• Korean Journal of Child Studies
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.23-40
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• 2008

This study investigated the beliefs in Developmentally Appropriate Practice (DAP) of 447 mothers of 4- and 5- year-old children by mother's childhood experience, parenting efficacy, and parenting behavior. Results showed that mother's beliefs in DAP were related to children's age, early childhood educational institution, monthly household income, mother's educational background, mother's childhood experience, parenting efficacy, and parenting behavior. Mothers with higher beliefs in DAP were mothers of kindergarten rather than mothers of daycare children; they had 4 years or more college education, and more than $3000 monthly household income.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.153-173
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• 1990

One of the important tasks for new parents. especially mothers, is to establish warm, mutually affirming interpersonal relationships with the new baby in the family, with the purpose of promoting the healthy development of the child and the wellbeing of the whole family. Nurses assess the quality of the behavioral characteristics of the maternal-infant interaction. This study examined the relationships between primiparas pereptions of their delivery experience and their maternal infant interaction. It compared to delivery experience of mothers having a normal vaginal delivery with those having a casearean section. The purpose was to explore the relationships between the mother's perceptions of her delivery experience with her maternal infant interaction. The aim was to contribute to the development of theoretical understanding on which to base care toward promoting the quality of maternal-infant interaction. Data were collected directly by the investigator and a trained associate from Dec. 1, 1987 to March 8, 1988. Subjects were 3 random sample of 62 mothers, 32 who had a normal vaginal delivery and 30 who had a non-elective cesarean section (but without other perinatal complications) at three general hospitals in Seoul. Instruments used were the Stainton Parent -infant Interaction Scale(1981) and the Marut and Mercer Perception of Birth Scale(1979). The first observations were made in the delivery room (for vaginally delivered mothers only), followed by day 1, day 2, day 3, and 2 weeks, 4 weeks, 6 weeks and 8 weeks after birth, for a total of 7-8 contacts(Cesarean section mothers were observed on days 4 and 5 but the data not used for analysis). Observations in the hospital were made during the hour prior to scheduled feedings. The infant was placed beside the mother. Later contacts were made at home. Data analysis was done by computer using as SPSS program and indulded X² test, paired t-test, t-test, and Pearson Correlation coefficient ; the results were as follows. 1. Mothers who had a normal vaginal delivery tended to perceive the delivery experience more positively than cesarean section mothers(p＝0.002). The finding supported the hypothesis I that perception of delivery would vary according to the method of delivery. Mothers' perceptions of birth were classified into three dimensions, labor, delivery and the bady. There was a significantly different and positive perception by the vaginally delivered mothers to the delivery experience(p＝0.000) but no differences for labor or the bady according to the delivery method(p＝0.096, p＝0.389), 2. Mothers who had a normal vaginal delivery had higher average maternal-infant interaction scores(p＝0.029) than mothers who had a cesarean section. There were similar higher scores for the 1st day(p＝0.042), 2nd day (p＝0.009), and the 3rd day(p＝0.006) after delivery but not for later times. The findings supported the hypothesis Ⅱ that there would be differences in maternal-infant interaction for mothers having vaginal and cesarean section deliveries. However these differences deccreased section deliveries. However these differences decreased over time . by eight weeks the scores for vaginal delivery mothers averaged 8.1 and for cesarean section mothers, 7.9. 3. The more highly positive the pereption of the delivery experience, the higher the maternal-infant interaction score for all subjects(F＝.3206, p＝.006). The findings supported the hypothesis Ⅲ that there would be correlations between perceptions of delivery and maternal-infant interaction. The maternal infant interaction was highest when the perception of the bady and deliery was positive(r＝.4363, p＝.000, r＝.2881, p＝.012). No correlations between perceptions of labor and maternal-infant interaction were found(p＝0.062). 4. The daily maternal-infant interaction score for the initial contact after birth to 8 weeks postpartum had the lowest average score 5.20 and the highest 7.98(in a range of 0-10). This subjects group of mothers needed nursing intervention to promote their maternal- infant interaction. The daily scores for the maternal-infant over the period of eight weeks. However, there were significantly different increases in maternal-infant interaction only from the first to second day(p＝0.000) and from the fourth to sixth weeks after birth(P＝0.000). 5. When the eight items of maternal-infant interaction were evaluated separately, “Expresses feelings about her role as mother” had the highest average score, 1.64(ina range of 0-3)and “Speaks to baby” the lowest, 0.9. All items, with the possible exception of “Expresses feelings about her role as mother”, suggested the subjects' need of nursing intervention to promote maternal-infant interaction. 6. There were positive correlations between certain general charateristis, namely, both a higher economic status(p＝0.002) and breast feeding(p＝0.202) and maternal - infant interaction. There were positive correlations between a mother's confidence in her role as a mother and the perception of the birth experience(p＝0.004). For mothers who had a cesarean section, a positive perception of the birth experience was related to the duration of her marriage(p＝0.010), a wanted pregnancy (P＝0.030) and her confidence in her role as a mother(p＝0.000). Pereptions of birth for mothers who had a normal vaginal delivery were positive than those for mothers who had a cesarean section. The level of maternalinfant interaction for mothers delivered vaginally was higher than for cesarean section mothers. The relationship between perception of birth and materanalinfant interaction was confirmed. Cesarean section has an impact on the mother's perceived experience of birth which, in turn, is positively related to maternal-infant in turn, is positively related to maternal-infant interaction. Nursing intervention to enhance maternal-infant interaction should begin in prenatal classes with an exploration of the potential impact of cesarean section on the perceptions of the birth experience and continue throughout the perinatal and post-natal periods to promote the mother's ability to control with this crisis experience and to mobilize social support. Nursing should help transform a relatively negatively perceived experience into an accepted, positively perceived and self affirming experience which enhances the maternal-infant relationship.

• Journal of Korean society of Dental Hygiene
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.93-106
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• 2010

Objectives : The study examined mothers' oral health knowledge and oral health management behavior to their children that affect directly children's oral health to prepare basic aiming at children. Methods : Therefore, a survey of 235 mothers in 10 kindergartens located in Seoul was conducted by self-administered questionnaires. Results : As to mothers' oral health knowledge, the correct-answer rate for questions about tooth-decay was highest, and the level of 'middle (5-7 points)' was the most common with 50.0%. Regarding oral health knowledge according to mothers' general characteristics, the higher academic background and family's monthly earnings were, the higher oral health knowledge was. It showed a statistically significant difference(p<.01). In terms of mothers' oral health management behavior to their children, 79.1% of mothers who had the visiting experience in the dentist's for caries prevention was highest. As to the number of brushing, the twice was highest with 51.2%, and regarding brushing time 2min was highest52.6%. Also, the rate of using the fluoride toothpaste was 68.4%, and the rate of mothers who helped their children's brushing was 83.3%. As to the oral health management behavior to their children by mothers' oral health knowledge, mothers with higher oral health knowledge used the fluoride toothpaste showing that there was a significant difference(p<.01). Also, mothers with higher oral health knowledge helped more children's brushing, so that there was a significant difference(p<.05). Regarding the oral health management behavior to their children according to mothers' visiting experience in the dentist's, mothers who visited the dentist's during the recent one year had higher visiting experience of dentist's for children's caries prevention(p<.01) and longer time of brushing by 3min(p<.05), and helped their children's brushing a lot. The findings showed a significant difference(p<.001). Conclusions : As the results above, as mothers' oral health knowledge and oral health management behaviors to their children affect closely children's oral health, more systematic, specific and active oral health programs should be provided to mothers.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.41-49
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• 1991

From of old, labor has been accompanied by pain and much effort has been mode to eliminate or diminish the amounts of pain during labor. Little concern has yet been given to the subjective meaning of pain in labor. Recently, rates of cesarean section in Korea and in some other nations have increased rapidly and some investigators are reporting negative reactions such as anger, disappointment and feeling of loss due to lack of control over labor and its pain. These findings are thought to suggest that control of labor and its pain gives some meaning to the laboring woman. Thus the investigators sought to discover the meaning of pain during labor for Korean women. Specific objectives of this study were to explore the meaning of pain in labor to the mothers, their reactions to the experience of labor add their preference for delivery method. The subjects of this study were 95 mothers who delivered their babies in hospital from September 989 to May 1990 : 45 gave birth by vaginal delivery, and 50 by cesarean section. Data were gathered through direct interviews by the investigators, and questions were focused on five areas i.e. mothers' feelings about delivery and their babies, their feelings about of having more children, the most difficult aspect about this labor and delivery, and what they thought the differences were between vaginal delivery and cesarean section. After interview, mothers' answers were summarized, and classified according to the degree of positive or negative attitude. To ascertain the difference in meaning of labor pains and reaction to delivery experience between mothers delivered vaginally and by cesarean section a Median test was done using an SAS. Results were as follows. 1. More mothers who had delivered vaginally realized that they “have became a mother” than those who had a cesarean section(X$^2$＝8.409, df＝3, p＝0.038). 2. Immediate reaction to their delivery experience was more positive for mothers who had a cesarean section. 3. These Korean mothers expressed preference for vaginal delivery. Suggestions for further research on the meaning for mothers of their experience of labor, and on the meaning of pain for mothers who have a cesarean section were made.

• The Korean Journal of Community Living Science
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.637-653
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• 2011

Over the last 20 years, women's development has been ambiguous. According to Freud, the mother-daughter relationship has been considered as an essential component of women's development. This study investigated how the mourning experience from daughters who were separated from their mothers by death offers any meaningful idea to women's life. For Hermeneutic phenomenology, researchers collected data from three women who have lost their mothers through in-depth interviews and drawing pictures with each of them. As a result, this study found that daughters started to fight with their mothers' death from the moment when they were informed. They also experienced a symbolic death until the moment of their mothers' death and even after the confirmation of their mothers' death. Daughters experienced symbolic death, both emotionally and physically as well as familiar experiences with their mothers through the repeated confirmation of death. However, these experiences encouraged daughters to adapt to the reality that was the absence of their mothers through the processes such as "Reflection," "Living in the Center of My life," and "Another Embrace." Through this new perspective, attempts, and relationships, daughters form a new identity and experience 'rebirth'. These daughters' changes were paradoxically strengthened through their resistances towards changes of reformation of themselves.

• Journal of muscle and joint health
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.168-178
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• 2023

Purpose: This study explored obstetric and neonatal nurses' nursing experience of pregnancy and childbirth in unmarried mothers. Methods: In-depth interviews were conducted with 12 nurses working in obstetrics, gynecology, and neonatal departments in Seoul and Busan. The collected data were examined using qualitative content analysis. Results: A total of four categories and ten themes were derived. The four categories were "Feelings toward unmarried mothers," "Difficulties faced when caring for unmarried mothers", "Nursing moving forward together", and "Strategies to improve care for unmarried mothers". Conclusion: To ensure that nurses can provide sufficient positive support and care when caring for unmarried mothers, healthcare workers must be provided with adequate education to improve their awareness and the services for unmarried mothers; in addition, interventions are needed to alleviate negative experiences and emotions when dealing with unmarried mothers.

• Child Health Nursing Research
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• v.7 no.4
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• pp.434-450
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• 2001

This study is designed to understand the meaning and nature of raising children with cerebral palsy. It researches the experience of mothers of schoolchildren with cerebral palsy by the research method of hermeneutic phenomenology. The study was conducted from November 10, 1999 to December 20, 2000. When children with cerebral palsy usually show symptoms in the early stage of cerebral palsy, mothers do not take children to a doctor for diagnosis. And, most of mothers have a difficult time to accept the reality; they usually respond to the initial diagnosis with shock, reproach, and deny. When mothers start recognizing the reality, they consider that their children have cerebral palsy due to the their mismanagement during pregnancy, delivery, nursing, and initial treatment. They shelter their children from view and feel guilty that they cannot afford to try folk remedies for their children. As time passes, mothers face conflicts between families in diverse ways. Families put the blame on genetic effects. Mothers-in-law give their daughters-in-law a hard time, husbands shift the responsibility of raising children onto their wives, and trouble arises between families-in-law and mothers native families. When children grow up, it is physically difficult for mothers to take care their children. In addition, they suffer from all the troubles in family due to childrens handicap. Mothers try the diverse methods of bringing up children. However, they start getting tired of raising children as they experience failures and financial difficulties. Mothers feel collapsed recalling the ways of raising children. They feel anxiety, miserable, lonely, and worrying when they think how children would attend school, make friends, and live in the future. In this stage, mothers do their best to raise their children with hope. They tend to compare their children with others without handicap and spend money and time in attempting all the treatments. When mothers and children join the society at school, they find that the society does not understand disabled people, teachers show inconsiderate attitude, friends avoid them, and children hardly follow classes. Such experiences make mothers feel angry and frustrated. However, when children adapt to school, mothers see the possibility that children could accomplish schoolwork. They appreciate teachers help and others consideration. Mothers place appropriate expectations on their children and help them to prepare for the future. I would make following suggestions based on the results. 1. As a primary basic course of rehabilitation nursing intervention, solution-centered nursing intervention system should be developed. The intervention needs to be based on the understanding of mothers, who raise children with cerebral palsy, through in-depth interview. 2. Advance researches on the development of individual nursing intervention should be conducted. Individual nursing intervention needs to prevent and release actual pain focusing on mothers raising children with cerebral palsy. 3. Integrated curriculum that help children with cerebral palsy lead a normal school life with ordinary children should be developed. 4. Basic research on using of facilities and effective application of service volunteer to help children with cerebral palsy in school needs to be conducted.

• Women's Health Nursing
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.287-298
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• 2017

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to deepen understanding the nature of the care experience by the mothers with adult children in persistent vegetative state. Methods: Participants were 7 mothers caring for their adult children in persistent vegetative state. Data were collected individually through in-depth interviews on their lived experiences. Also texts were included as data from literary works, novels, movies, essays, and arts containing on patients with persistent vegetative state and their mothers. Data were analyzed by van Manen's phenomenological methodology. Results: The essential themes of caring experiences of the mothers were as follows. The theme in relation to lived time has shown as back to the past and caring experience related lived body has emerged as locked the body in children. The theme related lived space was getting into the swamp and the theme in lived others was derived as lonely struggle into. Conclusion: The nature of mothers' caring experiences for adult children in persistent vegetative state is summarized as 'Do not off hand of hope in a locked state'. This study suggests long-term supports are necessary for mothers to care persistent vegetative state children.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.32 no.5
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• pp.541-552
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• 2018

This study investigated for perception about particulate matter in daily lives of mothers who have children aged from three to five years old and the difference of perception after participating in forest experience programs. The data were compiled from 122 mothers of preschoolers composed by 61 mothers who participated in the forest experience and those who did not. 82.8 percent of 122 mothers were concerned with particulate matters, and 84.4 percent frequently checked information on particulate matters. However, they lacked knowledge, countermeasures, and active practice to reduce it. Awareness of forest and fine particulate matter was high among mothers who had participated in the forest experience, with a high positive perception of forest role and forest environment. Therefore, expanding the opportunity for mothers to actively experience forest will contribute not only the forest experience in infants being activated but also to improve harmful environment such as fine particulate matter.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.45-54
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• 2006

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to explore Korean mothers' experiences of caregiving for their adult children with schizophrenia. Method: A iterative descriptive qualitative research design was used to understand and explain the caregiving experience from the perspective of mothers. The data were collected by individual in-depth interviews and one focus group interview from 11 mothers. The ages of the participants ranged from 50 to 60 years old and the ages of their sick children ranged from late 20s to early 40s, Results: Three major themes were identified from qualitative thematic analysis: (a) 'emotional debris from the disease,' (b) 'the disease that makes mothers dumb' (c) 'space of rational reason,' Conclusions: This study would provide health care professionals insights in establishing intervention for mothers by deeply understanding the process of recognition and acceptance of their children with schizophrenia.