed electricity markets. First, initial market demand is classified into multiple demand clusters, which are defined by the effective outage rates of generators and by the inherent characteristic of the initial demand. Then, based on the advanced demand clustering algorithm, the planned maintenance outages and corresponding effective outages of generators are reevaluated. Finally, the conventional demand clusters are newly classified in order to reflect the improved effective outages of generation markets. We have found that the revision of the demand clusters can change the number of the initial demand clusters, which cannot be captured in the conventional demand clustering process. Therefore, it can be seen that electricity market situations, which can also be classified into several groups which show similar patterns, can be more accurately clustered. From this the fundamental characteristics of power systems can be more efficiently analyzed, for this advanced classification can be widely applicable to other technical problems in power systems such as generation scheduling, power flow analysis, price forecasts, and so on.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Information and Commucation Sciences Conference
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.164-167
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• 2005

Recently, STC techniques have been considered to be candidate to support multimedia services in the next generation mobile radio communications and have been developed the many communications systems in order to achieve the high data rates. In this paper, we propose the Trellis-Coded Differential Space Time Modulation system with multiple symbol detection. The Trellis-code performs the set partition with unitary group codes. The Viterbi decoder containing new branch metrics is introduced in order to improve the bit error rate (BER) in the differential detection of the unitary differential space time modulation. Also, we describe the Viterbi algorithm in order to use this branch metrics. Our study shows that such a Viterbi decoder improves BER performance without sacrificing bandwidth and power efficiency.

• The Journal of Korean Institute of Communications and Information Sciences
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• v.33 no.1B
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• pp.1-7
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• 2008

In group location management, when a transportation system(TS) with multiple mobile subscribers(MSs) changes location area(LA), location management is performed by group location registration by TS, instead of individual location registrations by MSs. In previous works, although it is assumed that LA in group location management is the same as that in individual location management, it is not appropriate to assume the same sized LAs since MSs in a TS have different characteristics from MSs which are not in a TS from the aspect of the speed and aggregate call arrival rates. Thus, in this paper, we propose an efficient location management scheme based on individual and group location managements with different sized LAs, and the performance of the proposed scheme is analyzed from the aspect of signaling cost at the wireless interface. Results reveal that the proposed scheme outperforms the conventional scheme by selecting an appropriate sized LA for group location management.