• Journal of Nuclear Fuel Cycle and Waste Technology(JNFCWT)
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.209-229
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• 2022

This work provided a review of three techniques-(1) spectrochemical, (2) electrochemical, and (3) spectroelectrochemical-for molten salt medias. A spectroelectrochemical system was designed by utilizing this information. Here, we designed a spectroelectrochemical cell (SEC) and calibrated temperature controllers, and performed initial tests to explore the system's capability limit. There were several issues and a redesign of the cell was accomplished. The modification of the design allowed us to assemble, align the system with the light sources, and successfully transferred the setup inside a controlled environment. A preliminary run was executed to obtain transmission and absorption background of NaCl-CaCl₂ salt at 600℃. It shows that the quartz cuvette has high transmittance effects across all wavelengths and there were lower transmittance effects at the lower wavelength in the molten salt media. Despite a successful initial run, the quartz vessel was mated to the inner cavity of the SEC body. Moreover, there was shearing in the patch cord which resulted in damage to the fiber optic cable, deterioration of the SEC, corrosion in the connection of the cell body, and fiber optic damage. The next generation of the SEC should attach a high temperature fiber optic patch cords without introducing internal mechanical stress to the patch cord body. In addition, MACOR should be used as the cell body materials to prevent corrosion of the surface and avoid the mating issue and a use of an adapter from a manufacturer that combines the free beam to a fiber optic cable should be incorporated in the future design.

• Korean Journal of Materials Research
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• v.14 no.11
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• pp.813-820
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• 2004

The electrolytic reduction of spent oxide fuel involves the liberation of oxygen in a molten LiCl electrolyte, which is a chemically aggressive environment that is very corrosive for typical structural materials. So, it is essential to choose the optimum material for the process equipment handling molten salt. In this study, corrosion behavior of Haynes 263, 75, and Inconel X-750, 718 in molten salt of $LiCl-Li_{2}O$ under oxidation atmosphere was investigated at $650^{\circ}C\;for\;72\sim360$ hours. At $3\;wt\%\;of\;Li_{2}O$, Haynes 263 alloy showed the highest corrosion resistance among the examined alloys, and up to $8\;wt\%\;of\;Li_{2}O$, Haynes 75 exhibited the highest corrosion resistance. Corrosion products were formed $Li(Ni,Co)O_2,\;LiNiO_2\;and\;LiTiO_2\;and\;Cr_{2}O_3$ on Haynes 263, $Cr_{2}O_3,\;NiFe_{2}O_4,\;LiNiO_2,\;Li_{2}NiFe_{2}O_4,\;Li_{2}Ni_{8}O_10$ and Ni on Haynes 75, $Cr_{2}O_3,\;(Al,Nb,Ti)O_2,\;NiFe_{2}O_4,\;and\;Li_{2}NiFe_{2}O_4$ on Inconel X-750 and $Cr_{2}O_3,\;NiFe_{2}O_4\;and\;CrNbO_4$ on Inconel 718, respectively. Haynes 263 showed local corrosion behavior and Haynes 75, Inconel X-750, 718 showed uniform corrosion behavior.

• Journal of Korea Foundry Society
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.402-410
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• 1997

Developing a salt core for squeeze casting process, two different salt cores(pure salt core and mixed salt core) were fabricated and investigated. Pure salt core was composed of 100% NaCl and mixed salt core was made by mixtures of NaCl with MgO(1%), $Na_2B_4O_7$(2%), and talc(1%) as a binder or a strengthening agent. Salt cores were compacted to various theoretical density, heat treated, and then squeeze-cast with molten Al alloy(AC8A). The compression strength of salt cores were measured and the squeeze-cast products were examined for shape retention, infiltration of molten metal into the cores, and microstructures. The shape of salt core compacted at above 75% of the theoretical density was maintained stably. The higher theoretical density of salt cores gave higher compression strength, and the compression strength of mixed salt core was higher than that of pure salt core. Namely at 90% theoretical density, the compression strength of mixed salt core was $6.3 kg/mm^2$, compared to $4.6 kgmm^2$ for pure salt core. At a squeeze casting pressure of $1000 kg/cm^2$, molten Al alloy was infiltrated into pure salt core of under 85% of the theoretical density. At squeeze casting pressure of $1000 kg/cm^2$, only mixed salt core above 90% of the theoretical density were valid, but the shape of the core was altered in the case of pure salt core at 90% of theoretical density. A key factor for developing a salt core for squeeze casting process was estimated as the ultimate compressive strength of salt core.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• v.53 no.3
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• pp.920-926
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• 2021

Capsules containing NaCl-MgCl₂ salt with 316L stainless steel or alloy N samples were irradiated in the Ohio State University Research Reactor for 21 nonconsecutive hours. A custom irradiation vessel was designed for this purpose, and details on its design and construction are given. Stainless steel samples that were irradiated during exposure had less corrosive attack than samples exposed to the same conditions without irradiation. Alloy N samples showed no significant effect of irradiation. This work shows a method for conducting in-reactor irradiation-corrosion experiments in static molten salts and presents preliminary data showing that neutron irradiation may decelerate corrosion of alloys in molten chloride salts.

• 한국신재생에너지학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2008.05a
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• pp.190-193
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• 2008

The heat transfer characteristics of molten salt storage system for the solar thermal power generation were investigated. Temperature profiles and the heat transfer coefficients during the storage and discharge stage were obtained with the steam as the heat transfer fluid. Two kinds of inorganic salt were employed as the storage materials and coil type of heat exchanger were installed in both tanks to provide the heat transfer surfaces during the storage and discharge stage. The effects of steam flow rates, flow direction of steam in the storage tank and the initial temperature of storage and discharge tank on the heat transfer were tested.

• Journal of Nuclear Fuel Cycle and Waste Technology(JNFCWT)
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.117-124
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• 2017

Densities of molten salt mixtures of eutectic LiCl-KCl with $UCl_3$, $CeCl_3$, or $LaCl_3$ at various concentrations (up to 13 wt%) were measured using a liquid surface displacement probe. Linear relationships between the mixture density and the concentration of the added salt were observed. For $LaCl_3$ and $CeCl_3$, the measured densities were significantly higher than those previously reported from Archimedes' method. In the case of $LiCl-KCl-UCl_3$, the data fit the ideal mixture density model very well. For the other salts, the measured densities exceeded the ideal model prediction by about 2%.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.361-365
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• 2007

The precipitation reaction of some rare earth chlorides ($Ce/Nd/GdCl_3$) in a LiCl-KCl molten salt has been carried out by reaction with oxygen. Identification of rare earth precipitates by reaction with oxygen and effects of oxygen sparging time (max. 420 min) and molten salt temperature ($450{\sim}750^{\circ}C$) on conversion were investigated. In this study, regardless of the oxygen sparging time and the molten salt temperature, oxychlorides (REOCl) for $NdCl_3$ and $GdCl_3$, and an oxide ($REO_2$) for $CeCl_3$ are formed as a precipitate, which are identical with the estimation results of Gibbs free energy of reaction (${\Delta}G_r$). The conversion of rare-earth chlorides into insoluble precipitates was described by using a conversion ratio. The conversion ratio increased exponentially with the oxygen sparging time and finally showed asymptotic value, over 0.999 at $750^{\circ}C$ of the molten salt temperature and over 300 min of sparging time conditions. The conversion ratios were increased with the molten salt temperature. In case of $CeCl_3$, when the sparging time exceed 60 min, the values of the conversion ratio were nearly constant over 0.999 in all experimental temperature conditions.

• Journal of the Korean Crystal Growth and Crystal Technology
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• v.31 no.5
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• pp.197-202
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• 2021

Synthesis of Z-type hexaferrite Ba₃Co₂Fe₂₄O₄₁ (Ba₃Z) and Ba_1.5La_1.5Co₂Fe₂₄O₄₁ (Ba_1.5La_1.5Z) powders were tried using molten salt synthesis after primary calcination. Ba₃Z calcined at 1000℃ was formed with both M-type and Y-type hexaferrite, and then Z-type was obtained when sintered with molten salt at 1150℃ and 1200℃. In the case of Ba_1.5La_1.5Z calcined at 1000℃, however, M-type hexaferrite, CoFe₂O₄ (Spinel phase), and LaFeO₃ were synthesized. As a result, Z-type hexaferrite was not synthesized after sintering with molten salt. In addition, the aspect ratio of the particles decreased as the sintering temperature increased with molten salt synthesis. To obtain a single-phase Ba_1.5La_1.5Z with a high aspect ratio, it is expected the raw materials have to calcine below the temperature of a spinel phase formation before sintering with molten salt.

• Journal of the Korean Crystal Growth and Crystal Technology
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• v.6 no.4
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• pp.501-508
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• 1996

Strontium barium niobate powders were prepared by NaCl-KCl molten salt, and reaction process and morphology change of strontium barium niobate were investigated as a function of reaction temperature, time, and amount of molten salt. With increasing the reaction temperature and time, the reacted fraction was increased and the morphology of powder was changed from lumpy shape into meedle-like shape. With increasing the amount of molten salt, reacted fraction was increased rapidly, but the morphology of powder was changed from needle-like shape into spherical shape. Strontium barium niobate powder, over 90 % in fraction reacted, was obtained from the reaction conditions at $1000^{\circ}C$ for small flux ratio (=1) and at $650^{\circ}C$ for large flux ratio (=4).

• Journal of Nuclear Fuel Cycle and Waste Technology(JNFCWT)
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.9-22
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• 2023

Spin-off pyroprocessing technology and inert anode materials to replace the conventional carbon-based smelting process for critical materials were introduced. Efforts to select inert anode materials through numerical analysis and selected experimental results were devised for the high-throughput reduction of oxide feedstocks. The electrochemical properties of the inert anode material were evaluated, and stable electrolysis behavior and CaCu generation were observed during molten salt recycling. Thereafter, CuTi was prepared by reacting rutile (TiO₂) with CaCu in a Ti crucible. The formation of CuTi was confirmed when the concentration of CaO in the molten salt was controlled at 7.5mol%. A laboratory-scale electrorefining study was conducted using CuTi(Zr, Hf) alloys as the anodes, with a Ti electrodeposit conforming to the ASTM B299 standard recovered using a pilot-scale electrorefining device.