Objectives : To examine changes in Korean Medicine during Japanese occupation through major Joseoneo dictionaries. Methods : Based on the Keun Sajeon, published in 1957 by the Korean Language Society, the most recently published among the major dictionaries under Japanese occupation, key Korean Medical terminology in the Joseoneo Sajeon, published in 1920 by the governor-general of Joseon, and the Joseoneo Sajeon, published in 1938 by Mun Seyeong were analyzed. The differences among the dictionaries provided insight into the situation which Korean Medicine was in. Results : 1) There was a lack of consistency among Korean Medical terminology. 2) Changes in medical policies and legislation were reflected in the Korean Medical terminology without much delay. 3) Korean Medicine was distinguished as a separate category in the Keun Sajeon for the first time. 4) With the exception of Korean Medicine specific terminology, most were explained using 'modern' concepts and ontology. Conclusions : Modernization lead by the Japanese splintered many areas of Joseon society, and Korean Medicine was no exception. This transition period as reflected in the terminology within the Joseoneo dictionaries show that Korean Medicine went through a process of regulation by changes in medical policies and legislation, while new, modern studies brought in by the Japanese started replacing language and ontology of pre-occupation Joseon. A look into Korean Medicine during Japanese occupation through Joseoneo dictionaries allows us to examine the connection between Korean Medicine and the more broader historical context in which it was situated.
Objectives : To investigate the modern research achievements of agarwood and its association with the efficacy of herbal medicine based on the in vivo and in vitro activities of volatile compounds detected in agarwood. Methods : Databases such as PubMed and ScienceOn were searched for medicinal in vivo and in vitro activity studies on agarwood. They were categorized into "medicine and pharmacy" and "others not related to medicine and pharmacy," and the studies on medicine and pharmacy were organized according to active efficacy. The efficacy and virtue of agarwood as identified in the book (or herbal medicine/herbology) corresponded to modern medical terms and diseases in reference to the . Separately, the Gas Chromatography & Mass spectrometer (GC-MS) analysis results of agarwood from a total of 5 production areas of Aquilaria crassna from Vietnam, Indonesia, Malaysia, Myanmar, and Cambodia as identified in previous studies were consulted to search for research papers on the medicinal activity of the 13 compounds of the aromatic sesquiterpene family detected in agarwood, and they were categorized according to topic. Results : There were 123 studies on the medicinal activity of agarwood. Overall, 46 studies on single extracts of agarwood reported activities such as improving mental health, including anti-anxiety and stability, and antiallergic, antioxidant, antibacterial, and digestive system protective effects. In total, 59 papers on the activities of single compounds isolated from agarwood reported anti-inflammatory and mental health benefits. Separately, 13 compounds detected in agarwood, such as α-agarofuran and β-caryophyllene, were reported by 110 studies to have anticancer, stabilizing, antibacterial, and anti-inflammatory activities. There were also papers on the cultivation methods and resin formation conditions of agarwood trees unrelated to the efficacy of herbal medicine. Conclusion : Among the pharmacological papers, a total of 57 papers corresponded to the effects of agarwood in traditional herbal medicine, including 33 papers related to agarwood extracts and 24 papers analyzing 8 types of sesquiterpenes, such as β-caryophyllene and cedrol, from previous studies. Based on the research findings of each paper, it was possible to correlate the effects of agarwood in traditional herbal medicine with the achievements of modern pharmacological research. In addition, further research is anticipated in new areas related to traditional herbal medicine, including the improvement of mental health such as anti-depression, as well as activities related to anticancer, antioxidant, and hair growth.
This is a preliminary study for examining the identity issue of the current Traditional Korean Medicine(TKM). In order to examine the identity issue, it is necessary to understand "what" current TKM is. The current TKM has been formed in the complicated historical settings and the newly formed academic geography of modern times, completely different from those of the traditional era. This paper took diachronic and synchronic approaches in order to understand the current TKM. In the process of modernization and scientization of the TKM-which had begun in the early twentieth century-the western medical knowledge merged into the TKM. Also, as the College education of the TKM began after the Liberation from the Japanese colonial rule, the TKM scholars accepted the western medical department system to develop the TKM into professional knowledge. Meanwhile, since the late 1970s, the TKM has been influenced by the modern Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM), and the TCM knowledge also merged into the TKM. And recently, the research methodology of the complementary and alternative medicine (CAM), and the clinical research technique of the western medicine-like Evidence based Medicine (EBM)-are affecting the scientization and clinical study of the TKM. The current TKM has been formed as a result of the hybridization of these different knowledges. These changes in the TKM were inevitable for the survival of it in the fast changing world. But these changes brought with them problems. Among those, the identity issue is the most important and crucial.
Needham Problem(NP) is the influential question that English historian of Chinese science Joseph Needham raised, "Why modern science had not developed in the Chinese civilisation but only in that of Europe?" Our objectives in this paper are as follows: First, we will revisit NP in the broad context of the emergence of modernity rather than treating it just as an internal problem of Chinese science. After that, the problem of modernity in Chinese medicine will be discussed from the viewpoint of NP. After NP's intellectual backgrounds are summarized, its value and implications are examined, and then Needham's own answers are presented. Afterwards, we present supplementary hypotheses, adapted from Weber, as our solution to NP in Chinese science and medicine. Needham thought that the European scientific revolution would not have been possible without the rise of modern capitalism. He also believed that Chinese bureaucratism facilitated early development of Chinese science and in turn, inhibited later radical change by interrupting the rise of capitalism. According to our hypotheses, scientific changes are related to social changes, especially to the legitimation crises, which lead to the alternations of mode of justification in sciences. The Chinese society did not go through the legitimation crises as the European society did, and therefore it failed to produce a radically different kind of justification from the traditional one. This is the reason why there was no revolution in science and medicine in China.
To try to determine the type of medical service wanted by the rural population, in Chungnam Province, a survey amongst the populations of 6 counties was conducted; Within the 6 counties, 2 local communities, which had no access to local medical services, were surveyed. The 12 communities were actively involved in Sae-maul activities, and total number of households surveyed, was 822. The survey was conducted over a 1 month period, from July 16th, 1976, thru August 20th, and the followings are the results, summarised. 1. The largest number of respondents desired a combination of Public Health Center and Country Hospital, followed in order by Private Clinic and Modern Medical Facility. 2. The respondents, aged under 40 years, desired the Private Clinic type medical service, whilst those over 40 years of age, wanted the County Hospital, and as the numbers in this age bracket, were larger, so the ratio was much higher. 3. Sex, educational background, and occupation did not play any particular emphasis in the decisions. 4. Monthly income affected the responses to the survey. These in the lower-income bracket, wanted the County Hospital, and the ratio was high. These in the high income bracket desired the Modern Medical Service, accordingly. Those with an income of 50,000 won or less, amongst the low-income bracket, favored the Public Health Sub-center type of service. The ratio for this service was very high.
Background: Electromagnetic fields (EMF) are ubiquitous in modern society including medical field. As the technology of medical instruments and telecommunications has developed rapidly, it has influenced on our lives in many ways. Modern medical practice requires high quality medical equipments, which have a great deal of electromagnetic interference and susceptibility. The purpose of this study were to evaluate electromagnetic condition under usual clinical condition and to suggest a practical guideline in general hospital. Materials and Methods: The actual state of the electromagnetic interference in the medical field was studied under usual clinical conditions including operating rooms, intensive care units, magnetic resonance imaging unit, and hyperthermia unit. Results: There was considerable noise as a result of electromagnetic fields from medical equipments including electrosurgical units and hyperthermia unit, and cellular phones, which could induce serious functional derangements of functioning medical devices. Conclusion: It will be necessary to evaluate the individual electromagnetic situations under various medical conditions and to define a limited zone for cellular phone as well as reposition medical equipments to secure a safer medical practice and to minimize electromagnetic interference.
Ginseng, the root of Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer, is well-known oriental herbal medicine. The number of paper reporting the effects on its physiological, pharmacological, and behavioral effects has been increased every year, since ginsenosides isolated from ginseng are known to be biologically active components. This brief review summarizes some of new findings from recently published papers on ginsenosides or ginseng saponins. Therefore, this paper includes the various effects of ginsenosides on neuronal cell growths, on behavior of experimental animals, on enzyme activities, on the release and uptake of neurotransmitters, on neuronal cell excitability, on the motility of intestine, on antitumor activity, on cardiovascular system and metabolism. In spite of various effects of ginsenosides on various cells or organs, it is still to date impossible for one to clearly explain the exact mechanism on the action of ginsenosides. However, in this article I will discuss several papers providing possible explanations on the physiological and pharmacological actions including signal transudation pathway of ginsenosides. The elucidation of the exact mechanism of ginsenosides on cellular or molecular level will not only give us a chance to explain why people have used ginseng as an elixir of life for several thousands of year but also give us a crucial chance to apply ginseng to modern medicine.
Three important books in the oriental medicine are Huangjenaekyung (medical book), Sanghanron (pharmacological book) and Shinnongbonchokyung (herbal book). Chang, joong-kyung who is the writer of Sanghanron would be recommended as a saint physician and his book, Sanghanron is granted for a best book in this field by Chinese people. Also, Japanese physicians would estimate Sanghanron as the most magnificent book ever written by a human being. Sanghanron contains a lot of confirmations (證) of diseases, their progressing courses and exact therapeutic ways. Therefore modern physicians and pharmacists who are interested in the oriental medicine might study and practice more scientific approach of therapy for patients. The aim of this bibliographical study on Sanghanron is to explain systematically theories of this book and harmonize them with the modern medicinal study: In this study we have acquired three main results, the first is that we could get the coincidence between western & oriental way on the five therapeutic principles-sweating, vomiting, harmonizing, excreting and bleeding : the second, notice the exclusion of the Five Element Theory(the fundamental one in oriental medicine) and the third, found out the possibility of the immunological and neuroscientific explanation for pharmacological application to the oriental medicine.
At the book I of "The Golden Mirror of Medicine[醫宗金鑑] The Elimination and Supplement about Famous Prescription Comments[刪補名醫方論]", 22 prescriptions are recorded. At the first part of the book, it mainly described about the prescriptions of invigorating Gi[補氣], which is followed by the prescriptions on enriching blood and nourishing vital essence fluid[補陰血], and the prescriptions on strengthening Gihyeol[補氣血] and tranquilization[安神] are described at the last part of the book. At the current review, the 8 prescriptions of strengthening Gihyeol[補氣血] and tranquilization[安神] of the last part of the book I will be translated, and compared with the similar related comments in the book of "The Famous Prescription Comments on Ancient and Modern Times[古今名醫方論]" to review about the characteristics of formula, prescriptions notes and the relationship of these contents. In terms of formula, the order of prescriptions to strengthen Gihyeol[補氣血] could be listed from the indirectly strengthening prescriptions to the directly strengthening prescriptions. In addition, the list of prescriptions will be sequenced by following the order of weak strengthening prescriptions to the strong strengthening prescriptions. The order of tranquilization prescription must be ordered for the symptoms showing mild psychological symptoms to severe symptoms in terms of severity of symptom, and will be ordered from the prescriptions highly dependent on invigorating Gi[補氣] to the prescriptionless dependent on invigorating Gi[補氣]. In the way of controlling Premier Fire[相火], these prescriptions are ordered from the prescriptions that use indirect methods to the prescriptions that use direct methods Characteristics of the prescription notes could be mentioned that the herbs of invigorating Gi(補氣) is pivotal in strengthening Gihyeol[補氣血] and the sour flavor and pungent flavor acted as negative and positive[陰陽的] when sour flavor and pungent flavor are used to enrich liver, and that sweet flavor could easily indigested to cause abdominal distension. When comparing with the content of "The Famous Prescription Comments on Ancient and Modern Times[古今名醫方論]", it mostly adopted the content as it is, but differentiation of the formula and addition of 2 new prescriptions with their explanation in the middle of the book could be considered to be creative aspect that helped the convenience of readers.
This study aims to discuss the establishment and development of the Qiantang Medical School(錢塘醫派) represented by Zhang Zhicong(張志聰) via focusing on an academy of Chinese medicine named L$\"{u}$shantang(侶山堂). The teaching method in L$\"{u}$shantang(侶山堂) displays a representative feature of the Qiantang Medical School(錢塘醫派), but the foundation of the method consisting of lectures and discussions had already been laid by Lu Zhiyi(盧之頤) during the Ming-Qing transition period. The tradition was succeeded by Zhong Xuelu(仲學輅) in the Hangyuan Medical Board(杭垣醫局) even after L$\"{u}$shantang(侶山堂) was burnt down during a war taken place under the Qianlong(乾隆) period. That the function and the role of the local Confucian academies, which had been focused on the discussion of Confucian classics and local issues, were changed to adopt the education of medicine which had been treated as a lesser subject may be interpreted as a gradual change in the social perception of medicine. The change in the function of the Confucian academies combined with the tendency in which the literati elites of the period left the Confucian philosophy for medicine presents one of many examples showing the changes occurred during the Ming-Qing transition period. The education of medicine provided by the Confucian academies is regarded historically significant in that it was offered by ordinary civilians rather than the government before the formal school education system was established in the modern period. This educational tradition played an important role in bridging the Chinese medicine in the medieval times with that in the modern period.
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