• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.81-88
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• 1993

This survey was conduced to investigate the feeding methods of mothers in Suwon, Kyungkido. Incidence of breast feeding was 29.9eA of the Interviewed mothers, which showed lower percentages than those of previous surveys. The jai or factors influencing the method of infant feeding were generally depended on mother rather than infant. The mothers who had a higher income and a higher academic career tended to pre(or the bottle feeding to the other. md first birth order made them select the breast feeding rather than the other. Generally mothers knew the information about infant nutrition very well (91.0%), but their knowledge actually did not work. The sources of mother's Information on the Infant nutrition were the books of rearing infants and magazine. But there were some discrepancies between the actual and needed source of information : i.e. mothers wanted to acquire their information from mass communication.

• Journal of the Korean Dietetic Association
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.127-142
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• 2022

This study was undertaken to investigate the association between maternal nutrition knowledge, dietary attitudes, and behaviors related to sugar intake and sugar intake reduction in preschool children. Eighty-three children aged 5 to 6 years attending kindergartens in Hongseong and their mothers participated in this study from October 2020 to February 2021. The average age of the mothers was 38.7 years, and 53.0% of the children were male. As child age increased, nutrition knowledge of sugar intake reduction increased, but no relation was found between age and, dietary behavior and preference related to sugar intake reduction. For children whose mothers perceived that their child's sugar preference was high, the behavioral score of sugar intake reduction was low. The more mothers allowed their children to eat sweet food; the higher was their child's preference for sweet food, which was also significantly associated with an increased risk of high sugar intake. When mothers were provided education that encouraged reducing children's sugar intakes, knowledge about reducing sugar intake in children was significantly increased. The study emphasizes the importance of the roles of mothers and primary caregivers regarding reducing the sugar intakes of preschool children.

• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.19 no.6
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• pp.839-845
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• 2009

The objective of this study was to examine the eating habit characteristic and developmental outcomes of young children (ages 24 months through 42 months) as well as their mothers' nutritional attitudes and maternal levels of nutrition knowledge. The study also analyzed relationships among the children's eating habits and developmental outcomes and the mothers' nutritional attitudes and nutrition knowledge levels. The subjects included 164 young children who were enrolled in early childhood education and care settings in Seoul and Gyunggi province. The main results were as follows. There were significant correlations among the young children's eating habits and developmental outcomes, specifically between their attitudes towards meals and fine motor skills, communication, social-emotional aspects, and cognitive areas (p<0.01). In addition, there were significant correlations among the young children's eating habits, the mothers' nutritional attitudes and their nutrition knowledge levels (p<0.01).

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.5 no.3
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• pp.411-418
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• 2000

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship of body mass index with environmental and dietary factors including nutrition knowledge, and nutrition attitude of Korean adolescents. Anthropometric measurements, questionnaire responses, and 24-hour dietary records of 531 elementary, 543 middle, and 533 high school students residing in Seoul and Kyunggi-do were collected. Data was analysed using SAS computer program. The results are as follows. Mean BMI of elementary school boys was higher than that of girls. However, there were no significant differences in mean BMI between sexes both in middle and high school students. Calcium and iron consumption were lowest among elementary and middle school students, respectively when the intake was expressed as a percentage of the Korean RDA. Energy, protein, vitamin A, vitamin B$_1$, vitamin B$_2$, niacin, and vitamin C intakes(% RDA) were lowest among high school students. The factors influencing BMI of elementary students were BMI of the parents in boys, and BMI of the father in girls. In middle school students, energy intake, fathers BMI, mothers nutrition knowledge and students BMI, and nutrition knowledge were related to the obesity indices of boys, while fathers and mothers BMI were related to the mean obesity index of girls. In high school students, nutrition knowledge and mothers nutrition attitude were related to the obesity index of boys, while BMI of parents was related to the obesity index of girls. In conclusion, mothers and fathers BMI were the most common factors influencing the BMI of these adolescents. Although these results can not determine if food behaviour directly affects BMI, it may influence the BMIs of family members, and therefore nutrition education to keep normal weight and desiradle food habits should be emphasized. More systematic studies to investigate the cause-effect relations of these factors are required.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.45-60
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• 1991

This survey was carried out to Investigate the effects of dietary attitude on the nutrition knowledge, food habits, the daily average nutrient Intakes and the intake of Instant food, convenience food & fast food between college women and their mothers. Questionnaires were completed by 214 college nutrition majors and also by their mothers numbering at 173. College women's mothers showed a better average in meal time regularities per week than that of. college women. Also it is the fact that the college women had a higher frequency rate of instant food and fast food than their mothers. In the case of both college women and mothers if they eat at regular meal times they had a higher score in food habits. But the daily average nutrient intakes was not significant because of the fact that the meal time regularity and nutrient intakes 414 not concise. The higher frequency of instant food intake had a lower score in food habits and nutrition knowledge. The higher frequency of fast food Intake had a higher food habits score but it also had a lower score in nutrition knowledge. As in the intake of instant food and convenience food the college women had a higher Intake frequency. In the dietary pattern the college women they liked to eat (lour foods. But their mothers liked to eat Korean foods. The selective motive and the degree of satisfaction of food service industry product was for convenience and time saving. The food service industry products were found to be unsatisfactory in nutrition and sanitation. Therefore we must be more aware of preventing the disappearance of Korean traditional foods. For the continuing development of our dietary culture we need to have the food service industry to develop more suitable diet for Korean.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.6 no.3
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• pp.354-360
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• 2001

This study was carried out to investigate the present status of nutrition services for infants in public health centers and the need for nutrition services of health workers and infants mothers. The study subjects were 146 health workers and 197 infants mothers. The results were as follows : At present, the only major nutrition services for infants were vaccination and dental care. Proper nutrition management services were available to infants. Nutrition knowledge scores were 16.8 for health workers and 15.3 for mothers out of 20 possible points. Health workers strongly demanded a well-organized nutrition education program, government support, audio-visual materials and the employment of a community nutritionist. The public health workers, in particular, demanded the development of education programs for breastfeeding and weaning. The infants mothers demanded services of nutrition information and teaching of cooking and menu planning. Based on this, the results suggest that the employment of a community nutritionist and the development of practical nutrition service programs for infants are needed very urgently for public health centers.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
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• v.9 no.5
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• pp.525-531
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• 1995

The objectives of the present study were to assess the early nutrition-related knowledge, eating behaviors of preschool children, the types of messages that their mothers give to them about nutrition and to analysis the interrelationships among these variables. The children of this study showed the uncooperative eating behaviors most frequently when they had breakfast and vegetables. In these cases the most frequent mother's messages given to the children was encourage eating some of each food. Children's eating problems as perceived by mothers were mainly low dietary intake and an unbalanced diet. The most frequent messages given to the children in the presentation of new foods were telling the child taste them and general nutrition about the new food. General topics in nutrition the mothers had discussed with their children were about nutrients, food groups, food transformations and food origins. Children whom mothers provided more information about these topics scored significantly higher on the concepts of food transformation, food origins and the total nutrition knowledge score. It is clear from this study that preschool children begin to learn about nutrition through these parental messages. Both parents and caretakers of young children should recognize the potential importance of these early interaction patterns.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
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• v.13 no.5
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• pp.405-414
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• 1998

This study was to evaluate the anthropometry, dietary attitudes and the other factors of 201 children in day-care centers according to their parents' income levels. The evaluation was conducted using anthropometric measurements such as height, weight, skinfold thickness, blood pressure, and questionnaire survey which was completed by the children's mothers. The results are summarized as follows: Overall growth of children was normal according to Korean standard. There were no significant differences in anthropometry according to the income levels. The scores of eating habits of children were different significantly according to income levels. That is, the score was the lowest in the low-income group. Children generally prefer one-dish meal or snacks, while the preference levels of kimchi, seasoned vegetable and beans broiled in soysauce were lower than those cf other foods. In the questions to know mothers' nutrition knowledge, we could see that they didn't know well about protein, breast-feeding, weaning and balance in nutrients. Nutrition knowledge score of mothers was significantly lower in the low income group, which shows close relationship with low-score eating habits of their children. The score of nutrition knowledge was affected by the mother's education level. The higher the mother's nutrition knowledge and education level, the better children's eating habits. These findings emphasize the planning and application of nutrition education programs for mothers especially in the low income group.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.15-26
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• 1980

The main purposes of the nutrition and clinical surveys were to provide baseline information on the nutritional status of pre-school children in rural health demonstration project areas of the Korea Health Development Institute (KHDI) for nutrition guidance services for the MCH target group. The survey covered a total of 222 pre-school children and 135 mothers in Okgu Gun, Cholla Pukto Province from August 10 to August 17, 1979. The survey results are summarized as follows: 1) Family Environment Seventy percent of the households had more than three children, and the mean family sire was 6. Sixty-nine percent of the mothers and 47% of the fathers of the surveyed households were educated at or below the primary school level. The majority, 70% of the mothers, were aged between 20 years and 35 years. 2) Anthropometric Measurements and Hemoglobin Value 4.5% of the children were lower than 80% weight for age of the Korean standard, and 5.4% were lower than 85% arm circumference for age of the Jelliffe's standard resectively, and those were suffering from protein-energy malnutrition. Angular stomatitis were observed on 66.2% of the subjects. Mean hemoglobin value was 11.1g/100m1, and 44.2% of the subjects were categorized as anaemia. 3) Food and Nutrient Intake of animal foods was very low, ranging from 2.9 to 17%. Consumption of eggs was less than 2% of total food intake, and intake of legumes was also very scanty, between 0.8 to 3.7%. These data present evidence of very poor protein intake, quality as well as quantity. Energy intake of children was 60.0 to 64.4% of the recommended allowance, and mean protein intake only met 47.4% of the recommendation. Low intake of vitamins except thiamin were also found. 4) Mother's Nutrition Knowledge Eighty-five percent of the mothers were entirely ignorant regarding the 'five basic food group' which is most important fact on food and nutrition guidance. Mean knowledge score from 14 basic questions about food and nutrition was as low as 5.1. There was a significant positive correlation between mother's educational level and nutrition knowledge score. 5) Family Planning Variable There were significant correlation among maternal, family planning variables, and some of the nutritional and physical measurements. The study revealed that the mother's educational level and nutrition knowledge score are more crucial factors than the family planning variables on effecting food intakes on children. Recommendation : According to the results of the surveys, there were high incident rates of nutritional anaemia and angular stomatitis among pre-school children, and most of rural women had very limited knowledge about food and nutrition. As a main part of the health education activities, the community health workers should provide nutrition education to the village mothers to improve the nutrional status of young children in rural areas. Nutrional promotion at the primary health care level should be mainly based on appropriate nutrition education.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.5 no.3
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• pp.419-431
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• 2000

The purpose of this study was to investigate nutrient intake and food behavior according to the nutrition knowledge of middle school students residing in Seoul and Kyunggi-do, Korea. Anthropometric measurements and questionnaires, including 24-hr recall of dietary intake, were collected from 543 male and female middle school students. They were assigned to one of five groups according to their nutrition knowledge : very high group (VHG ; 90 - 100 score), high group (HG ; 80 - 90 score), normal group (NG ; 70 - 80 score), low group (LG ; 60 - 70 score) and very low group (VLG ; < 60 score), and comparisons were made. The mean age of the subjects was 13.7 years old. The mean height, weight, and BMI of male and female students were 161.9 cm, 52.6 kg and 20.2 kg/$m^2$, 157.0 cm, 50.4 kg, and 20.4 kg/$m^2$ respectively. Female students skip breakfast and dinner more frequently than male students do. Male students skipp lunch and eat fast foods more frequently than females do. Protein, calcium, vitamin B$_1$, vitamin B$_2$, niacin, vitamin C, fat, and animal protein intakes in females are shown to be related to their nutrition knowledge. Calcium, protein, animal protein, vitamin B$_2$and niacin intakes are significantly lower in the VLG than in the others. However, vitamin B$_1$and vitamin C intakes are significantly lower both in VHG and VLG. Fat intake in VHG is lowest. Nutrition knowledge of male students is correlated with mothers knowledge, nutrition attitude and nutritional status. On the other hand, in female students, nutrient consumption was lowest in subjects whose nutrition knowledge was highest and lowest. Therefore, nutrient consumption is affected by nutrition knowledge. However, in female students, possibly due to wrong information on diet or prejudice and outlook, nutrient consumption was low even when they scored high in nutrition knowledge. In conclusion, nutrition knowledge of male students is affected by the mothers nutritional knowledge and attitude. Therefore, nutrition education for mothers is very important. In male students, as their nutrition knowledge is low, their nutrient consumption is affect. These results indicate nutrition education and correct information for body image, balanced diet, regularity of meals and food selection for middle school students are required at both school and home.