• 한국노년학
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.1107-1116
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• 2010

The elderly people with advancing years have many problems such as the decline of the proprioceptive, visual & vestibular function and muscle weakness. Furthermore the decrease of the reflex which influences the balance ability in sudden change of the movement could cause the falls. The difficulty of the balance caused by the fear releated to the fall aggravates the Falls Efficacy and causes a lot of the disability of the independent activities of daily living. The purpose of this study was the effect of a Virtual Reality Program on Static Balance control and Fall efficacy of Elderly people. 14 elderly people(subjects) who were ≥65years of age partiripated in this study and they were divided into VR(Virtual Reality) group(n=7) and Control group (n=7). VR group took the general physical therapy & IREX and only the general physical therapy was carried out in the control group. VR group of intervention was carried out for 30min. total 8times. They were evaluated by BIO-Rescue, Fall Efficacy Scale before and after treatment. The Static Balance control and Fall efficacy were assessed by Bio-Rescue & Falls Efficacy Scale. The analysis of the resulf was assessed by Wilcoxon signed test & Mann-Whitney U test. The result showed that the static balance of VR group with the open eyes was improved in a static balance test and range of the movement was increased in limited of stability. And Falls Efficacy was also efficacious. IREX was effective to static balance control and Falls Efficacy of the elderly When we think about these effects, various treatments and objective assessments using VR program will be needed for the elderly

• PNF and Movement
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.265-273
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• 2020

Purpose: The purpose of the study was to investigate the effects of HMD (head mounted display)-based virtual reality balance training on static balance in young adults, and whether appropriate balance training can help healthy adults to improve balance ability in daily living. Methods: The study subjects were 14 healthy adults. Subjects received 20 minutes of HMD-based virtual reality balance training 3 times per week for 4 weeks. Static balance was measured before, during, and after training and after one month. Static balance was measured in a total of 8 conditions, and the results were classified as visual (F1), somatosensory (F5-6), vestibular (F2-4), and central nervous system (F7-8). Results: The test results showed no significant difference in pre-training, post-training, and follow-up results under all conditions at Fourier index F1, F5-6, and F7-8 frequencies. For the F2-4 frequency, there was a significant difference before and after training under NC (neutral head position, eyes closed, firm surface) and PC (neutral head position, eyes closed, elastic surface) conditions. The NC condition returned a significant decrease of F2-4 frequency in post-training testing as compared to pre-training, and the PC condition showed a significant decrease of F2-4 frequency between the pre-training and mid-training tests, and between the pre-training and post-training tests. Conclusion: These results indicate that HMD-based balance training can improve balance ability, even in normal adults, and seems especially effective for vestibular function training.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Integrative Medicine
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.101-108
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• 2014

Purpose : The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of horse riding exercise for chronic low back pain patients. Method : 30 subjects in H-equestrian and N-equestrian, K & B hospital were randomly divided two group, instability support surface exercise group and horse-riding exercise group. Each group carried out 40 minutes exercise three times a week for 8 weeks. VAS were measured for sway path of COP movement during standing were measured for evaluation of static balance ability in balance performance monitor(BPM). Result : The results were as follows, scales of VAS between instability support surface exercise and horse-riding exercise groups in post-test, were significantly different in measures(p<.05). And there were significant in two group after exercise(p<.05). The static balance scales of sway path between instability support surface exercise and horse-riding exercise groups in post-test, were significantly different in measures(p<.05). And there were significant in two group after exercise(p<.05). Conclusion : These finding revealed that horse-riding exercise was effective on VAS and static balance abiility of chronic low back pain patient so that these exercise can be new altematives for increase of stability ability in chronic low back pain patients.

• PNF and Movement
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.41-46
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• 2012

Purpose : This study investigated the effect of 4 weeks training of virtual reality game on balance and gait ability, depression of elderly people. Methods : The subjects of this study were 12 elderly people over 65 age. The subjects were treated by training using virtual reality gam (during 60 minutes, 3 times a week for 4 weeks). The results of the experiment were analyzed using paired T-test along with averages and standard deviations as the statistical methods for data analyses. Results : In comparison of depression, gait and balance ability between pre-test and post-test, there were statistically significant differences. Conclusion : Our study finding indicate that training using virtual reality game could improve balance and gait ability, depression in elderly people. According to our study, training using virtual reality game is judged to be used for elderly people with gait and balance problems, depression to prevent fall down.

• PNF and Movement
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.1-8
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• 2022

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of blood flow restriction bridge exercise on leg muscle thickness and balance. In addition, it is to promote blood flow restriction exercise as the basis for early prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of sarcopenia in clinical practice. Methods: Twenty elderly women aged 65 years or older were selected to participate in this study. The subjects were divided into two groups of 10: one with blood flow restriction with bridge exercise (BFRG) and the other with bridge exercise alone (BG). As for the exercise method, the thickness of rectus femoris and vastus medialis and Berg balance scale were investigated by intervention for 30 minutes a day, 3 times a week, for a total of 6 weeks. Results: There was significant difference in the thickness of the rectus femoris and vastus medial and within-group changes in the Berg balance scale (p <0.05) before and after the experiment in the BFRG and BG groups (p<0.05). There was a significant difference in change between the two groups (p <0.05). Conclusion: There was a significant difference in the intragroup change of the Berg balance scale in the BFRG before and after the experiment, but there was no significant difference in the BG, and there was no significant difference in the change between the two groups.

• PNF and Movement
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.21-29
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• 2013

Purpose : The study was to evaluate the weight distribution, balance and gait function of stroke patients wearing lateral wedged insole to the shoe of the affected side. Methods : 27 patients with stroke (15 men, 12 women) participated in this study. Participants performed weight distribution, dynamic balance and gait ability with or without wedged insole on affected side in a random order. The balancia was used to evaluate the weight distribution. Deviation from the center line was analyzed by Dartfish during sit to stand to evaluate dynamic balance. The functional walk ability evaluated by 10 m walking velocity. Results : The asymmetry index of weight bearing improved significantly with wedged insole of affected side(p<.05). During sit to stand, center of gravity significantly moved from non-affected side to more mid line of body(p<.05). Improvement were shown in walking speed after wearing the wedged insole(p<.05). Conclusion : Wedged insole applied on affected side have a beneficial effect on weight distribution, dynamic balance and walking speed with stroke.

• PNF and Movement
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.1-9
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• 2011

Purpose : The purpose of this study is to analyze the effect of closed-chain exercise on weight supporting rate change within hemiplegic side and static dynamic balance ability in stroke patients. Methods : The subjects of the study were 13 hemiplegic patients who carried out closed-kinematic chain exercise program over 6 weeks. The exercises of the program are stand to sit with stall bar, stair-up & down by a hemiplegic leg and bridging exercise crossing the non-hemiplegic leg onto the hemiplegic leg. Each exercise was carried out over 3 sets of 10reps. Results : The results of this study were summarized as follows: 1. After intervention, there was a statistically significant change in the weight supporting rate within hemiplegic and non-hemiplegic side(P<0.05). 2. After intervention, there was a statistically significant change in the static balance(FICSIT-4) ability(P<0.05). 3. After intervention, there was a statistically significant change in the dynamic balance(FSST, TUG, FRT) ability(P<0.05). Conclusion : The results of the study suggests that closed-chain exercise program in stroke patients improves their weight supporting rate and enhance the static dynamic balance.

• PNF and Movement
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.85-96
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• 2017

Purpose: Peripheral neuropathy accompanied by sensory disturbance, such as limb paralysis and hemiplegia, is mainly caused by acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM). This case study aimed to determine the effect of ankle strengthening exercises that use proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation (PNF) on the gait, balance, ankle-control ability, and sit-to-stand ability on a patient with ADEM. Methods: A 10-year-old male with quadriplegia and ankle-control impairment participated in this 4-week training intervention. The patient, diagnosed with ADEM, was treated with ankle strengthening exercises that used PNF. Results: The patient demonstrated improvements in balance, ankle-control ability, sit-to-stand ability, and gait performance. Outcome measures (manual muscle test, modified Ashworth scale, sensory assessment, coordination assessment, Berg balance scale, 5 time sit-to-stand test, and 10 m walk test) were taken before and after the training program. Conclusion: The results of this case suggest that an ankle strengthening exercise that uses PNF can improve the gait, balance, ankle-control ability, and sit-to-stand ability in patients with ADEM. In ADEM, the initial treatment is important, and the use of ankle strengthening exercises with PNF could lead to meaningful results. However, there is limited research due to an insufficient number of cases. In the future, more patients will need to be studied.

• PNF and Movement
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.41-50
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• 2017

Purpose: This study aimed to determine how inclined-treadmill walking training with rhythmic auditory stimulation affects balance and gait in stroke patients. Methods: Ten chronic stroke patients, admitted to B hospital in Gangwon-do between August and October 2015, were trained 5 times per week for 4 weeks; each session lasted 30 minutes. To assess balance and gait before and after the training, the timed up and go (TUG) test, Berg balance scale (BBS), six minute walking test (6MWT), and three-dimensional spatiotemporal gait ability were used to measure the relevant variables. The data were analyzed using the paired t-test, and the statistical significance level was 0.05. Results: There were significant differences in the TUG, BBS, 6MWT, gait speed, cadence, single limb support (SLS), and symmetric index (SI) before and after training (p < 0.05). Conclusion: The results showed that the inclined-treadmill walking training with rhythmic auditory stimulation was effective at improving the balance and walking ability of stroke patients. Hearing training, using one of the basic procedures of proprioceptive neuromuscular stimulation, is considered to be an important aspect.

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Orthopedic Manual Physical Therapy
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.58-66
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• 2007

The purpose of this study is to understand the structure and biomechanics of the skeletal muscle. The skeletal muscle takes 40 to 45% of the whole body. Stable posture requires a balance of muscle. However, when the muscle strength is unbalanced, movement initiates. The power generated by the muscle is a primary means to adjust the equilibrium of posture and movement. The structural unit of the skeletal muscle is a long cylindrical type muscle fiber which contains hundreds of nucleus. The thickness of muscle fiber is about $10-100{\mu}m$, and its length is about 1-50cm. Muscle fiber is composed of myofibril that is covered with plasma membrane which is called sarcolemma. In understanding the movement of human body, it is important to comprehend the movement of bone and joint and the tension of muscle. Understanding the structure and biomechanics of muscle also provides basic information on clinical treatment of patients.