• Earthquakes and Structures
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• 제4권5호
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• pp.509-525
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• 2013

In this paper, learning capabilities of two types of Arterial Neural Networks, namely hierarchical neural networks and Generalized Regression Neural Network were used in a two-stage approach to develop a method for generating spatial varying accelerograms from acceleration response spectra and a distance parameter in which generated accelerogram is desired. Data collected from closely spaced arrays of seismographs in SMART-1 array were used to train neural networks. The generated accelerograms from the proposed method can be used for multiple support excitations analysis of structures that their supports undergo different motions during an earthquake.

• 한국추진공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국추진공학회 2004년도 제23회 추계학술대회 논문집
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• pp.282-287
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• 2004

Unielement combustion tests were conducted using coaxial bi-swirl injectors. Major experimental parameters were a recess length and a fuel-side swirl chamber. Combustion efficiency mainly depends on a mixing mechanism for the present coaxial swirl injectors. Low-frequency pressure excitations around 200Hz were observed for all injectors. However, dynamic behaviors considerably differ for an external and an internal mixing case controlled by a recess length. The internal mixing induces mixture to be biased at a specific frequency in a mass flow rate, which results in a relatively high amplitude of pressure fluctuations but results for the external mixing case show that fuel and oxidizer mixture flow carries more complicated, multiple wave characteristics due to broad mixing region as well as disintegration and merging phenomena of propellant films.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• 제29권5호
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• pp.505-530
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• 2008

This paper proposes the application of active multiple tuned mass dampers (AMTMD) for translational and torsional response control of a simplified two-degree-of-freedom (2DOF) structure, able to represent the dynamic characteristics of general asymmetric structures, under the ground acceleration. This 2DOF structure is a generalized 2DOF system of an asymmetric structure with predominant translational and torsional responses under earthquake excitations using the mode reduced-order method. Depending on the ratio of the torsional to the translational eigenfrequency, i.e. the torsional to translational frequency ratio (TTFR), of asymmetric structures, the following three cases can be distinguished: (1) torsionally flexible structures (TTFR < 1.0), (2) torsionally intermediate stiff structures (TTFR = 1.0), and (3) torsionally stiff structures (TTFR > 1.0). The even distribution of the AMTMD within the whole width and half width of the asymmetric structure, thus leading to three cases of installing the AMTMD (referred to as the AMTMD of case 1, AMTMD of case 2, AMTMD of case 3, respectively), is taken into account. In the present study, the criterion for searching the optimum parameters of the AMTMD is defined as the minimization of the minimum values of the maximum translational and torsional displacement dynamic magnification factors (DMF) of an asymmetric structure with the AMTMD. The criterion used for assessing the effectiveness of the AMTMD is selected as the ratio of the minimization of the minimum values of the maximum translational and torsional displacement DMF of the asymmetric structure with the AMTMD to the maximum translational and torsional displacement DMF of the asymmetric structure without the AMTMD. By resorting to these two criteria, a careful examination of the effects of the normalized eccentricity ratio (NER) on the effectiveness and robustness of the AMTMD are carried out in the mitigation of both the translational and torsional responses of the asymmetric structure. Likewise, the effectiveness of a single ATMD with the optimum positions is presented and compared with that of the AMTMD.

• Smart Structures and Systems
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• 제26권3호
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• pp.373-390
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• 2020

Hybrid simulation (HS) is a versatile tool for structural performance evaluation under dynamic loads. Although real structural responses are often multiple-directional owing to an eccentric mass/stiffness of the structure and/or excitations not along structural major axes, few HS in this field takes into account structural responses in multiple directions. Multi-directional loading is more challenging than uni-directional loading as there is a nonlinear transformation between actuator and specimen coordinate systems, increasing the difficulty of suppressing loading error. Moreover, redundant actuators may exist in multi-directional hybrid simulations of large-scale structures, which requires the loading strategy to contain ineffective loading of multiple actuators. To address these issues, lately a new strategy was conceived for accurate reproduction of desired displacements in bi-directional hybrid simulations (BHS), which is characterized in two features, i.e., iterative displacement command updating based on the Jacobian matrix considering nonlinear geometric relationships, and force-based control for compensating ineffective forces of redundant actuators. This paper performs performance validation and application of this new mixed loading strategy. In particular, virtual BHS considering linear and nonlinear specimen models, and the diversity of actuator properties were carried out. A validation test was implemented with a steel frame specimen. A real application of this strategy to BHS on a full-scale 2-story frame specimen was performed. Studies showed that this strategy exhibited excellent tracking performance for the measured displacements of the control point and remarkable compensation for ineffective forces of the redundant actuator. This strategy was demonstrated to be capable of accurately and effectively reproducing the desired displacements in large-scale BHS.

• Smart Structures and Systems
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• 제23권6호
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• pp.641-651
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• 2019

The stochastic stability control of the parameter-excited vibration of an inclined stay cable with multiple modes coupling under random and periodic combined support disturbances is studied by using the direct eigenvalue analysis approach based on the response moment stability, Floquet theorem, Fourier series and matrix eigenvalue analysis. The differential equation with time-varying parameters for the transverse vibration of the inclined cable with control under random and deterministic support disturbances is derived and converted into the randomly and deterministically parameter-excited multi-degree-of-freedom vibration equations. As the stochastic stability of the parameter-excited vibration is mainly determined by the characteristics of perturbation moment, the differential equation with only deterministic parameters for the perturbation second moment is derived based on the $It{\hat{o}}$ stochastic differential rule. The stochastically and deterministically parameter-excited vibration stability is then determined by the deterministic parameter-varying response moment stability. Based on the Floquet theorem, expanding the periodic parameters of the perturbation moment equation and the periodic component of the characteristic perturbation moment expression into the Fourier series yields the eigenvalue equation which determines the perturbation moment behavior. Thus the stochastic stability of the parameter-excited cable vibration under the random and periodic combined support disturbances is determined directly by the matrix eigenvalues. The direct eigenvalue analysis approach is applicable to the stochastic stability of the control cable with multiple modes coupling under various periodic and/or random support disturbances. Numerical results illustrate that the multiple cable modes need to be considered for the stochastic stability of the parameter-excited cable vibration under the random and periodic support disturbances, and the increase of the control damping rather than control stiffness can greatly enhance the stochastic stability of the parameter-excited cable vibration including the frequency width increase of the periodic disturbance and the critical value increase of the random disturbance amplitude.

• 한국전산구조공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국전산구조공학회 2000년도 봄 학술발표회논문집
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• pp.347-354
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• 2000

The seismic behaviors of a bridge system with several simple spans are examined to see the effects of the longitudinal stiffness degradation due to abutment-soil interaction. The abutment-backfill system is modeled as one degree-of-freedom-system with nonlinear spring and linear damper. various soil-conditions surrounding the abutment such as loose sand, medium dense sand, and dense sand are considered in the bridge seismic analysis. The idealized mechanical model for the whole bridge system is modeled by adopting the multiple-degree-of-freedom system, which can consider components such as pounding phenomena, friction at the movable supports, rotational and translational motions of foundations, and the nonlinear pier motions. The stiffness of the abutment is found to be rapidly reduced at the beginning of the earthquakes, and to be converged to constant values shortly after the displacement approaches to the Predefined critical values. It is observed that the maximum relative distanced an maximum relative displacements are generally Increased as the relative density of a soil decreases As the peak ground acceleration increases, the response ratio of the case considering stiffness degradation to the case considering constant stiffness decreases.

• 한국재료학회지
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• 제25권9호
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• pp.455-461
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• 2015

SnS-$TiO_2$ nanocomposites are synthesized using simple, cheap, and less toxic $SnCl_2$ as the tin (II) precursor. The prepared nanoparticles are characterized using powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and UV-Vis diffuse reflectance spectra (DRS). The XRD and TEM results indicate that the prepared product has SnS nanoparticles and a grain diameter of 30 nm. The DRS demonstrate that SnS-$TiO_2$ possesses the absorption profile across the entire visible light region. The generation of reactive oxygen species is detected through the oxidation reaction from 1,5-diphenyl carbazide (DPCI) to 1,5-diphenyl carbazone (DPCO). It is found that the photocurrent density and photocatalytic effect increase with the modified SnS. Excellent catalytic degradation of Texbrite BA-L (TBA) solution is observed using the SnS-$TiO_2$ composites under visible light irradiation. It is proposed that both the strong visible light absorption and the multiple exciton excitations contribute to the high visible light photocatalytic activity.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• 제25권3호
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• pp.347-363
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• 2007

A novel methodology, referred to as Auxiliary Domain Method (ADM), allowing for a very efficient solution of nonlinear reliability problems is presented. The target nonlinear failure domain is first populated by samples generated with the help of a Markov Chain. Based on these samples an auxiliary failure domain (AFD), corresponding to an auxiliary reliability problem, is introduced. The criteria for selecting the AFD are discussed. The emphasis in this paper is on the selection of the auxiliary linear failure domain in the case where the original nonlinear reliability problem involves multiple objectives rather than a single objective. Each reliability objective is assumed to correspond to a particular response quantity not exceeding a corresponding threshold. Once the AFD has been specified the method proceeds with a modified subset simulation procedure where the first step involves the direct simulation of samples in the AFD, rather than standard Monte Carlo simulation as required in standard subset simulation. While the method is applicable to general nonlinear reliability problems herein the focus is on the calculation of the probability of failure of nonlinear dynamical systems subjected to Gaussian random excitations. The method is demonstrated through such a numerical example involving two reliability objectives and a very large number of random variables. It is found that ADM is very efficient and offers drastic improvements over standard subset simulation, especially when one deals with low probability failure events.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• 제76권2호
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• pp.163-173
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• 2020

As a vehicle moves on multiple equal-span beams at constant speed, the running vehicle would be subjected to repetitive excitations from the beam vibrations under it. Once the exciting frequency caused by the vibrating beams coincides with any of the vehicle's frequencies, resonance would take place on the vehicle. A similar resonance phenomenon occurs on a beam subject to sequential moving loads with identical axle-intervals. To reduce both resonant phenomena of a vehicle moving on guideway girders, this study proposed an additional feedback controller based the condensed virtual dynamic absorber (C-VDA) scheme. This condensation scheme has the following advantages: (1) the feedback tuning gains required to adapt the control currents or voltages are directly obtained from the tuning forces of the VDA; (2) the condensed VDA scheme does not need additional DoFs of the absorber to control the vibration of the maglev-vehicle/guideway system. By decomposing the maglev vehicle-guideway coupling system into two sub-systems (the moving vehicle and the supporting girders), an incremental-iterative procedure associated with the Newmark method is presented to solve the two sets of sub-system equations. From the present studies, the proposed C-VDA scheme is a feasible approach to suppress the interaction response for a maglev vehicle in resonance moving on a series of guideway girders.

• 한국기계가공학회지
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• 제13권1호
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• pp.59-65
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• 2014

To obtain an elliptical trajectory at the cutting edge during elliptical vibration cutting, sinusoidal voltage excitations of two piezoelectric actuators have commonly been used. In this study, PWM excitation, which is relatively simple to generate, was employed and its characteristics were investigated. In experimental and analytical analyses, we found that for PWM excitation, the integer-multiple frequencies of the excitation voltage distorted the shape of the elliptical trajectory, whereas at a duty ratio(DR) of 50%, the distortion of the elliptical trajectory was minimized due to disappearance of the first overtone. When the magnitude of the maximum excitation voltage was maintained at the same level for both PWM and sinusoidal excitation, PWM (DR=50%) excitation produced a greater vibration amplitude than sinusoidal excitation but resulted in more rapid saturation of a high-frequency power amplifier.