• Korean Journal of Child Studies
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.241-265
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• 1997

The purpose of this study was to investigate effects of Parent Effectiveness Training (P. E. T.) on (1) parental awareness and verbal control patterns of mothers and (2) the relationship between parental awareness and verbal control patterns of mothers. The subjects were 43 mothers whose children were in 3rd, 4th, 5th, and 6th grades in one of two elementary schools in the City of Seoul. Mothers who participated in a P. E. T. class were assigned either to an experimental or a control group. Mothers in the experimental group received P. E. T. during the study; those in the control group received it after the study. Instruments were the Parental Awareness Interview (Newberger, 1980) and the revised Verbal Control Patters (Gumperz, 1973) for mothers. The data were analyzed by t-tests and Pearson's correlations. The results showed that (1) P. E. T. influenced parental awareness of mothers, and this change was maintained one month after completion of the P. E. T. class. (2) Mothers' verbal control patterns were changed by P. E. T. Specifically, mother' imperative and positional verbal control patterns decreased while personal verbal control patterns increased after P. E. T. (3) P. E. T. was negativeiy related to mother's imperative and positional verbal control patterns but positively related to personal verbal control patterns.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.46 no.10
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• pp.147-157
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• 2008

The purpose of this study was to ascertain if psychological home environment and parental verbal control type had gender-specific affects on a child's self-resilience. Questionnaires were used to collect information on 356 children who attend elementary school. The major findings were as follows : (1) Positive correlations were established among psychological home environment and parental verbal control type;(2)Fathers' verbal control type was significantly positively related to a child's gender;(3) Father's verbal control type affected self-resilience of boys, while mother's verbal control type affected self-resilience of girls.

• Korean Journal of Childcare and Education
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• v.7 no.4
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• pp.273-299
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• 2011

The purpose of this research was to examine the relationship of mother's emotional expressiveness, parenting self-efficacy, verbal control style and children's peer interaction, ability to solve interpersonal problem in an attempt to help improve mother's practical parenting style for promoting children's peer interaction and ability to solve interpersonal problem. The subject of this research were four to five year-old 212 children from five day care center in J city and their teachers. Teachers were tested by questionnaires and children were interviewed. There were the results of this research. There were significant positive correlation among mother's positive emotional expressiveness, positive peer interaction and ability to solve interpersonal problem. There were significant positive correlation among negative emotional expressiveness, negative peer interaction and ability to solve interpersonal problem. There were significant positive correlation between parenting self-efficacy and positive peer interaction. There were significant positive correlation among imperative verbal control pattern and negative peer interaction and ability to solve interpersonal problem. There were significant positive correlation among hierarchical verbal control pattern and negative peer interaction and ability to solve interpersonal problem. There were significant positive correlation among humanitarian verbal control pattern and positive peer interaction and ability to solve interpersonal problem. There were significant negative correlation between parenting self-efficacy and negative peer interaction. There were significant negative correlation between imperative verbal control pattern and positive peer interaction.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.43 no.12 s.214
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• pp.113-123
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• 2005

The purpose of this study was to explore the relationships between patterns of children's requestive strategies, mother's child rearing attitude, and verbal control style. Subjects consisted of 60 5-year-old children and their mothers at preschool in Seoul. The children's requesting behavior were observed during self-selected activities in preschool. A sample of mothers of children completed the questionnaire. The result showed that the children in this study were likely to use more frequent directives of requestive strategies. Boys tended to use more indirect requestive strategies, especially demand with requestive tag. Mothers were likely to use position-oriented verbal control. Warmth and self-control of parenting and person-oriented verbal control were positively related to indirect requestive strategy of children. Rejective and controlling parenting were negatively associated with indirect requestive strategy. Position-oriented verbal control was positively related to direct requestive strategy of children.

• Korean Journal of Child Studies
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.35-46
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• 2010

This study analyzed variables that affect children's leadership qualities. The subjects were 400 five-year-old children and their mothers living in the Seoul metropolitan area. The instruments used in this study were the Young Children's Leadership Scale (Kim, 2006), Temperament(Hong, 2008), Peer Interaction (Choi, 2004), Mother's Verbal Control Modes(Do, 1997), and the HOME instrument (Rhee and Jang, 1982). The data collected was analyzed by descriptive statistics, Pearson's correlation, and multiple regression analysis. Our results indicated that (a) girls' scores on leadership were higher than those of boys. (b) Boys' leadership qualities were related to children's temperament, peer relationship, maternal verbal control modes, and home environment. (c) Girls' leadership qualities were related to children's temperament, peer relationship, and home environment. (d) In particular, it was noted that children's temperament (in terms of their sensitivity/endurance) was the strongest predictor for leadership qualities in both boys and girls.

• Korean Journal of Human Ecology
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.281-292
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• 2014

This study was designed to examine the influence of gratitude enhancement program on preschoolers' aggression perceived by their teacher and mother. The subjects in this study were 40 four-year-old children in kindergarten in U city. This study employed a pre/post-test control group design, and so all subjects were assigned to an experimental group(gratitude enhancement program) or comparative group(general education program according to the year curriculum). Preschoolers' aggression was measured by the teacher and mother of the subjects and the collected data were analyzed by independent and paired t-test. This study also computed Cohen's d to estimate effect size of gratitude enhancement program on preschoolers' aggression. The findings of this study were as follows. Firstly, gratitude enhancement program and general education program were all effective in reducing preschoolers' aggression(aggression against things, verbal aggression and total aggression) perceived by their teacher except of aggression against others. But gratitude enhancement program was more effective than general education program in reducing these sort of aggression. Meanwhile, only gratitude enhancement program was effective in reducing preschoolers' aggression against others. Secondly, gratitude enhancement program was effective in reducing preschoolers' aggression(aggression against things, aggression against others, verbal aggression and total aggression).

• Child Health Nursing Research
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.189-195
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• 2006

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of a maternal self-efficacy promotion program for Korean primiparas on maternal confidence and mother-infant interaction. Method: This study was non-equivalent quasi-experimental research with a control group selected by purposive sampling. Based on Bandura’s (1986) self-efficacy theory, the research team developed the maternal self-efficacy promotion program. The program included achievement experiences, verbal persuasion, and vicarious experiences. The program was provided through face-to-face teaching at the time of discharge, counseling sessions over the telephone, and a home visit. Subjects also learned about parenting skills using a videotape developed by the research team. Sixteen primiparas were recruited to the experimental group at one hospital in Kyongi province, and fifteen primiparas who were matched according to socioeconomic status were recruited to the control group at a postpartum care center in the same province. Results: Subjects in the experimental group demonstrated significantly higher maternal confidence and mother-infant interaction than those in the control group. Conclusion: The maternal self-efficacy promotion program appears to be an effective nursing intervention for parenting of first-time mothers in Korea.

• Korean Parent-Child Health Journal
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.129-144
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• 2002

This longitudinal quasi-experimental research was conducted to develop parent role education program and to evaluate the effect of this program for mother-infant interaction, childrearing environment and infant development. The subjects were the healthy infants weighing over 2,500gm at birth, whose gestational age was more than 37weeks, and their healthy mothers. The sample consisted of eighteen mother-infant dyads for intervention group and sixteen dyads for control group. Data were collected from March 15th in 1999 to Jun 20th in 2000. The intervention group received programmed education consisted of discharge education, telephone counselling, and home visiting care. But control group were collected data without programmed education. In this study, the Nursing Child Assessment Teaching Scale(NCATS) devised by Barnard was used to determine the mother-infant interaction, HOME was used to determine the childrearing environment, and Griffiths mental development scale was used to determine the infant development. The data were analyzed using SPSS Win using chi-square test, t-test, and repeated measure ANOVA. This study was focused on the results of twelve months time point. Summaries of the results were as follows: 1. There was no significant difference in mother-infant interaction(NCATS) between intervention group and control group. But both of two groups showed significantly higher in interaction score at twelve months than at six months in the subscales of social-emotional growth fostering, and responsiveness to caregiver. 2. There was no significant difference in childrearing environment(HOME) between two groups at twelve months. But when each subscale of HOME was examined, intervention group showed higher scores in the dimensions of maternal involvement with child(p=.001), and maternal emotional-verbal responsivity(p=.048). 3. There was no significant difference in GQ of the Griffiths mental development scale between two groups, although significant difference was found in performance subscale. 4. Infant development at twelve months showed significant correlation with mother-infant interaction and childrearing environment at six months, although mother-infant interaction and childrearing environment at twelve months did not show significant correlations with infant development at twelve months. 5. Developmental scores at six months showed significant correlations with variety in daily stimulation, and mother's emotional, verbal responsivity, whereas developmental scores at twelve months showed significant correlations with acceptance of child behavior at six months, and appropriate play material at twelve months. In conclusion, the maternal education program for primipara showed long term effect in some categories in organizing the childrearing environment, and fostering the infant development. We suggest further study and implications of parent role education program for high risk parents such as parents in low economic status or with premature babies.

• Child Health Nursing Research
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.359-367
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• 2003

Purpose: This study is designed to test the effects of a full body massage on Apgar score, postpartum mother's childbirth experience, and mother-infant attachment for primipara during labor. Method: Data were collected using a quasi-experiment method (nonequivalent control group, pre-post test design) from November 1, 2001 to July 31, 2002. The subjects for this experiment consist of 28 women in the experimental group and 29 in the control group, out of 57 primipara hospitalized at the U OB & GYN hospital in Inchon. A 20 minute full body massage was given to the experimental group on each of three delivery phases (latent, active, and transition), and a conventional delivery care to the control group. The experimental tools for the study are Apgar score scale developed by Apgar(1958), postpartum mother's childbirth experience scale developed by Marut and Mercer(1979), and mother-infant attachment scale developed by Cropley et al(1981). The data collected were analyzed using t-test, χ2 test, and ANCOVA on the SPSS program. Result: The results of the experiment are as follows: One minute(t=6.756, p=.000; F=9.181, p=.004), and five minute(t=6.129, p=.000; F=7.918, p=.007) Apgar score are increased significantly. Postpartum mother's childbirth experience is significantly increased(t=11.691, p=.000; F=11.741, p=.001). Verbal touch score(t=5.256, p=.000; F=7.169, p=.010), skin touch score(t=11.332, p=.000; F=27.073, p=.000), and total score(t=12.105, p=.000; F=30.104, p=.000) of postpartum mother's childbirth experience are significantly increased, but not for eye touch score(t=3.236, p=.002; F=.800, p=.375). Conclusion: This study shows that a full body massage has a significant positive effect on Apgar score, postpartum mother's childbirth experience. and mother-infant attachment. Therefore, it is suggested that the full body massage might be used clinically to help primipara during labor.

• Child Health Nursing Research
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.203-218
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• 1997

Caring is the essence and it is the central and unifying domain for the body of knowledge and practice in nursing. However a clear conceptualization of what caring in nursing does not yet exist. The purpose of this study is to research the phenomenon of caring by obtaining verbal description of the experience of caring in handicapped children, to provide basic information for developing theory of caring, and to teach the humanism centered education. The study design was a descriptive study using phenomenological method. The subjects for this study were 26 nursing students who cared for handicapped children in S rehabilitation center from August, 24 to October. 29 1994. Van kamm's phenomenological method was used for the analysis of the datas. The results are as follows : The experience of caring was classified with 15 common elements and 61 descriptive expressions from 120 raw data. The common elements were , , , , , , , , , , , , , .