• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• 제75권1호
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• pp.123-131
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• 2020

The bond performance of glass fibre reinforced polymer (GFRP) bars and that of steel bars embedded in Alkali Activated Cement (AAC) concrete are analysed and compared using pull-out specimens. The bond failure modes, the average bond strength and the free end bond stress-slip curves are used for comparison. Tepfers' concrete ring model is used to further analyse the splitting failure in ribbed steel bar and GFRP bar specimens. The angle the bond forces make with the bar axis was calculated and used for comparing bond behaviour of ribbed steel bar and GFRP bars in AAC concrete. The results showed that bond failure mode plays a significant role in the comparison of the average bond stress of the specimens at failure. In case of pull-out failure mode, specimens with ribbed steel bars showed a higher bond strength while specimens with GFRP bars showed a higher bond stress in case of splitting failure mode. Comparison of the bond stress-slip curves of ribbed steel bars and GFRP bars depicted that the constant bond stress region at the peak is much smaller in case of GFRP bars than ribbed steel bars indicating a basic bond mechanism difference in GFRP and ribbed steel bars.

• 한국수자원학회논문집
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• 제46권1호
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• pp.25-34
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• 2013

본 연구에서는 복렬사주의 모드를 객관적으로 판단할 수 있는 2중 퓨리에 해석을 수행하여 하폭의 변화에 따른 복렬사주의 발달 과정을 정량적으로 분석하였다. 초기에 직선하도에서 하안침식이 발생하고, 하폭 대 수심의 비가 증가하면서 복렬사주가 발달하였다. 사주가 하류로 이동하면서 성장하고, 사주의 주변에서 흐름이 분리되어 하안 침식을 가속시키면서, 지형이 지속적으로 변하여 유사의 유출특성에 영향을 주었다. 2중 Fourier 해석에 의한 하상파(wave)의 분포와 지배적인 성분의 변화를 분석한 결과, 초기에1-1 모드(mode)인 교호사주가 지배적이지만, 시간이 지나면서 하폭이 증가하여 상대적으로 수심이 감소하면서 2-3 모드가 지배적인 것으로 나타났으며, 교호사주의 강한 비선형 특성이 상호작용하기 때문이다. 하안침식이 진행되면서 하폭 대 수심의 비가 증가하고, 무차원 소류력이 감소하였다. 하폭 대 수심의 비가 증가할수록 사주의 이동속도가 감소하고, 사주의 파장은 증가하였다. 무차원 소류력이 증가하면서, 사주의 이동속도는 증가하였다.

• 한국수자원학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국수자원학회 2012년도 학술발표회
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• pp.529-533
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• 2012

본 연구에서는 실내실험을 통하여, 하안침식을 고려한 망상하천에서 저수로의 이동특성을 조사하며, 2중 퓨리에 해석에 의하여 사주의 거동특성을 분석하였다. 실내실험은 평균입경이 1.4 mm이고, 표준편차가 1.35인 균일사로 10 cm 의 두께로 전체가 균등하게 채워진, 길이가 12 m, 넓이 2 m 수로에서 수행하였다. 각 시간별 하도의 지형변화에 대하여 2 중 Fourier 해석에 의한 지배적인 성분, 즉 모드(mode)의 변화를 분석하였다. 여기서 1-1 mode는 교호사주(alternate bars)이고, 1-2 mode와 2-2 mode는 2차 횡방향 모드로서 중앙 사주(central bars)를 나타낸다. 1-3 mode와 2-3 mode는 한 단면에서 횡방향으로 3개의 사주가 형성된 것(triple row bars)를 나타낸다. 초기에는 1-1 mode인 교호사주가 지배적이지만, 시간이 증가함에 따라, 교호사주인 1-1 mode는 감소하고, 한 단면에서 3개의 사주가 형성되는 2-3 mode가 지배적인 것으로 나타났다. 이러한 원인은 시간이 지나면서 사주가 발달하고, 하안침식이 되면서, 하폭이 증가하여 상대적으로 수심이 감소하면서 복렬사주가 발달하기 때문이며, Colombini 등(1987)이 이론적으로 예측한 결과와 잘 일치한다. 한 단면에서 3개의 모드가 나타나는 것은 하상에서 변화를 일으키는데 중요한 역할을 한다. 직선하도에서 사주의 수가 증가하는 것은 교호사주의 강한 비선형으로 상호작용하기 때문이다.

• 한국구조물진단유지관리공학회 논문집
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• 제16권1호
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• pp.27-34
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• 2012

본 연구에서는 기존의 모르타르 충전식 슬리브 철근이음에 대한 부착강도식으로부터 유도한 이 철근이음의 파괴모드 추정방법을 이용하여, AIJ 규준에 의하여 평가한 이 슬리브 철근이음의 강성을 검토하였다. 이것을 위하여 261개 모르타르 충전식 슬리브 철근이음의 기존 실험자료를 채택하여 실험의 결과를 분석한 결과에 의하면 모르타르 충전식 철근이음의 파괴모드 추정방법은 돌기가 없는 강관 슬리브에 SD500 철근을 사용한 철근이음을 제외한 모르타르 충전식 슬리브 철근이음에 대한 강성을 효과적으로 평가할 수 있었다. 그리고 이 슬리브 철근이음의 파괴모드 추정방법에 적용하여 철근의 인장파단 영역에 있는 실험체 중에 주물 슬리브와 돌기가 있는 강관 슬리브를 사용한 실험체에서 SD400 철근을 사용한 경우는 98%, SD500 철근을 사용한 경우는 모든 실험체가 단조가력 시의 강성이 AIJ 규준의 A급 이상인 것으로 나타났고, 철근의 인장파단 영역에 있는 모든 실험체는 슬리브의 종류와 슬리브에 매입한 철근 종류에 관계없이 반복가력 시의 강성이 AIJ 규준의 A급 이상인 것으로 나타났다.

• Earthquakes and Structures
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• 제18권1호
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• pp.113-127
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• 2020

In this study, the behavior of external beam-column joints reinforced by plain and deformed bars with non-seismic reinforcement details is investigated and compared. The beam-column joints represented in this study include a benchmark specimen by seismic details in accordance with ACI 318M-11 requirements and four other deficient specimens. The main defects of the non-seismic beam-column joints included use of plain bar, absence of transverse steel hoops, and the anchorage condition of longitudinal reinforcements. The experimental results indicate that using of plain bars in non-seismic beam-column joints has significantly affected the failure modes. The main failure mode of the non-seismic beam-column joints reinforced by deformed bars was the accumulation of shear cracks in the joint region, while the failure mode of the non-seismic beam-column joints reinforced by plain bars was deep cracks at the joint face and intersection of beam and column and there was only miner diagonal shear cracking at the joint region. In the other way, use of plain bars for reinforcing concrete can cause the behavior of the substructure to be controlled by slip of the beam longitudinal bars. The experimental results show that the ductility of non-seismic beam-column joints reinforced by plain bars has not decreased compared to the beam-column joints reinforced by deformed bars due to lack of mechanical interlock between plain bars and concrete. Also it can be seen a little increase in ductility of substructure due to existence of hooks at the end of the development length of the bars.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• 제63권5호
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• pp.629-637
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• 2017

Continuous concrete beams are commonly used as structural members in the reinforced concrete constructions. The use of fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) bars provide attractive solutions for these structures particularly for gaining corrosion resistance. This paper presents experimental results of eight two-span continuous concrete beams; two of them reinforced with pure glass fiber reinforced polymer (GFRP) bars and six of them reinforced with combinations of GFRP and steel bars. The continuous beams were tested under monotonically applied loading condition. The experimental load-deflection behavior and failure mode of the continuous beams were examined. In addition, the continuous beams were analyzed with a numerical method to predict the load-deflection curves and to compare them with the experimental results. Results show that there is a good agreement between the experimental and the theoretical load-deflection curves of continuous beams reinforced with pure GFRP bars and combinations of GFRP and steel bars.

• 한국콘크리트학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국콘크리트학회 2002년도 봄 학술발표회 논문집
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• pp.935-940
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• 2002

This paper presents the failure mode on Headed Bars and prediction of tensile capacity, which is governed by concrete cone failure. 17 different plate types, three different concrete strengths and three different welding types of specimens were simulated. Static tensile load was applied Headed Bars were manufactured in different areas, and their shape and thickness are based on ASTM 970-98. Calculation of embedment length in concrete is conducted based on CSA 23.3-94, and static tensile load was applied. Tested pullout capacities were compared to the values determined using current design methods such as ACI-349 and CCD method.

• Computers and Concrete
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• 제22권6호
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• pp.573-592
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• 2018

An analytical methodology for the calculation of the flexural and the shear capacity of concrete members with Fibre-Reinforced-Polymer (FRP) bars as tensional reinforcement is proposed. The flexural analysis is initially based on the design provisions of ACI 440.1R-15 which have properly been modified to develop general charts that simplify computations and provide hand calculations. The specially developed charts include non-dimensional variables and can easily be applied in sections with various geometrical properties, concrete grade and FRP properties. The proposed shear model combines three theoretical considerations to facilitate calculations. A unified flexural/shear approach is developed in flow chart which can be used to estimate the ultimate strength and the expected failure mode of a concrete beam reinforced with longitudinal FRP bars, with or without transverse reinforcement. The proposed methodology is verified using existing experimental data of 138 beams from the literature, and it predicts the load-bearing capacity and the failure mode with satisfactory accuracy.

• 한국농공학회논문집
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• 제46권1호
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• pp.41-51
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• 2004

FRP re-bar in concrete structures could be used as a substitute of steel re-bars for that cases in which aggressive environment produce high steel corrosion, or lightweight is an important design factor, or transportation cost increase significantly with the weight of the materials. But FRP fibers have only linearly elastic stress-strain behavior; whereas, steel re-bar has linear elastic behavior up to the yield point followed by large plastic deformation and strain hardening. Thus, the current FRP re-bars are not suitable concrete reinforcement where a large amount of plastic deformation prior to collapse is required. The main objectives of this study in to evaluate the tensile behavior and the fracture mode of hybrid FRP re-bar. Fracture mode of hybrid FRP re-bar is unique. The only feature common to the failure of the hybrid FRP re-bars and the composite is the random fiber fracture and multilevel fracture of sleeve fibers, and the resin laceration behavior in both the sleeve and the core areas. Also, the result of the tensile and interlaminar shear stress test results of hybrid FRP re-bar can provide its excellent tensile strength-strain and interlaminar stress-strain behavior.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• 제11권4호
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• pp.357-372
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• 2001

In this paper, cantilevered tall structures are treated as cantilever bars with varying cross-section for the analysis of their free longitudinal (or axial) vibrations. Using appropriate transformations, exact analytical solutions to determine the longitudinal natural frequencies and mode shapes for a one step non-uniform bar are derived by selecting suitable expressions, such as exponential functions, for the distributions of mass and axial stiffness. The frequency equation of a multi-step bar is established using the approach that combines the transfer matrix procedure or the recurrence formula and the closed-form solutions of one step bars, leading to a single frequency equation for any number of steps. The Ritz method is also applied to determine the natural frequencies and mode shapes in the vertical direction for cantilevered tall structures with variably distributed stiffness and mass. The formulae proposed in this paper are simple and convenient for engineering applications. Numerical example shows that the fundamental longitudinal natural frequency and mode shape of a 27-storey building determined by the proposed methods are in good agreement with the corresponding measured data. It is also shown that the selected expressions are suitable for describing the distributions of axial stiffness and mass of typical tall buildings.