• Journal of Korea Water Resources Association
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• v.49 no.6
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• pp.519-528
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• 2016

Frequently torrential rain is occurred by climate change and urbanization. Urban is formed with road, residential and underground area. Without detailed topographic flooded analysis consideration can take a result which are wrong flooded depth and flooded area. Especially, flood analysis error of population and assets in dense downtown is causing a big problem for establishments and disaster response of flood measures. It can lead to casualties and property damage. Urban flood analysis is divided into sewer flow analysis and surface inundation analysis. Accuracy is very important point of these analysis. In this study, to confirm the effects of the elevation data precision in the process of flooded analysis were studied using 10m DEM, LiDAR data and 1:1,000 digital map. Study area is Dorim-stream basin in the Darim drainage basin, Sinrim 3 drainage basin, Sinrim 4 drainage basin. Flooding simulation through 2010's heavy rain by using XP-SWMM. Result, from 10m DEM, shows wrong flood depth which is more than 1m. In particular, some of the overflow manhole is not seen occurrence. Accordingly, detailed surface data is very important factor and it should be very careful when using the 10m DEM.

• Journal of Korean Society of Transportation
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.29-42
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• 2016

Speeding is an important factor in traffic safety. Speed not only affects crash severity, but is also related to the possibility of crash occurrence. This study presents results from an analysis of 27,968 speed violation cases collected from 36 red light and speed enforcement cameras at signalized intersections in the city of Cheongju. Data included details of their violation history such as speeding tickets within a recent 3-year span and their demographic characteristics. The goal of this analysis is to understand the correlation between speed violations and various factors in terms of humans, vehicles and road environments. This study used descriptive statistics and Binary Logistics Regression(BLR) analysis with SPSS 20.0 software. The major results of this study are as follows. First, speed violations occurred at rural and suburban area. Second, about 25.6% of the violators committed to more than 20km/h over a speed limit. Third, the difference between speed violators and normal drivers clearly appeared in location of intersection(urban/rural/suburban area), gender and age. Finally, a statistically significant model(Hosmer and Lemeshow test: 11.586, p-value: 0.171) was developed through the BLR.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers B
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• v.38 no.6
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• pp.465-474
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• 2014

To validate the accuracy of the boiling heat flux partitioning model, an experiment was performed to investigate how the wall heat flux is divided into the three heat transfer modes of evaporation, quenching, and single-phase convection during subcooled nucleate boiling on a vertical wall. For the experimental partitioning of the wall heat flux, the wall heat flux and liquid-vapor distributions were simultaneously obtained using synchronized infrared thermometry and the total reflection technique. Boiling experiments of water with subcooling of $10^{\circ}C$ were conducted under atmospheric pressure, and the results obtained at the wall superheat of $12^{\circ}C$ and average heat flux of $283kW/m^2$were analyzed. There was a large difference in the heat flux partitioning results between the experiment and correlation, and the bubble departure diameter and bubble influence factor, which account for a portion of the surrounding superheated liquid layer detached by the departure of a bubble, were found to be important fundamental boiling parameters.

• Asia-Pacific Journal of Business Venturing and Entrepreneurship
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• v.9 no.5
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• pp.33-41
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• 2014

This study aimed to verify those start-up mentoring educational factors in this society where any systematic and practical start-up educational contents as well as experts in the start-up education are being asked for in order to meet the demand for the start-up. Not only to build up a theoretical foundation for how to make the best use of the start-up mentoring education as in the start-up educational programs but also to understand any possibilities of that education, the study divided the start-up mentoring educational factors into features of the start-up mentoring educational contents, a start-up mentoring educational system and an ability of a mentor in charge of start-up mentoring education as independent variables, and regarding the satisfaction with the start-up education and the start-up intention, the study determined them as dependent variables. The study, then, designed a research model and formulated hypotheses. In order to verify those hypotheses, the study conducted an empirical analysis on those who have finished the start-up educational course in JST, Incheon, which has been actively engaging in the start-up mentoring education. According to the results from the empirical analysis, first, of all the start-up mentoring educational factors, the features of the contents and the mentor's ability were observed to improve the satisfaction with the education as the features of the start-up mentoring educational contents and the system appeared to have a positive influence on the start-up intention.

• Journal of Korean Medicine Rehabilitation
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.75-94
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• 2008

Objectives : This study was to investigate the effects of GCP treatment on the monosodium iodoacetate-induced osteoarthritis in rats. Methods : Arthritis was induced by injection of Monosodium lodoacetate(0.5mg) into knee joints of rats. Arthritic rats were divided into control(n=8) and treated(n=8) group. Control group was taken distilled water for 20 days. Treated group was taken extracts of GCP by oraly for same duration. Normal group(n=8) was injected with normal saline and was taken distilled water for 20 days. Body weight was measured at 0, 5, 10, 15, 20 days after injection. Macroscopic examination and histopathological study on articular cartilage of knee joint were operated at 20 days after injection. Proteoglycan(PG) content of articular cartilages of knee joint was represented by safranine O staining, was measured at 20 days injection. Tumor necrosis $factor-{\alpha}$, $Interleukin-1{\beta}$, Interleukin-6 in synovial fluid were measured with ELISA kit at 20 days after injection. Immunohistochemical staining of COX-2, iNOS in knee joints were observed at 20 days after injection. Results : 1. Body weight of the treated group increased compare with control group at 20 days after injection. 2. Macroscopically, degree of osteoarthritis in the treated group were evaluated compared with the control group. 3. PG content in articular cartilage of the treated group was significantly increased compared with the control group. 4. Histopathologically, osteoarthritic scores of the treated group was significantly decreased compared with the control group. 5. $TNF-{\alpha}$ content in synovial fluid of the treated group was decreased compared with the control group. 6. $IL-1{\beta}$ content in synovial fluid of the treated group was significantly decreased compared with the control group. 7. Positive reaction of COX-2 in chondrocytes and synovial membrane of the treated group was faint compared with the control group. Conclusions : On the basis of these results, we concluded that GCP has inhibiting effects on the $IL-1{\beta}$ and COX-2 secretion of chondrocytes and synovial membrane in Monosodium lodoacetate-Induced osteoarthritis model of rats.

• Journal of dental hygiene science
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.135-141
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• 2013

One factor for successful prognosis of finished dental prosthesis is good marginal fit. The purpose of this study in vitro investigation was to compare the marginal fit of all-ceramic crown before and after porcelain veneering, to evaluate the influence of high temperature of the porcelain firing on the fit. For this experiment, model of abutment tooth of maxillary right central incisor was prepared. Ten working models were produced. Ten zirconia cores were made by dental computer aided design/computer aided manufacturing system. The marginal fit of specimens were examined using silicone replica technique. Silicone replicas were sectioned four times and were measured through a digital microscope (${\times}160$). Marginal fit is a distance connected between edge end part of specimen and abutment margin. Each specimens was measured twice, the first measurement was done prior to veneering porcelain firing, while the second measurement was done after the porcelain firing to evaluate this process. Statistical analyses were performed with paired t-test. $Mean{\pm}SD$ marginal fit was $60.8{\pm}14.2{\mu}m$ for zirconia core and $86.1{\pm}13.3{\mu}m$ for all-ceramic crown. They were statistically significant differences (p<0.001). But all specimens showed a marginal fit where the gap widths ranged within the clinical recommendation ($120{\mu}m$), all-ceramic crown production using the zirconia core was adequate.

• Journal of Korean Society of Archives and Records Management
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.76-90
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• 2004

There had been substantial demand for record management system with which to efficiently control the information circulation processes, involving accumulation of recorded materials, classification of information resources, and users access to them. It converged to a collaboration of Australian federation, and Sydney Records Centre and finally induced Australian Standard Records Management, commonly known as AS 4390. AS 4390 served later as a model for International Standard of Record Management. This paper introduces the current undertaking of Recordkeeping system development in Australia, which stems from the line of AS 4390 by analysing exhibited research approaches. The analysis includes the definition, regime of Recordkeeping system, design and implementing of guidelines of Recordkeeping System and information on metadata projects. It also highlights the necessity for standardization, as is the prime factor in promoting inter-linking of Tabularium on New Southwales State, CRS(Commonwealth Record Series), database system of Canberra National Archives and Australian Government Locator Service. From year 2005, as dictates, any record management system, serving public agency will be required to adapt Professional Archives Management System, which, by far, will enhance the inter-compatibility. In its application, the government need Thesaurus to eliminate possible redundancy in use of terminology and to promote correct usage of words.

• Journal of Korean Society of Steel Construction
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• v.22 no.5
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• pp.421-433
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• 2010

The most typical deterioration of steel structures is corrosion damage. However, a method to evaluate residual load-carrying capacity of corroded steel structures is not yet established. It is difficult to check current serviceability and safety of the structures. In this study, compressive tests and finite element analyses were conducted on H-beams with corroded web. Then, the effect of corrosion damage on web crippling strength and evaluation methods of the web crippling strength are studied. Based on the tests, 4 H-beam specimens used in a subway construction site and 9 H-beam specimens with different web-thickness and damaged-height underwent compression-tests. To consider loading and supporting areas in the site, compressive loading was applied in the entire region of the upper and bottom flange in 5 H-beam specimens and applied partially on the regions of the upper and bottom flange in 8 specimens. The finite element analysis of 38 parametric model specimens simulating different corrosion damages was also carried out. From experimental and analytical results, the relationships between corrosion damages in the web and residual web crippling strength are presented. Factors web crippling strength was reduced are formulated by using residual average thickness and the standard deviation of the corroded web thickness. Also, a simple evaluation method of residual web crippling strength was proposed.

• International Journal of Highway Engineering
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.147-156
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• 2011

Since the urbanization process has been taking place, negative outcomes such as environmental pollution and traffic congestion have produced as well. Reflecting the phenomenon, our study assumed that physical structure of urban form were implicit in relation to both economic performance and cost. It can be interpreted that as the urban space has been growing bigger, economic performances such as regional product output, economy of scale and the effect of agglomeration economies are increased. On the contrary, the negative effects such as environmental pollution and traffic congestion were incurred as economic loss and expenses. It means that even though economic performance can help increase regional product output, we should consider the loss on economic expenses which are paid for social problems such as environmental pollution and traffic congestion, which are caused by urbanization. Therefore, this study aims to statistically validate the relationship between traffic congestion as the most representative economy costs and physical characteristics of urban in a large city such as Seoul and to suggest its implications. As a result of model development for empirical analysis, GRDP(0.604), the population(0.582), employment GINI coefficients(0.296), population GINI coefficients(0.254) in order led to congestion cost. We can come to the conclusion that in case of scale factor such as the population, if the population tends to concentrate, urban becomes more crowded and that if GINI coefficients (the population, employment) which are variable on inequality according to region have the disparity with surrounding areas, congestion cost is caused a lot on account of movement related with employment. In addition, this phenomenon was caused if both the population and employment were geographically biased on one side.

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.49 no.4
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• pp.301-308
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• 2013

Programmed Death-1 (PD-1) is one of the important immune-inhibitory molecules which was expressed in T cells, B cells, NKT cells, and macrophages activated by various immune activating factors. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS), the major component of the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria, is one of the crucial immunogens for PD-1 expression. However, there are only a few reports on the expression mechanisms of PD-1 in innate immune cells. In this study, we investigate the expression mechanisms of PD-1 in LPS-stimulated Raw264.7 cell lines by RT-PCR, Western Blot, flow cytometry as well as ChIP assay and co-immunoprecipitation. When Raw264.7 cells were stimulated with LPS, PD-1 expression was greatly up-regulated via PI3K and p38 signaling. Primary macrophages isolated from LPS-injected mice were also shown the increased expression of PD-1. In promoter assay, NF-${\kappa}B$ and IRF-1 binding regions in mouse PD-1 promoter are important for PD-1 expression. We also found that the co-activation of NF-${\kappa}B$ and IRF-1 is indispensable for the maximum PD-1 expression. These results indicate that the modulation of PD-1 expressed in innate immune cells could be a crucial for the disease therapy such as LPS-induced mouse sepsis model.