• Proceedings of the Korean Geotechical Society Conference
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• 2005.10a
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• pp.140-153
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• 2005

During the tunnel construction the major failure mode can be categorized as: tunnel failure just after the tunnel excavation without support, failure after application of shotcrete and finally failure after setting the concrete lining. The failure mode just after the tunnel excavation without support, can be further classified as : bench failure, crown failure, face failure, full face failure, failure due to weak strata and failure due to overburden. Moreover the failure after application of shotcrete is classified as heading face failure, settlement of shotcrete support, local failure of shotcrete lining and invert shotcrete. To find out the major causes of tunnel collapse, the investigation was done in case of the second phase of Seoul subway construction. The investigation results depicted that the major causes of tunnel collapse were due to the weak layer of rock/fault and sudden influx of ground water from the tunnel crown. While the investigation results of the mountain road tunnels construction have shown that the major causes of tunnel failure were inadequate analysis of tunnel face mapping results, intersection of faults and limestone cavities. In this paper some recent measurement in order to mitigate such tunnel collapse are presented

• Journal of KIISE:Software and Applications
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• v.31 no.11
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• pp.1431-1438
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• 2004

Reinforcement learning learns policies for accomplishing a task's goal by experience through interaction between agent and environment. Q-learning, basis algorithm of reinforcement learning, has the problem of curse of dimensionality and slow learning speed in the incipient stage of learning. In order to solve the problems of Q-learning, new function approximation methods suitable for reinforcement learning should be studied. In this paper, to improve these problems, we suggest Fuzzy Q-Map algorithm that is based on online fuzzy clustering. Fuzzy Q-Map is a function approximation method suitable to reinforcement learning that can do on-line teaming and express uncertainty of environment. We made an experiment on the mountain car problem with fuzzy Q-Map, and its results show that learning speed is accelerated in the incipient stage of learning.

• Journal of the Korean Professional Engineers Association
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• v.5 no.17
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• pp.3-10
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• 1972

This report is the result of the basic geologic investigation for the purpose of preparing the long-term development program of the U-jeon Consolidated Coal kline. The Consolidated Coal Mine is located at Gujeol-ri, Wangsan-myeon, Myeongju-gun, and Yucheon-ri, Bug-myeon, Jeongseon-gun, Gan-gweon Province (128$^{\circ}$ 43′10.4"-128$^{\circ}$ 46′10. 4"of east long-ititude, 37$^{\circ}$ 30′-37$^{\circ}$ 33′ of north latitude). This region, the western part of Taebaek mountain range, shows a ragged mountinous feature. Formations of the Pyeongan System of Paleozoic Era are distribu ted in the region with the surrounding Great Limestone Series of Joseon System which covers the south-eastern part of the region. The Pyeongan System is divided into four formations, namely, the Hongjeom, the Sadong, the Gobang and the Hongam, in ascending order. The sadong Formation intercalates several coal beds, and two coal beds out of them are minable. The coal beds are variable in thickness, having the repeated swelled or poket and the pinched parts, which suggest all intense disturbance caused by folding. The heat value of the coal is 5, 500cal. on the average. The total amount of coal reserves of the U-jeon consolidated Coal Mine is estimated at about thirty million metric tons.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.274-278
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• 1995

This experiment was conducted to know what does the cutting date have an effect on the chemical composition and nutritive yield of Miscanthus sinensis, in order to determine the optimum cutting date of the plant when it is utilized as roughage. Miscanthus sinensis growing natively in the summit of Sam Ak mountain(550m above sea level) was cut at 10 days intervals from 25 July to 15 October, 1988. Plant length and dry matter contents were generally increased with delayed cutting date. Crude protein contents of the plant cut on 5, 15, and 25 of September were 5.5, 5.2 and 5.1%, respectively. Cmde fiber contents was similar with cutting treatment and averaged 35.6%. Cmde protein yield was higher in September than in other cutting date. Yield of crude fiber were 8.3, 9.3 and 9.3t/ha on 5, 15 and 25 September, respectively. Ratio of Cmde protein yield to Crude fiber yield on 5 September tended to be higher than on 15 September and 25 September. These results suggest that the optimum cutting date of the Miscanthus sinensis for good quality forage seems early September.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.25 no.7
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• pp.935-944
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• 2012

Amur grayling, Thymallus grubii, is an important economic cold freshwater fish originally found in the Amur basin. Currently, suffering from loss of habitat and shrinking population size, T. grubii is restricted to the mountain river branches of the Amur basin. In order to assess the genetic diversity, population genetic structure and infer the evolutionary history within the species, we analysised the whole mitochondrial DNA control region (CR) of 95 individuals from 10 rivers in China, as well as 12 individuals from Ingoda/Onon and Bureya River throughout its distribution area. A total of 64 variable sites were observed and 45 haplotypes were identified excluding sites with gaps/missing data. Phylogenetic analysis was able to confidently predict two subclade topologies well supported by maximum-parsimony and Bayesian methods. However, basal branching patterns cannot be unambiguously estimated. Haplotypes from the mitochondrial clades displayed local homogeneity, implying a strong population structure within T. grubii. Analysis of molecular variance detected significant differences among the different geographical rivers, suggesting that T. grubii in each river should be managed and conserved separately.

• Animal Systematics, Evolution and Diversity
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• no.spc9
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• pp.80-83
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• 2016

In order to analyze a status of animal in an area where has been became a land cause of Jindo Grand Bridge established on Jindo island area, mammal status in the biggest mountain in Jindo province, Mt. Cheomchalsan has been investigated for four times from May to October of 2016. According to the investigation, 5 orders, 9 families and 15 species of inhabitation was confirmed, and water deer (Hydropotes inermis), raccoon (Nyctereutes procyonoides), cat (Felis catus), and etcetera were dominant. Biodiversity and evenness index were likely to be high as 2.24 and 0.83, respectively and it is considered that favorable condition of natural ecosystem for inhabitation of mammalian is established. Meanwhile, since the cat designated as control species is confirmed as a dominant species, it is supposed that continuous management is necessary.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.23-32
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• 1988

The Plants medicinal resources of Mt. Mohu were investigated 12 times from July 1, 1987 to July 28, 1988. In order to analyze the vegetation of Mt. Mohu area,herb plants structure and distribution. Herb plants of Mohu Mt. consisted of 58families, 230 species in all. The resources of important herb drugs were plant-aginaceae, Labiatae, Amarantaceae, Campanulaceae, Asclepiaclaceae, Leguminosae,Gentianaceae, Liliaceae, lilicaceae, Dioscoreaceae, Compositae, Caprifoliaceae,Ranuncvlaceae, Lauraceae, Lardizabalaceae, Araliaceae, Solanaceae, Cornaceae,Fagaceae and Rosaceae. The herb drugs were comparatively more than in othermountains in our country.

• KIEAE Journal
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• v.16 no.6
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• pp.21-27
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• 2016

Purpose: The research is focused on the 25th King Cheoljong's mother's parents' traditional House in Ganghwa-do, for finding out how the surrounding natural environment was considered with Pungsu, a traditional ecological architectural science in case of site selection and architectural planning by the relative of royal family of Joseon period. Method: The study is processed as follows. Human Environment of the region where the house is located, is analyzed in chapter 2. Feature of mountain expressed as dragon and four important hills of the house are analyzed in chapter 3, Highly regarded factors for site selection by the scholar of the Realist School of Confucianism such as wind environment, the front and back of the Hyunmubong and building orientation are analyzed in chapter 4. Finally Pungsu applied in architectural space is analyzed in chapter 5. Result: The house considered Pungsu to some extent, but it shows the appearance contrary to the Pungsu in a certain part in order to show authority and proud as the house of the relatives of the King. It can be seen that the degree of application of Pungsu may be different depending on the will of the building owner.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.277-290
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• 2008

In the past two decades Mikania micrantha Kunth, a climbing plant species originating from tropical America, has spread across Taiwan. It can now be found frequently in the lowlands and lower mountain areas up to 1,000 m a.s.l. in the centre and south of the island. Mikania micrantha is considered a problematic invasive alien plant species which is said to cause economical as well as environmental damage. This study investigated the ecological site characteristics of M. micrantha in Taiwan. 112 vegetation surveys were carried out in habitats where the alien plant was present. A comparison between sites with a high and a low abundance was carried out in order to assess which factors especially influence the extensive spread of the plant. Furthermore, the influence of disturbances was examined. Results showed that Mikania micrantha grows very dense in habitats which are characterized by good light conditions combined with vertical structures, such as trees. Results revealed that this invader occurs most frequently in agricultural fallows and wastelands, but it could hardly be found in the intensively managed plantations in the investigation area. Results provide great evidence that the plant is strongly influenced by disturbances, but only if impacts occur rarely.

• Journal of the Korean earth science society
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• v.25 no.8
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• pp.784-798
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• 2004

Microscale wind fields were simulated by MUKLIMO at the Naro Space Center, where complicated mountainous terrain and trees exist. In order to test the model's sensitivity with the effects of terrain and trees, experimental simulations were conducted under the various initial conditions. The experiments showed that the effects of trees were more significant on flat surfaces than on mountain cliffs. Based on the results, an actual 10 m level microscale wind field was simulated at the Naro Space Center, which has complicated mountainous terrain. Simulations of wind fields before and after the construction of the launching site were also conducted. It was found that MUKLIMO was of the mesoscale wind fields at the Naro Space Center.