• Korean Journal of Animal Reproduction
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.140-147
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• 1985

Seventy four Holstein heifers were randomly assigned over three trials to PRID-7+PG-6 and Synchromate B-9 regimens to synchronize estrus cycle for embryo transfer. Sexual behaviors; moounting, standing, orientation, chin-resting, sniffing, licking, rubbing and butting, vaginal swelling and mucus discharge were observed between 06-08, 12-14 and 18-20 h on 1st day and 00-02, 06-08, 12-14 and 18-20 h on 2nd day after removal of hormones. Synchromate-B treatment (81.6%) showed higher synchronized estrus rate than PRID treatment (77.8%) during observation period. Standing estrus was observed within 74 h after PG injection in PRID and within 52 h after removal of implant in Synchromate-B. About 68% of heifers in PRID and 74% of heifers in Synchromate-B showed standing estrus between 0-14 h on 2nd day after removal of the hormones. Synchromate-B resulted in a tighter synchrony of standing estrus than PRID. Incidence of average mounting and standing per head during observation period was 22.3 and 16.6 in PRID and 28.1 and 13.6 in Synchromate-B. The PRID showed peak in active mounting at 18-20 h on 1st day, however, the Synchromate-B showed at 0-2 h on 2nd day after removal of hormone. Active standing was shown between 18 h on 1st day to 20h on 2nd day in PRID, however, between 0-14 h on 2nd day after removal of hormone is Synchromate-B. There was slight difference in pattern of active mounting and standing during estrus between PRID and Synchromate-B. Conception rate of synchronized heifers transferred with fresh and frozen embryos by non-surgical and surgical methods was higher in synchromate-B (62.5%) than in PRID (38.5%). Chin-resting showed highest incidence among 6 sexual behavioral components in the both treatments. Synchromate-B showed higher incidence of chin-resting (16.6) than PRID (10.7). Synchromate-B group showed also higher incidence of orientation, sniffing and butting than PRID group. Synchromate-B resulted in more active sexual behaviors than PRID. The pattern of incidence of chin-resting, licking and butting was almost symmetrical in PRID with their peak values at 6-8 h on 2nd day, however in Synchromate-B chin-resting and sniffing was symmetrical with their peak values at 12-14 h on 2nd day after removal of hormone. There was tendency to increase vaginal swelling according to time passage of synchronized estrus in the both treatments. Incidence of mucus discharge in Synchromate-B was slightly higher than in PRID. Twenty to 40% was false negative in conception rate by tall painting before re-estrus day as judged by rectal palpation.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.33-37
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• 1972

It was thought desirable to elucidate the influence of the mammillary bodies upon sexual behavior. Twenty male rats were used, of which 9 rats had their mammillary bodies damaged electrolytically through implanted electrodes (mammillary body group) and 11 rats received the same surgery short of electrolytic damage to the mammillary bodies (operated control group). Their sexual behavior was observed 3 weeks after surgery. Observation was discontinued when an ejaculation was followed by a successive intromission. 1. Mounting without intromission occurred significantly less often in the mammillary body group than in the operated control group. 2. No significant group difference existed with regard to the occurrence of mounting with intromission. However, the value tended to rise in the mammillary body group compared with the value of the operated control group. 3. Mountings with and without intromission tended to occure more often in the mammillary body group than in the operated control group, but the difference was nonsignificant. 4. The ejaculatory latency (time interval between the first intromission and the first ejaculation) and the postejaculatory interval (time interval between an ejaculatory act and the next intromission) tended to decrease in the mammillary body group compared with the values of the operated control group. However, again the difference did not reach significancy. 5. There existed no significant group differences with regard to the mounting latency (time interval between the first encounter with female and the first mounting with or without intromission), the intromission latency (time interval between the first encounter and the first intromission), and the interintromission period (mean time interval between two successive intromissions). From the above results, it may be inferred that the mammillary bodies tend to exert slight and nonsignificant inhibitory influence upon sexual behavior of male rats. However, further study is indicated before reaching final conclusion.

• Transactions of the Korean Society for Noise and Vibration Engineering
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• v.20 no.11
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• pp.995-1000
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• 2010

With the development of the auto industry, the automobile manufacturers demand to shorten development period and reduce the cost. Compared with the traditional method, applying the virtual prototype is more economical. This paper presents a method for parameters sensitivity analysis and optimizing the performance of vehicle noise and vibration. The existing design processes were repeatedly analyzed with a focus on vehicle performance to decide the design parameters of dimension, thickness, mounting type of body and chassis systems in the vehicle development period. This paper describes the prediction technique of vehicle performance using L18 orthogonal array layout, quality deviation analysis and parameter sensitivity analysis for robust design. This paper analyzed the performance correlation equation through the frequency and sensitivity database according to a design factor change. The new concept is that the performance prediction is possible without repeated activities of test and analysis. This paper described the parameter analysis applications such as bush dynamic stiffness and bush void direction of rear suspension. Design engineer could efficiently decide the design variable using parameter analysis database in early design stage. These improvements can reduce man hour and test development period as well as to achieve stable NVH performance.

• Journal of Embryo Transfer
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.9-13
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• 2007

The objective of this study was to investigate the relationship between various estrous behavior and ovulation time, and to determine which estrous behavior could predict ovulation time more accurately. In total, 37 ovulations and 28 estrous detection were observed in 51 Holstein-Friesian dairy cows. Various estrous behavior were observed during 72 h from two days after $PGF_2{\alpha}$ injection and their relation with the time of ovulation (ultrasound examinations at 4-h intervals) was investigated. In estrous periods, the rate of sniffing, chin resting, mounting, standing heat was 81%, 78%, 78% and 56%, respectively. Ovulation occurred $25.6{\pm}7.9h$ after onset of estrus (ranging between 7 and 37h) and $13.4{\pm}7.1h$ after end of estrus (ranging between 1 and 28h). Interval between onset of estrus and ovulation time was significantly (p<0.05) shorter for standing heat $(17.33{\pm}5.83h)$ than for mounting, sniffing and chin resting $(23.58{\pm}5.12h,\;24.25{\pm}6.09h,\;23.42{\pm}6.04h)$. In 88% of the animals that displayed mounting, ovulation occurred between $16{\sim}28h$ after onset of mounting. Onset of standing heat, sniffing and chin resting occurred between $10{\sim}22(81%)h,\;16{\sim}28(79%)h\;and\; 19{\sim}31(79%)h$ before ovulation respectively. Sniffing and chin resting were displayed during the non-estrous period and are therefore, not useful predictors of ovulation time. The standing heat and mounting can be a good predictor for time of ovulation but the disadvantage of using standing heat is that only a limited number of cows display standing heat. Thus, it is concluded that mounting behavior could be the best predictor for time of ovulation.

• Proceedings of the ESK Conference
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• 1994.04a
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• pp.85-85
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• 1994

It is important to provide the opportunity and means to change body posture frequently during the work period. Maintaining a given posture, even if it appears comfortable in the beginning, becomes stressful as time goes on. In order to design most products some knowledge of the dimensions of the human body is required. Data concerning human body dimensions are referred to as anthropometric data. Anthropometric data are used to establish many product dimensions such as the heights of work surfaces, minimum size for access openings, spacing between controls, mounting angles for displays, distance between user and controls, and so forth. The usual procedure is to design to accommodate 90% of the population of anticipated product users. In sosme instances it is necessary to provide a method for adjusting because it allows users to alter the produst's dimensions to meet their individual needs. When the user makes the proper adjustments, the product will be easier to use (e.g., the seat and rearview mirror adjustment mechanisms on automobiles) or more comfortable (e.g., office chairs and stereo headphones).

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• v.20 no.6
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• pp.656-659
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• 1997

The Effects of Eurycoma longifolia Jack were studied on the sexual behaviour of male rats. Sexually normal male rats were treated twice daily with 500 mg $kg^{-1}$ / of different fractions of E.longifolia Jack for 10 days prior to test and were then observed for their copulatory behaviour with a receptive female in a copulation cage. Results showed that was a significant increase (p<0.05) in EL-1, EL-2, EL-3 but significant decrease (p<0.05) in both PEI-1 and PEI-2 in treated male rats as compared to the control male rats indicating that E. longifolia Jack increased the sexual performance of the treated male rats by extending the duration of coitus and decreasing the refractory period between the different series of copulation. Hence, this preliminary work supports the folk use of this plant as having aphrodisiac property.

• Journal of Sericultural and Entomological Science
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.15-19
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• 1978

In order to identify hormone activities which related to the changing of cutaneous tissue and pupal bodies and also to identify the interaction of corpora allata hormone and prothoracic glandular band hormone which act upon the metamorphosis of the insect. The item of treatment is carried out in 5 different times at the interval of about 12 hours after 4 weeks from the first feeding of 4th instar stage, and as far as 5th instar stage in concerned 6 times of item treatments have been carried out, at about 12 hours interval after 72 hours from the molting, Item treatments were, made in the stage of spring, autumn rearing, However, during the period of post mounting stage and pre pupation by picking out of corpora allata in 5 times at the interval of hours the following change of pupal colour is observed; 1) By an early pick out of 4th instar stage, the three molters are found in greater number, However, by a later pick out the four molters are found instead of others. 2) An abnormal colour is found in the three and four molters when comparing with the control molters. 3) The most of control molters have shown the normal colour except a few samples. 4) As shown in the table 1 and 2, the death number of item treatment is greater in the autumn rearing season. 5) The picking out of corpora allata of 5th instar stage, the post mounting stage and pre pupation period is affecting the change of colour. 6) As a final conclusion, the corpora allata hormone is closely related to the changing of pupal colour.

• Journal of Sericultural and Entomological Science
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• v.38 no.2
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• pp.108-112
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• 1996

This experiment was carried out to investigate the feeding effect of rutin (quercetin-3-o-${\beta}$-rutinoside) and ${\gamma}$-aminobutyric acid(GAB) sprayed on mulberry leaves on silkworm growth. Amount of ingest, digest and feces showed no difference statistically except rutin. Rutin made 6% increase of amount of digest, compared to the control. However, rutin or GABA decreased maximaly silkworm weight by 28% during the experimental period. GABA showed body weight loss by 15%, rutin by 7% respectively, compared to the control. Rutin and GABA extended three days larval period and extended one day mounting period and decreased 15.4% and 91% in number of mounted silkworm compared with the control, respectively.

• Journal of Embryo Transfer
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.137-143
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• 2016

This study was conducted to evaluate a visual surveillance system. The advancement of recording technology and network service make it easy to record and transfer the videos. Moreover, progressed recognition technology help to make a distinction each other. Cows show distinguishing behaviors during their estrus period. The mounting is one of the behaviors. The result was different depending on the breed of the cows and the size of the farm. In the case of Korean native cattle, the estrus detection rate was 71.15%, however, dairy cows, the estrus detection rate was 39.38%. At the farms having below 6 modules, the estrus detection rate was 87.41%. On the other hand, at the farms having over 6 modules, the estrus detection rate was 77.78%. With the proper progress, the visual surveillance system can be used to detect heat detection.

• Reproductive and Developmental Biology
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.249-252
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• 2007

The objective of this study was to determine the effect of administration of Prostaglandin $F_2{\alpha}$ ($PGF_2{\alpha}$) on semen collection training and semen characteristics in sexually inexperienced boars. Boars were moved individually to a semen collection pen and were trained to mount dummy sow. During the first and second semen collection secessions, 4 out of 17 boars and 4 out of remaining 13 boars allowed collection of semen. The 9 boars that failed semen collection from first 2 attempts received immediately 15 mg of $PGF_2{\alpha}$ i.m. (intramuscular injection) upon entering the collection pen for semen collection resulted in successful semen collection from all 9 boars. Total numbers of spermatozoa were higher in $PGF_2{\alpha}$ treated boars but there was no significant difference in % motility kinematics characteristics between control and $PGF_2{\alpha}$ treated groups during 72 hr period. Overall, administration of $PGF_2{\alpha}$ in sexually inexperienced boars increased the sex drive and facilitated the mounting activity to the dummy sow for semen collection.