• 한국표면공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국표면공학회 2012년도 추계총회 및 학술대회 논문집
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• pp.4-4
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• 2012

Proteins enable biology to be viable through molecular interactions (such as in antigen-antibody, ligand-receptor, and drug-target) with

• BMB Reports
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• 제41권6호
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• pp.415-434
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• 2008

Phosphoinositide-specific phospholipase C is an effector molecule in the signal transduction process. It generates two second messengers, inositol-1,4,5-trisphosphate and diacylglycerol from phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate. Currently, thirteen mammal PLC isozymes have been identified, and they are divided into six groups: PLC-$\beta$, -$\gamma$, -$\delta$, -$\varepsilon$, -$\zeta$ and -$\eta$. Sequence analysis studies demonstrated that each isozyme has more than one alternative splicing variant. PLC isozymes contain the X and Y domains that are responsible for catalytic activity. Several other domains including the PH domain, the C2 domain and EF hand motifs are involved in various biological functions of PLC isozymes as signaling proteins. The distribution of PLC isozymes is tissue and organ specific. Recent studies on isolated cells and knockout mice depleted of PLC isozymes have revealed their distinct phenotypes. Given the specificity in distribution and cellular localization, it is clear that each PLC isozyme bears a unique function in the modulation of physiological responses. In this review, we discuss the structural organization, enzymatic properties and molecular diversity of PLC splicing variants and study functional and physiological roles of each isozyme.

• BMB Reports
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• 제42권9호
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• pp.580-585
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• 2009

Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) is widely used in chemistry and biology as a solvent and as a cryoprotectant. It is also used as a pharmaceutical agent for the treatment of interstitial cystitis and rheumatoid arthritis. Previous reports described DMSO as being reduced by methionine-S-sulfoxide reductase (MsrA). However, little is known about the DMSO reduction capability of methionine-R-sulfoxide reductase (MsrB) or its effect on the catalysis of methionine sulfoxide reduction. We show that mammalian MsrB2 and MsrB3 were unable to reduce DMSO. This compound inhibited MsrB2 activity but did not inhibit MsrB3 activity. We further determined that DMSO functions as an inhibitor of MsrA and MsrB2 in the reduction of methionine sulfoxides via different inhibition mechanisms. DMSO competitively inhibited MsrA activity but acted as a non-competitive inhibitor of MsrB2 activity. Our study also demonstrated that DMSO inhibits in vivo methionine sulfoxide reduction in yeast and mammalian cells.

• BMB Reports
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• 제48권1호
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• pp.6-12
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• 2015

Various biological molecules naturally existing in diversified species including fungi, bacteria, and bacteriophage have functionalities for DNA binding and processing. The biological molecules have been recently actively engineered for use in customized genome editing of mammalian cells as the molecule-encoding DNA sequence information and the underlying mechanisms how the molecules work are unveiled. Excitingly, multiple novel methods based on the newly constructed artificial molecular tools have enabled modifications of specific endogenous genetic elements in the genome context at efficiencies that are much higher than that of the conventional homologous recombination based methods. This minireview introduces the most recently spotlighted molecular genome engineering tools with their key features and ongoing modifications for better performance. Such ongoing efforts have mainly focused on the removal of the inherent DNA sequence recognition rigidity from the original molecular platforms, the addition of newly tailored targeting functions into the engineered molecules, and the enhancement of their targeting specificity. Effective targeted genome engineering of mammalian cells will enable not only sophisticated genetic studies in the context of the genome, but also widely-applicable universal therapeutics based on the pinpointing and correction of the disease-causing genetic elements within the genome in the near future.

• Molecular & Cellular Toxicology
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• 제3권4호
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• pp.231-237
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• 2007

Exposure to DNA-damaging agents can elicit a variety of stress-related responses that may alter the expression of genes associated with numerous biological pathways. We used 19 k whole human genome chip to detect gene expression profiles and potential signature genes in human normal hepatocytes (THLE-3) by treatment of five direct acting mutagens, furylfuramide (AF-2), N-nitroso-N-methylurea (MNU), methylmethanesulfonate (MMS), 4-nitroquinoline-N-oxide (4-NQO) and 2-nitrofluorene (2NF) of the $IC_{20}$ concentration for 3 h. Fifty one up-regulated common genes and 45 down-regulated common genes above 1.5-fold by five direct-acting mutagens were identified by clustering analysis. Many of these changed genes have some association with apoptosis, control of cell cycle, regulation of transcription and signal transduction. Genes related to these functions, as TP73L, E2F5, MST016, SOX5, MAFB, LIF, SII3, TFIIS, EMR1, CYTL1, CX3CR1 and RHOH are up-regulated. Down-regulated genes are ALOX15B, xs155, IFITM1, BATF, VAV2, CD79A, DCDC2, TNFSF8 and KOX8. We suggest that gene expression profiling on mutagens by toxicogenomic analysis affords promising opportunities to reveal potential new mechanistic markers of genotoxicity.

• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• 제37권2호
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• pp.133-143
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• 2010

Rice (Oryza sativa) is a major cereal crop that has been developed as a monocot model species. In past decades rice researchers have established valuable resources for functional genomics in rice, such as complete genome sequencing, high-density genetic maps, a full length cDNA database, genome-wide transcriptome data, and a large number of mutants. Of these, rice mutant lines are very important to definitively determine functions of genes associated with valuable agronomic traits. In this review we summarize the progress of functional genomics approaches in rice using T-DNA mutants.

• Molecules and Cells
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• 제19권3호
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• pp.303-309
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• 2005

The end of eukaryotic genomic DNA is capped by a specialized structure called as "telomere" which consists of the repetitive array of nucleotide sequence, TTAGGG, in humans and mice, and a variety of binding proteins. Telomerase is a ribonucleoprotein (RNP) complex responsible for the elongation of telomeres to maintain the genomic integrity, and is composed of telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT), telomerase RNA component (TERC), and their associated factors regulating the catalytic activity of telomerase. Although it is now apparent that telomerase protects cells from apoptosis via the maintenance of genomic integrity by stabilizing telomeres, our understanding for the physiological role of telomerase is yet far from completion, and emerging evidence suggests that telomerase has additional extratelomeric roles in mediating cell survival and anti-apoptotic functions against various cytotoxic stresses. Here we summarize and discuss how telomerase and telomeres are involved in mediating cellular protection against apoptosis.

• BMB Reports
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• 제38권3호
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• pp.266-274
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• 2005

High temperature requirement A (HtrA) and its homologues constitute the HtrA familiy proteins, a group of heat shock-induced serine proteases. Bacterial HtrA proteins perform crucial functions with regard to protein quality control in the periplasmic space, functioning as both molecular chaperones and proteases. In contrast to other bacterial quality control proteins, including ClpXP, ClpAP, and HslUV, HtrA proteins contain no regulatory components or ATP binding domains. Thus, they are commonly referred to as ATP-independent chaperone proteases. Whereas the function of ATP-dependent chaperone-proteases is regulated by ATP hydrolysis, HtrA exhibits a PDZ domain and a temperature-dependent switch mechanism, which effects the change in its function from molecular chaperone to protease. This mechanism is also related to substrate recognition and the fine control of its function. Structural and biochemical analyses of the three HtrA proteins, DegP, DegQ, and DegS, have provided us with clues as to the functional regulation of HtrA proteins, as well as their roles in protein quality control at atomic scales. The objective of this brief review is to discuss some of the recent studies which have been conducted regarding the structure and function of these HtrA proteins, and to compare their roles in the context of protein quality control.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• 제12권5호
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• pp.490-494
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• 1991

The ${\beta} to {\alpha}$ phase transition in silver iodide is studied with the (N, V, E) and (N, P, T) molecular dynamics (MD) method. In experiments, the phase transition temperature is 420 K. Upon heating of ${\beta}$ form, the iodine ions undergo hcp to bcc transformation and silver ions become mobile. MD simulations for the ${\beta}$ and ${\alpha}$ phases are carried out at several temperatures and the radial distribution functions (rdf) are obtained at those temperatures in the (N, V, E) ensemble. But the phase transition is not found in our calculation. Next the phase transition is studied with the (N, P, T) MD and we find some evidences of phase transition. At 3 Kbars and 2 Kbars the phase transition temperatu re is about 300 K. For 3.55 Kbars, the phase transition is higher (420 K) than the low pressure case. The phase transition temperature is somewhat dependent on the pressure in our calculations.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제45권5호
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• pp.599-609
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• 2021

Ginseng has long been considered as an herbal medicine. Recent data suggest that ginseng has antiinflammatory properties and can improve learning- and memory-related function in the central nervous system (CNS) following the development of CNS neuroinflammatory diseases such as Alzheimer's disease, cerebral ischemia, and other neurological disorders. In this review, we discuss the role of ginseng in the neurovascular unit, which is composed of endothelial cells surrounded by astrocytes, pericytes, microglia, neural stem cells, oligodendrocytes, and neurons, especially their blood-brain barrier maintenance, anti-inflammatory effects and regenerative functions. In addition, cell-cell communication enhanced by ginseng may be attributed to regeneration via induction of neurogenesis and angiogenesis in CNS diseases. Thus, ginseng may have therapeutic potential to exert cognitive improvement in neuroinflammatory diseases such as stroke, traumatic brain injury, multiple sclerosis, Parkinson's disease, and Alzheimer's disease.