• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• v.54 no.6
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• pp.733-742
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• 2016

Acquaintance is scanty on primaquine (PQ) efficacy and Plasmodium vivax recurrence in Udupi district, Karnataka, India. We assessed the efficacy of 14 days PQ regimen (0.25 mg/kg/day) to prevent P. vivax recurrence. Microscopically, aparasitemic adults (${\geq}18years$) after acute vivax malaria on day 28 were re-enrolled into 15 months' long follow-up study. A peripheral blood smear examination was performed with participants at every 1-2 month interval. A nested PCR test was performed to confirm the mono-infection with P. vivax. Of 114 participants, 28 (24.6%) recurred subsequently. The median (IQR) duration of the first recurrence was 3.1 (2.2-5.8) months which ranged from 1.2 to 15.1 months, including initial 28 days. Participants with history of vivax malaria had significantly higher risk of recurrence, with hazard ratio (HR) (95% CI) of 2.62 (1.24-5.54) (P=0.012). Severity of disease (11.4%, 13/114) was not associated (P=1.00) with recurrence. Of 28 recurrence cases, the nPCR proved that P. vivax mono-infection recurrence rate was at least 72.7% (16/22) at first recurrence. In Udupi district, PQ dose of 0.25 mg/kg/day over 14 days seems inadequate to prevent recurrence in substantial proportion of vivax malaria. Patients with a history of vivax malaria are at high risk of recurrences.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.47 no.2
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• pp.210-220
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• 2019

This work aimed to evaluate the influence of culture conditions on laccase production in the co-culture of wood-rotting fungus with Trichoderma sp. The effects of infection extent, infection time, and culture filtrate of Trichoderma sp. on the laccase production by wood-rotting fungus in co-culture were examined. T. rubrum LKY-7 and T. longibrachiatum were selected as fungi which are effective in co-culture for laccase production. A significant increase in laccase activity was observed when T. rubrum LKY-7 was co-cultured with T. longibrachiatum in glucose-peptone liquid medium, yielding an increase of more than 5 times in laccase activity, as compared with control. Laccase production by T. rubrum LKY-7 during co-culturing was significantly influenced by the infection extent and the infection time of T. longibrachiatum. Maximal laccase activity was obtained when T. rubrum LKY-7 culture was infected by T. longibrachiatum after 3 days of cultivation at an inoculum size ratio of 0.5 to 1. The addition of culture filtrate or autoclaved mycelium of T. longibrachiatum to T. rubrum LKY-7 culture did not significantly enhance laccase production by T. rubrum LKY-7 as compared with control (mono cultures of T. rubrum LKY-7).

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.46 no.5
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• pp.618-627
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• 1999

Background : Rifampicin (RFP) is a key component of the antituberculous short-course chemotherapy. Usually the RFP resistant M.tuberculosis is also resistant to isoniazid (INH), so the RFP resistance is the marker of multi-drug resistant (MDR) tuberculosis. But unusual cases of mono-RFP-resistant tuberculosis have been recently reported with increasing frequency, especially associated with HIV infection in western countries. Therefore, we conducted a retrospective study to investigate the frequency, causes, and the clinical characteristics of mono-RFP-resistant tuberculosis in Korea. Methods : Of the bacteriologically confirmed and susceptibility-proven 699 pulmonary tuberculosis patients (921 isolates) who visited Asan Medical Center from January 1990 to August 1997, eighteen patients with INH-susceptible and RFP-resistant tuberculosis were evaluated. Previous history of tuberculosis, antituberculous drug compliances, associated systemic illness, drug susceptibility patterns, and clinical outcomes were analysed. And rpoB gene sequencing was done in 6 clinical isolates of M. tuberculosis. Results : The mean age of 18 patients was $43{\pm}14$ years, and the sex ratio is 12:6 (M : F). Sixteen (89%) patients had previous history of tuberculosis. None had diagnosed gastrointestinal disorders, and 2 HIV tests that were performed came out negative. Susceptibility tests were done repeatedly in eleven patients, and six (55%) were mono-RFP resistant repeatedly while five (45%) evolved to MDR tuberculosis. Eight (44%) patients were cured, six (33%) failed, three (17%) were lost to follow-up, and the other one is now on treatment. rpoB gene sequencing showed 5 mutations, codon 531 TCG to TIG mutation in 4 isolates and 526 CAC to TAC in 1 isolate. Conclusion : The clinical characteristics of mono-RFP resistant tuberculosis were similar to that of MDR tuberculosis in Korea where the HIV infection rate is lower than western countries. But some patients with mono-RFP-resistant tuberculous could be cured by primary drug regimens including RFP, suggesting that mono-RFP-resistant tuberculous is a different entity from MDR tuberculosis.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.267-274
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• 1996

This experiment was carried out to investigate the effect of pasture types(mixture and mono tall fescue pasture) and endophyte infection on the animal behavior of Korean native cattle at the Experimental Field of Grassland and Forage Crops Division, National Livestock Research Institute, Suweon, in 1994. The results obtained are sumunarized as follows: DM intake of Korean native cattle was increased with mixture and endophyte-free tall fescue for both pasture types. Mixture and endophyte-free tall fescue showed good animal preference. Daily grazing time was increased with mixture and endophyte-free tall fescue in monoculture, while annual grazing period was increased with monoculture and endophyte-infect tall fescue. Amount of drinking water of Korean native cattle was increased with tall fescue monoculture rather than mixture, however the amount of drinking water was higher with endophyte-infect tall fescue in monoculture. Salt intake of Korean native cattle was increased with mixture and endophyte-6ee tall fescue in monoculture. Rectal temperature of Korean native cattle was not influenced by pasture types and endophyte infection. Based on the results of this experiment, DM intake of Korean native cattle and daily grazing time were increased by mixture and endophyte-free tall fescue with good quality.

• The Journal of the Korean bone and joint tumor society
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.141-147
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• 2006

In 1996, a nine-year-old girl was treated with recycling autograft after wide resection of the distal femoral osteosarcoma. The leg lengthening and revision with growing tumor prosthesis were performed due to limb leg discrepancy and epiphyseal problem. However, deep infection developed after operation, and a temporary spacer with cement and Ender nail was inserted. After infection was controlled completely, the final leg lengthening was performed with mono-external fixator for limb length discrepancy (10 cm). Lastly, Tumor prosthesis was reinserted to preserve the joint function.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.275-282
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• 1996

This experiment was canied out to investigate the effect of pasture types(mixture and mono tall fescue pasture) and endophyte infection on the dry matter yield, forage quality and animal performance of pasture plants at the Experimental Field of Grassland and Forage Crops Division, National Livestock Research Institute, Suweon, in 1994. The results obtained are surmmarized as follows : DM yield of tall fescue monoculture was significantly higher(p<0.05) than that of mixture pasture, while DM yield of endophyte-infected pasture was significantly higher(p<0.05) than that of endophyte-free for two pasture types. Crude protein yield(CPY) of tall fescue monoculture was significantly higher(p<0.05) than that of mixture, and the higher CPY with endophyte-infect tall fescue for both pasture types resulted from higher DM yield of the pastures. NDF and ADF contents of pasture plants were not influenced by pasture types, and there was no difference for NDF and ADF contents between endophyte-infect and -free pasture mixture, however, those of pasture plants were increased with endophyte-infect tall fescue in monoculture. IVDMD of pasture plants was increased with mixture and endophyte-free tall fescue for both pasture types. IVDMD of pasture plants was greatly influenced by pasture types and endophyte infection. There were no significant differences in average daily gain of Korean native cattle between pasture types, but those of the cattle were significantly increased with endophyte-free tall fescue for both pasture types(p<0.05). Based on the results of this experiment, it is suggested that a slightly more forage yield could be obtained , from monoculture and endophyte-infected tall fescue. However, liveweight gain was increased by mixture and endophyte-free tall fescue with good quality.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.115-120
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• 1997

Penicillium sp.-L4, a causative fungus of rot in citrus fruits, was isolated and its mode of hydrolytic enzyme production was investigated. Carboxymethylcellulase (CMCase), polygalacturonase(PGase), extra- & intra-cellular $\beta$-glucosidase and cellobiase were produced drastically by addition of substrates in minimal media. Production of the hydrolytic enzymes were induced efficiently by cellobiose and cellooligosaccharides which were the products of cellulose hydrolysis, but repressed by addition of mono-saccharide such as glucose, raffinose, galacturonic acid. The relative activity of p-nitrophenyl-$\beta$-D-glucopyranoside(PNPG) hydrolysis was higher than that of cellobiose hydrolysis in extracellular enzymes, and reverse is true in intracellular enzymes. Intact enzyme production of P. sp.-L4 on lemon peel lesion was sequential. $\beta$-Glucosidase and CMCase were produced first and followed by PGase. The enzyme productivities and pH in lesions were coincident with optimal pH of each enzyme activities.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• v.57 no.3
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• pp.233-242
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• 2019

Detailed description of malaria in low transmission areas is crucial for elimination. The current study aimed to provide a comprehensive description for malaria transmission in Jazan, a low transmission district, southwestern Saudi Arabia. Patients at a tertiary care hospital were recruited in our study between August 2016 and September 2018. Malaria diagnosis was performed through a species-specific nested polymerase chain reaction (nested PCR), microscopy and Paramax-$3^{TM}$ rapid detection test (RDT). Malaria was detected in 30 patients by the PCR, with point prevalence of 10.9%. Of these malaria infections, 80% was imported, 26.6% was asymptomatic and 23.3% was sub-microscopic. Malaria was reported throughout the year, with February/March and September/October peaks. Infection was significantly more in males than in females (P=0.01). Likewise, infections were detected more in febrile than in non-febrile patients (P=0.01). Adult aged 15-24 years, fever and travel were identified as high-risk factors. Malaria was primarily attributed to Plasmodium falciparum mono-infections, followed by P. vivax mono-infections and lastly to falciparum/vivax mixed infections accounting 76.6%, 16.6%, and 6.6% of PCR-confirmed malaria cases, respectively. The nested PCR was superior to the smear microscopy (sensitivity 76.6%; specificity 100%) and the RDT (sensitivity 83.3%, specificity 94.2%). The overall percent agreement between microscopy and the RDT was 92.7% (kappa=0.63). High proportion of imported malaria including sub-microscopic and sub-patent cases were described. We suggest that incorporation of molecular tool into the conventional malaria diagnosis is beneficial in Jazan district.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.1-8
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• 1995

Gymnophalkides seoi has drawn medical attentions since the discovery of the first human case and a highly endemic area on a southwestern coastal island of Shinan- gun, Korea. Marine bivalves especially oysters were strongly suspected as the source of infection. In this study the oysters, Crassostrea girns, naturally produced (rom the endemic area were examined whether they contain gymnophallid metacercariae. All of 50 oysters examined were infected with the metacercaviae of a gymnophallid, with the metacercarial density per oyster of 610 on average (2-4,792 in range). Later they were identified as G. seoi by obtaining adult worms from experimental mice. The metacercariae were unencysted, and firmly attached on the mantle surface of the oysters with their oral sucker. In sectioned specimens they were equipped with the ventral pit, a peculiar organ of the genus Gymophalloides, and non-muscular genital pore which was connected dorsally to the seminal vesicle. The seminal vesicle was in a great majority mono-sac. By this study, it has been confirmed that the oyster is a 2nd intermediate host of G. seoi as well as the major source of human infection with this fluke.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• v.55 no.5
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• pp.513-521
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• 2017

Infectious diarrhea is endemic in most developing countries. We aimed to investigate the protozoan, viral, and bacterial causes of acute diarrhea in Taif, Saudi Arabia. A cross-sectional prospective 1-year study was conducted on 163 diarrheal patients of various ages. Stool samples were collected, 1 per patient, and tested for 3 protozoa, 3 viruses, and 9 bacteria with the Luminex Gastrointestinal Pathogen Panel. Overall, 53.4% (87/163) of samples were positives (20.8% protozoa, 19.6% viruses, 2.8% bacteria, and 9.8% mixed). Rotavirus (19.6%), Giardia duodenalis (16.5%), and Cryptosporidium spp. (8.5%) were the mostly detected pathogens. Adenovirus 40/41 (4.2%), Salmonella (3%), Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (3%), and Entamoeba histolytica (2.4%) were also detected. Norovirus GI/II, Vibrio cholerae, Yersinia enterocolitica, and Clostridium difficile toxin A/B were not detected in any patients. All pathogens were involved in coinfections except E. histolytica. Giardia (5.5%) and rotavirus (3%) were the most commonly detected in co-infections. Enterotoxigenic E. coli (2.4%), Campylobacter spp. (2.4%), E. coli 0157 (1.8%), and Shigella spp. (1.2%) were detected in patients only as co-infections. Infections were more in children 0-4 years, less in adults <40 years, and least >40 years, with statistically significant differences in risk across age groups observed with rotavirus (P<0.001), Giardia (P=0.006), and Cryptosporidium (P=0.036) infections. Lastly, infections were not significantly more in the spring. This report demonstrates the high burden of various enteropathogens in the setting. Further studies are needed to define the impact of these findings on the clinical course of the disease.