• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제46권3호
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• pp.496-504
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• 2022

Background: Cigarette smoke (CS) is considered a principal cause of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and is associated with mucus hypersecretion and airway inflammation. Ginsenoside compound K (CK), a product of ginsenoside metabolism, has various biological activities. Studies on the effects of CK for the treatment of COPD and mucus hypersecretion, including the underlying signaling mechanism, have not yet been conducted. Methods: To study the protective effects and molecular mechanism of CK, phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA)-induced human airway epithelial (NCI-H292) cells were used as a cellular model of airway inflammation. An experimental mouse COPD model was also established via CS inhalation and intranasal administration of lipopolysaccharide. Mucin 5AC (MUC5AC), monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and interleukin-6 secretion, as well as elastase activity and reactive oxygen species production, were determined through enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Inflammatory cell influx and mucus secretion in mouse lung tissues were estimated using hematoxylin and eosin and periodic acid-schiff staining, respectively. PKCδ and its downstream signaling molecules were analyzed via western blotting. Results: CK prevented the secretion of MUC5AC and TNF-α in PMA-stimulated NCI-H292 cells and exhibited a protective effect in COPD mice via the suppression of inflammatory mediators and mucus secretion. These effects were accompanied by an inactivation of PKCδ and related signaling in vitro and in vivo. Conclusion: CK suppressed pulmonary inflammation and mucus secretion in COPD mouse model through PKC regulation, highlighting the compound's potential as a useful adjuvant in the prevention and treatment of COPD.

• 동의생리병리학회지
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• 제18권6호
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• pp.1746-1751
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• 2004

This study was done to investigate the effects of Gamichihyo-san and Gamiijung-tang on airway mucus secretion. After administer Gamichihyo-san(GCHS) and Gamiijung-tang(GIJT) extract to Golden Syrian Hamster for 8-10 weeks, we examined mucin release from cultured hamster tracheal surface epithelial(HTSE) cells. Following results were obtained; GCHG significantly stimulated mucin release from cultured HTSE cells, with minute cytotoxicity GIJT did not affect mucin release and have no cytotoxicity; GCHG and GIJT did not affect contractility of isolated tracheal smooth muscle. These results suggest that Gamichihyo-san might be usefully applied for airway mucus secretion.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• 제19권4호
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• pp.487-492
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• 2011

In our previous study, we investigated Chenopodium album Linne (CAL) ethanol extract and its fractions on anti-gastritic actions using the HCl/ethanol and indomethacin induced gastric lesion model and Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori). Based on the results, butanol fraction was most effective among fractions obtained from CAL. This study aims to elucidate the mechanisms of butanol fraction, and betaine as a constituent of the butanol fraction, on gastritis and anti-gastric cancer cell growth. First, we examined antioxidant properties using hydrogen peroxide and superoxide radical, and we found that butanol fraction and betaine may be good antioxidants. Second, cytotoxicity was assessed by measuring cell viability and 4,6-diamidino-2-phenylinodole dihydrochloride (DAPI) staining of human gastric cancer cells (AGS cells). We also examined the relationship between the cytotoxicity and intracellular $Ca^{2+}$ signaling mechanism. The butanol fraction demonstrated cell viability 71.49% at the concentration of 100 ${\mu}g/ml$ and increased intracellular $Ca^{2+}$ concentration in a dose dependent manner. Finally, we observed the mucus content as a defensive factor and gastric secretion as an aggressive factor, and found that the mucus content noticeably increased when treated with butanol fraction and betaine and gastric secretion decreased when treated with betaine in vivo study. From these results, we suggest that CAL butanol fraction and betaine may have protective effects on gastritis.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• 제11권6호
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• pp.461-469
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• 2017

BACKGROUND/OBSECTIVE: Airway inflammation by eosinophils, neutrophils and alveolar macrophages is a characteristic feature of asthma that leads to pathological subepithelial thickening and remodeling. Our previous study showed that oxidative stress in airways resulted in eosinophilia and epithelial apoptosis. The current study investigated whether glutathione-containing dry yeast extract (dry-YE) ameliorated eosinophilia, goblet cell hyperplasia and mucus overproduction. MATERIALS/METHOD: This study employed $2{\mu}g$/mL lipopolysaccharide (LPS)- or 20 ng/mL eotaxin-1-exposed human bronchial epithelial cells and ovalbumin (OVA)-challenged mice. Dry-YE employed in this study contained a significant amount of glutathione (140 mg in 100 g dry yeast). RESULTS: Human bronchial epithelial cell eotaxin-1 and mucin 5AC (MUC5AC) were markedly induced by the endotoxin LPS, which was dose-dependently attenuated by nontoxic dry-YE at 10-50 ${\mu}g$/mL. Moreover, dry-YE inhibited the MUC5AC induction enhanced by eotaxin-1, indicating that eotaxin-1-mediated eosinophilia may prompt the MUC5AC induction. Oral supplementation with 10-100 mg/kg dry-YE inhibited inflammatory cell accumulation in airway subepithelial regions with a reduction of lung tissue level of intracellular adhesion molecule-1. In addition, ${\geq}50$ mg/kg dry-YE diminished the lung tissue levels of eotaxin-1, eosinophil major basic protein and MUC5AC in OVA-exposed mice. Alcian blue/periodic acid schiff staining revealed that the dry-YE supplementation inhibited goblet cell hyperplasia and mucus overproduction in the trachea and bronchiolar airways of OVA-challenged mice. CONCLUSIONS: Oxidative stress may be involved in the induction of eotaxin-1 and MUC5AC by endotoxin episode and OVA challenge. Dry-YE effectively ameliorated oxidative stress-responsive epithelial eosinophilia and mucus-secreting goblet cell hyperplasia in cellular and murine models of asthma.

• 한국발생생물학회지:발생과생식
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• 제20권3호
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• pp.207-217
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• 2016

In this study, we investigated the characteristics of CCK-producing cells and mucus-secreting goblet cells with respect to stomach fish and stomachless fish of the Gobiidae in order to provide a basis for understanding the digestive physiology. Hairychin goby (Sagamia geneionema), which is stomachless fish, the numbers of mucus-secreting goblet cells is highest in the posterior intestine portion (P<0.05), while CCK-producing cells are scattered throughout the intestine. Gluttonous goby (Chasmichthys gulosus), which is stomach fish, mucus-secreting goblet cells are most abundant in the mid intestine portion (P<0.05), whereas CCK-producing cells are observed only in the anterior and mid intestine portion. Trident goby (Tridentiger obscurus) which is stomach fish, mucus-secreting goblet cells were most abundant in the mid intestine portion (P<0.05). CCK-producing cells are found in the anterior and mid intestine portion. Giurine goby, Rhinogobius giurinus which is also stomach fish, the largest number of mucus-secreting goblet cells showed in anterior intestine portion except for esophagus (P<0.05). CCK-producing cells are present only in the anterior and mid intestine portion. In S. geneionema, digestive action occurs in the posterior intestine portion to protect and functions to activate digestion. In contrast, in C. gulosus, T. obscurus and R. giurinus, their digestive action occurs in the anterior and mid intestine portion to protect and functions to activate digestion. Further studies of the modes of food ingestion by these fish, the contents of their digestive tracts, and the staining characteristics of the goblet cells need to be carried out.

• 한국어류학회지
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• 제23권1호
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• pp.70-74
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• 2011

논에 서식하는 미꾸라지는 겨울철 수분증발에 의한 토굴을 형성하였고 피부는 공기 중에 노출되었다. 이때 미꾸라지 피부의 점액세포 변화를 유발하는 환경요인을 분석하기 위하여 진흙과 물을 수조에 채운 후 약 1개월 동안 자연증발시켜 인위적인 토굴형성에 의한 미꾸라지 피부의 공기노출 실험을 여름철에 실시하였다. 그 결과, 공기 중에 피부가 노출된 미꾸라지의 등, 체측, 후두부의 피부 점액세포의 형태는 대부분 크고 길다란 원주세포형으로 변화하였고, 수량 역시 급격히 증가하였는데, 이러한 특정은 겨울철 자연상태에서 나타나는 전형적인 현상이었다.

• 한국어류학회지
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• 제26권4호
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• pp.281-287
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• 2014

수중과 육상의 이중적인 생활을 하는 남방짱뚱어 Scartelaos gigas (amphibious mudskipper)의 후각기관을 해부학과 조직학적으로 연구하였다. 그 결과 후각기관은 좌우 한 쌍이 존재하며 각 기관은 한 개의 가느다란 긴관 (an elongated canal)과 사비강과 누비강의 두 개의 비강 (ethmoidal and lacrimal nasal sacs)으로 구성되어 있었다. 각 관의 내벽에 발달한 감각 상피는 3~4개의 섬모를 가지는 감각 수용기 세포 (receptor cell), 지지세포 (supporting cell), 기저세포 (basal cell) 그리고 점액세포 (mucus cell)들로 구성되는 다세포성 구조로 이루어져 있었다. 반면에 비감각 상피는 감각기를 갖지 않는 주름진 표면만을 가지고 있었다. 또한 두 개의 비강은 상피 표면에 점액 방울 (mucin droplet)을 가지고 있었다. 따라서 남방짱뚱어의 이러한 후각기관의 특징은 생태적 습성과 서식처에 관련된 반수중 생활 (semi-aquatic life)에 적응한 특징으로 사료된다.

• 한국동물위생학회지
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• 제23권3호
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• pp.219-221
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• 2000

This experiment was done to determine pathological findings of swine dysentery naturally occurred in Korea. Clinical sign was characterized by mucohemorrhagic diarrhea. Characteristic mucofibrinous lesions composed of fibrin, mucus, and sloughed cell debri were mostly limited to the large intestine of affected pjgs. A myriad of coiled spirochetes were detected in the colonic crypts.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• 제15권3호
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• pp.233-239
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• 2012

Hematological analysis can provide crucial information for monitoring the health of fish. However, there is no current information available regarding hematological changes in olive flounder following infection by Vibrio scophthalmi. In this study, hematological and biochemical alterations were determined in olive flounder infected by the high virulence strain (HVS) and low virulence strain (LVS) of V. scophthalmi. Survival in serum, skin mucus, and macrophages of olive flounder was also compared between the HVS and LVS. The results demonstrated that the hematocrit value in infected fish declined from 23.4% at 0 h to 18.0% at 168 h post infection. The total protein concentration in fish infected with the HVS was significantly higher than in fish infected with the LVS and a non-infected control. Lysozyme activity was significantly different between infected and control fish. The HVS survived in serum and cell numbers increased substantially, while cell numbers of the LVS in serum decreased. These changes in hematological characteristics in fish infected by V. scophthalmi can be used as an effective and sensitive index to monitor the physiological and pathological conditions of fish. The survival and reproduction of V. scophthalmi in host serum, skin mucus, and macrophages play a major role in systemic infection and can serve as a virulence indicator for different strains.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• 제8권2호
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• pp.83-89
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• 2005

Morphology, histology, and histochemical characteristics of the digestive tract of the guirine goby (Rhinogobius giurinus: Gobiidae), collected from the coast of Jeju Island, Korea, were investigated. The digestive tract of R. giurinus, which is a brackish water species, has a short (relative length of gut=0.42), simple, and narrow gut. The gastric glands are well developed in the stomach, but pyloric caeca are absent. The mucosal folds are regularly branched, and the muscularis extern a is thickest in the esophagus, which also contained the most mucus-secreting goblet cells (P<0.05). In R. giurinus, digestive function occurs in the anterior portion of the digestive tract, where mucus protects the tract from the actions of digestive enzymes and functions to activate digestion.