• Environmental Mutagens and Carcinogens
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.44-50
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• 2001

To identify nongenotoxic carcinogen determined as negative by ICH guideline-recommended standard genotoxicity test battery; Ames test, chromosome aberration assay, mouse lymphoma $tk^{+/-}$ assay, in vivo micronucleus assay, we picked bisphenol A as a model compound. In this study, we applied in vitro BalB/c 3T3 cell transformation assay and Syrian hamster embryo (SHE) cell transfarmation assay. Bisphenol A was treated upto $769.2 ug/m{\ell}$ in BalB/c 3T3 cells and upto $125 ug/m{\ell}$ in SHE cells. bisphenol A didn't induced morphological transformation both with one stage treatment protocol and with two stage treatment protocol. But, treated far 48 hr, Bisphenol A induced morphological transformation significantly in SHE cells.

• Journal of Embryo Transfer
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.183-191
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• 1995

This experiment was carried out to study the determination of survival of vitrified and thawed mammal follicular oocytes by FDA-test. Oocytes were divided into 3 groups according to attachment of cumulus cell. Group A oocytes were tightly surrounded by cumulus cell, group B oocytes were partially surrounded by cumulus cell, and group C oocytes were poorly surrounded by cumulus cell. Vitrification solution developed by our previous study (Kim et al, 1992) which consisted of permeable agent (20 % glycerol + 10 % ethylene glycol) and nonpermeable agent (30 % Ficoll + 10 % sucrose). Oocytes (7~10) loaded into 0.25 ml straw after 10 min equilibration were plunged into liquid nitrogen (- 196$^{\circ}C$) directly. The FDA-score of vitrified and thawed group A oocytes was higher in rat (4.2) than in rabbit (3.9), cow (3.8), mouse (3.4) and porcine (2.4), however that of cumulus cell was higher in rabbit (4.7) than in rat (4.1), cow (2.9), porcine (2.6) and mouse (1.4). The FDA-score of vitrified and thawed group B oocytes were 3.1 (cow), 2.9 (rabbit), 2.9 (mouse), 2.6 (rat) and 2.5 (porcine), respectively. However that of cumulus cell was higher in rabbit (3.7) than in porcine (2.6), rat (2.3), cow (1.7) and mouse (0.3). The FDA-score of vitrified and thawed group C oocytes was higher in mouse (4.1) than in cow (2.9), rabbit (2.6), rat (1.3) and porcine (1.1). As shown in the above results, The survival rates of oocytes were higher in group A than in group B and C except in mouse and cow. These results suggest that the survival of cumulus cell as well as follicular oocytes can be reliably judged by their fluorescence with FDA-test.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.169-185
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• 2002

Objectives: This study was carried out to investigate 1he effects of Sasammaickmoondong-tang(SME) on colonic mucosal lesions induced by indomethacin in mouse. Methods: The normal group is 1hat no inflammation elicitated mouse. Control group is that gastro-inflammation elicitated mouse. Sample group is that SME administered mouse after gastro-inflammation elicitation. Results: In the common morphology and histochemical change, control group was observed various injury-mucous surface cell, micro-villi, paneth cell, surface epithelial cell, goblet cell-by hemorrhagic erosion, while sample group was as same as normal group. In the immunohistochemical change, 1he distributions of COX-1, Bcl-2, and BrdU treated with SME noticeably increased than control group(P<0.05). The distributions of TUNEL, $NF-{\kappa}B$, COX-2, $IL-2R-\alpha$, NK-1.1, ICAM-1, and CD11b/18 treated with SME noticeably decreased than control group(P<0.05). And the distribution of SBA was as same as normal group. Conclusions: According to the above results, it is supposed that Sasammaickmoondong-tang is applicable to colonic mucosal lesions.

• IMMUNE NETWORK
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.89-95
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• 2012

Immune cells express toll-like receptors (TLRs) and respond to molecular patterns of various pathogens. CpG motif in bacterial DNA activates innate and acquired immune systems through binding to TLR9 of immune cells. Several studies reported that CpG can directly regulate B cell activation, differentiation, and Ig production. However, the role of CpG in B cell growth and Ig production is not fully understood. In this study, we analyzed the effect of CpG on the kinetics of mouse B cell viability, proliferation, and Igs production. Overall, CpG enhanced mouse B cell growth and production of Igs in a dose-dependent manner. Unlike LPS, 100 nM CpG (high dose) did not support TGF-${\beta}1$-induced IgA and IgG2b production. Moreover, 100 nM CpG treatment abrogated either LPS-induced IgM or LPS/TGF-${\beta}1$-induced IgA and IgG2b production, although B cell growth was enhanced by CpG under the same culture conditions. We subsequently found that 10 nM CpG (low dose) is sufficient for B cell growth. Again, 10 nM CpG did not support TGF-${\beta}1$-induced IgA production but, interestingly enough, supported RA-induced IgA production. Further, 10 nM CpG, unlike 100 nM, neither abrogated the LPS/TGF-${\beta}1$- nor the LPS/RA-induced IgA production. Taken together, these results suggest that dose of CpG is critical in B cell growth and Igs production and the optimal dose of CpG cooperates with LPS in B cell activation and differentiation toward Igs production.

• IMMUNE NETWORK
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• v.13 no.5
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• pp.205-212
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• 2013

Dectin-1, which specifically recognizes ${\beta}$-glucan of fungal cell walls, is a non-Toll-like receptor (TLR) pattern recognition receptor and a representative of C-type lectin receptors (CLRs). The importance of Dectin-1 in innate immune cells, such as dendritic cells and macrophages, has previously been well studied. However, the function of Dectin-1 in B cells is very poorly understood. To determine the role of Dectin-1 in B cell activation, we first investigated whether mouse B cells express Dectin-1 and then assessed the effect of Dectin-1 stimulation on B cell proliferation and antibody production. Mouse B cells express mRNAs encoding CLRs, including Dectin-1, and surface Dectin-1 was expressed in B cells of C57BL/6 rather than BALB/c strain. Dectin-1 agonists, heat-killed Candida albicans (HKCA) and heat-killed Saccharomyces cerevisiae (HKSC), alone induced B cell proliferation but not antibody production. Interestingly, HKSC, HKCA, and depleted zymosan (a selective Dectin-1 agonist) selectively enhanced LPS-driven IgG1 production. Taken together, these results suggest that, during fungal infection, ${\beta}$-glucan-stimulated Dectin-1 may cooperate with TLR4 to specifically enhance IgG1 production by mouse B cells.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.74-82
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• 2009

In order to make successful oral cancer treatment, we need to understand about tumor biology and effective chemotherapeutic agents. To achieve these studies, it is necessary to develope a proper in-vivo model. Therefore the author will make try to develop more improved animal model of more applicable in various method of cancer study. In this study, the author induced in-vivo tumorigenesis in nude mice by $YD-10B_{mod}$ cell line used by YD-10B cell line originated from oral tongue squamous cell carcinoma and observed tumor formations and invasiveness of surrounding tissue, and found some results as follows : 1. The experimental group($YD-10B_{mod}$, subcutaneous injection) produced tumors 13 out of 15 mice, while the control group produced none of 5 mice. 2. The inoculation of $1{\times}10^6$cells/mouse produced tumors 3 out of 5 mice and inoculation of $1{\times}10^7$cells/mouse, $2{\times}10^7$cells/mouse produced tumors in every 5 mice. 3. In the histopathologic studies, the inoculation of $1{\times}10^6$cells/mouse group showed the characteristic features of well-differentiated squamous cell carcinoma and demarcated expansile growth, while the inoculation of $1{\times}10^7$cells/mouse, $2{\times}10^7$cells/mouse group showed the expansile growth with partial central necrosis and invasive growth to surrounding fat & connective tissue. These findings suggest that atopic xenograft of $YD-10B_{mod}$ cell line in nude mice has a improved productivity of tumors, produced tumors showed the characteristics feature of human tumor and invasive growth to surrounding tissue in histopathologic appearance. These atopic nude mouse model of tongue carcinoma might assist in studying oral cancer biology and effective choice of chemotherapeutic agents.

• The Journal of Korean Obstetrics and Gynecology
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.83-98
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• 2008

Purpose: This study was performed to determine the inhibitory effect of Soyosangagamhwajae(SYG) on melanin synthesis in B16F10 mouse melanoma cell. Methods: The Inhibitory effects of Soyosangagamhwajae(SYG) on melanin synthesis were determined by in-vitro assay. To elucidate inhibitory effects of SYG on melanin synthesis, we determined the melanin release in B16F10 cell. And to investigate the action mechanism, we assessed the gene expression of tyrosinase, TRP-1, TRP-2. PKA, $PKC{\beta}$ in B16F10 cell. Results: 1. SYG significantly inhibited melanin-release in B16F10 cell. 2. SYG significantly inhibited mushroom tyrosinase activity in vitro. 3. SYG significantly suppressed the expression of tyrosinase in B16F10 cell. 4. SYG significantly suppressed the expression of TRP-1, TRP-2 in B16F10 cell. 5. SYG significantly suppressed the expression of PKA, $PKC{\beta}$ in B16F10 cell. Conclusion: From these results, it may be concluded that SYG has the antimelanogenetic effect.

• Journal of Oriental Neuropsychiatry
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.39-52
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• 2002

The present experiments were designed to study the influence of Baekgumhwan on immune function of ICR mice under stress condition. Baekgumhwan was orally administered to the mice for 15days. on the 11th day the mice subjected to electric footshock for 5days(2 session a day, 11 footshocks a 31 min-session). B/T cell populations in splenocytes were studied by FACS analysis and cytokines($IFN-{\gamma}$ rand IL-10) production of the mouse splenocytes treated with PHA were studied by sandwich ELISA assay on the 15th day. The results were as follows. 1. After electric footshock, mice became sluggish and crowded to one side of the cage. Increased B/T cell populations in splenocytes were observed. These results confirm that electric footshock caused stress inducing immunological and behavioral changes in ICR mice. 2. Baekgumhwan administration without stress increase B cell populations in splenocytes, but T cell populations and cytokines($IFN-{\gamma}$ and IL-10) production of the mouse splenocytes treated with PHA maintain as similar levels as in the normal group. 3. Baekgumhwan administration with stress significantly antagonized the effect of electric footshock on behavior, increased B cell populations in splenocytes, so maintain as similar levels as in the normal group. cytokines($IFN-{\gamma}$ rand IL-10) production of the mouse splenocytes treated with PHA maintain as similar levels as in the normal group and T cell populations in splenocytes were increased as stress control.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.896-901
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• 2006

Zingiberis rhizoma(ZB) has been used to treat a various condition and disease in traditional oriental medicine. The present study was conducted to evaluate the immunomodulatory effect of aqueous-extracted ZB(ZBE) on methotrexate (MTX)-induced immune suppression in mouse spleen cells. In spleen cell proliferation assay, ZBE enhanced mitogenic activity in mouse spleen cells. In RT-PCR, ZBE induced IL-2, IFNr and IL-6 cytokine gene expression in mouse spleen cells. In spite of MTX treatment, IL-2, IFNr and IL-6 gene expressions sustained in MTX treated spleen cells. CD45R/B220, pan B marker was slightly increased in ZBE treated mouse spleen cells. IL-6, B cell tropical cytokine, production was induced by ZBE-treated mouse spleen cells and IL-6 production was sustained on MTX-ZBE co-cultured cells. ZBE administration enhanced suNival of S-180 bearing mouse. These data indicate that ZBE has a protective effect of immune suppression caused by MTX, and ZBE may be enhance cellular and humoral function by regulate cytokine gene expression as well as the mitogenic effect on spleen cells.

• Development and Reproduction
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.155-161
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• 2009

It has been reported that ganglioside GT1b is expressed during neuronal cell differentiation from undifferentiated mouse embryonic stem cells (mESCs), which suggests that ganglioside GT1b has a direct effect on neuronal cell differentiation. Therefore, this study was conducted to evaluate the effect of exogenous addition of ganglioside GT1b to an in vitro model of neuronal cell differentiation from undifferentiated mESCs. The results revealed that a significant increase in the expression of ganglioside GT1b occurred during neuronal differentiation of undifferentiated mESCs. Next, we evaluated the effect of retinoic acid (RA) on GT1b-treated undifferentiated mESCs, which was found to lead to increased neuronal differentiation. Taken together, the results of this study suggest that ganglioside GT1b plays a crucial role in neuronal differentiation of mESCs.