• Proceedings of the Korean Vacuum Society Conference
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• 2014.02a
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• pp.295-295
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• 2014

일반적으로 박막 태양전지의 효율은 박막 종류에 따른 광 흡수율에 의해 결정되며, 이는 증착한 박막의 두께에 의해 결정된다. 증착한 박막의 두께가 두꺼워질수록 광 흡수율은 증가하지만, 박막 두께가 지나치게 두꺼워지면 열화 현상으로 인한 모듈의 효율 감소가 생기므로 적절한 박막의 두께가 요구된다. 특히 a-Si:H의 경우 가시광 영역에서 높은 흡수계수를 가지고 있어서 얇은 박막 두께로도 태양전지의 제작이 가능하지만, 동일한 박막 두께에서 효율을 더욱 향상시키기 위한 다양한 광 포획 기술에 대한 연구가 많이 진행 되고 있다. 본 연구에서는 자외선을 이용한 nano-imprint lithography 기술을 이용하여 a-Si:H 태양전지의 유리기판 위에 pattern을 삽입하여 광 산란 효과를 향상 시키고자 하였다. 또한 유리기판의 굴절률 (n=1.5)과 투명전극의 굴절률 (n=1.9)의 중간 값을 갖는 ZnO nanoparticles (n=1.7)이 분산 된 imprinting resin을 사용함으로써 점진적으로 굴절률을 변화시켜, 최종적으로 a-Si:H 층까지의 광 투과율을 높이고자 하였다. 제작한 기판의 종류는 다음과 같다. 첫 번째 기판으로는 유리기판 위에 ZnO nanoparticles이 분산 된 imprinting resin을 spin-coating 하여 점진적인 굴절률의 변화에 의한 투과도 향상을 확인하고자 하였다. 두 번째 기판으로는 규칙적인 배열을 갖는 micro 크기의 패턴을 형성하였다. 마지막으로는 불규칙한 배열을 갖는 nano 크기와 micro 크기가 혼재 된 패턴을 형성하여 투과도 향상과 동시에 빛의 산란을 증가시키고자 하였다. 후에 이 세가지 종류를 기판으로 사용하여 a-Si:H 기반의 박막 태양전지를 제작하였다. 먼저 제작한 박막 태양전지용 기판의 광학적 전기적 특성을 분석하였다. 유리 기판 위에 형성한 패턴에 의한 roughness 변화를 확인하기 위해 atomic force microscopy (AFM)를 이용하여 시편의 표면을 측정하였다. 또한 제작한 유리 기판 위에 투명 전극층을 형성 후, 이로 인한 전기적 특성의 변화를 확인하기 위해 hall measurement system을 이용하여 sheet resistance, carrier mobility, carrier concentration 등의 특성을 측정하였다. 또한, UV-visible photospectrometer 장비를 이용하여 각 공정마다 시편의 광학적 특성(투과도, 반사도, 산란도, 흡수도 등)을 측정하였고, 최종적으로 제작한 박막 태양전지의 I-V 특성과 외부양자효율을 측정하여 태양전지의 효율 변화를 확인하였다. 그 결과 일반적인 유리에 기판에 제작된 a-Si:H 기반의 박막 태양전지에 비해, ZnO nanoparticles이 분산 된 imprinting resin을 spin-coating 하여 점진적인 굴절률 변화를 준 것만으로도 약 12%의 태양전지 효율이 증가하였다. 또한, micro 크기의 패턴과 nano-micro 크기가 혼재된 패턴을 형성한 경우 일반적인 유리를 사용한 경우에 비해 각각 27%, 36%까지 효율이 증가함을 확인하였다.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Electrical and Electronic Material Engineers Conference
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• 2003.07a
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• pp.352-356
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• 2003

A stoichiometric mixture of evaporating materials for $CuGaSe_2$ single crystal am films was prepared from horizontal electric furnace. Using extrapolation method of X-ray diffraction patterns for the polycrystal $CuGaSe_2$, it was found tetragonal structure whose lattice constant $a_0$ and $c_0$ were $5.615\;{\AA}\;and\;11.025\;{\AA}$, respectively. To obtain the single crystal thin films, $CuGaSe_2$ mixed crystal was deposited on thoroughly etched semi-insulating GaAs(100) substrate by the hot wall epitaxy (HWE) system. The source and substrate temperatures were $610^{\circ}C$ and $450^{\circ}C$, respectively, The crystalline structure of the single crystal thin films was investigated by the photoluminescence and double crystal X-ray diffraction (DCXD). The carrier density and mobility of $CuGaSe_2$ single crystal thin films measured with Hall effect by van der Pauw method are $9.24{\times}10^{16}\;cm^{-3}$ and $295\;cm^2/V{\cdot}s$ at 293 K, respectively. The temperature dependence of the energy band gap of the $CuGaSe_2$ obtained from the absorption spectra was well described by the Varshni's relation, $E_g(T)\;:\;1.7998\;eV\;-\;(8.7489\;{\times}\;10^{-4}\;eV/K)T^2(T\;+\;335\;K)$. After the as-grown $CuGaSe_2$ single crystal thin films was annealed in Cu-, Se-, and Ga-atmospheres, the origin of point defects of $CuGaSe_2$ single crystal thin films has been investigated by the photoluminescence(PL) at 10 K. The native defects of $V_{CU}$, $V_{Se}$, $CU_{int}$, and $Se_{int}$, obtained by PL measurements were classified as a donors or accepters type. And we concluded that the heat-treatment in the Cu-atmosphere converted $CuGaSe_2$ single crystal thin films to an optical n-type. Also, we confirmed that Ga in $CuGaSe_2/GaAs$ did not form the native defects because Ga in $CuGaSe_2$ single crystal thin films existed in the form of stable bonds.

• Journal of Korean Society of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.225-236
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• 2016

Objectives: Nanomaterials have been used in various fields. As use of nanoproducts is increasing, workers dealing with nanomaterials are also gradually increasing. Exposure assessments for nanomaterials have been carried out for protection of worker's health in workplace. Exposure studies were mainly focused on manufacturing processes, but these studies on after-treatment processes such as refinement, weighing, and packing were insufficient. So, we investigated exposure characteristics of particles during after-treatment processes of $Al_2O_3$ fibers and Ni powders. Methods: Mass-production of Ni powder process was carried out in enclosed capture-type canopy hood. In a developing stage, $Al_2O_3$ was handled with a local ventilation unit. Exposure characteristics of particles were investigated for $Al_2O_3$ fiber and Ni powder processes during the periods of 10:00 to 16:00, 20 May 2014 and 13:00 to 16:00, 21 May 2014, respectively. Three real-time aerosol instruments were utilized in exposure assessment. A scanning mobility particle sizer(SMPS, nanoscan, model 3910, TSI) and an optical particle counter(OPC, portable aerosol spectrometer, model 1.109, Grimm) were used to determine the particle size distribution in the size range of 10-420 nm and $0.25-32{\mu}m$, respectively. In addition, a nanoparticle aerosol monitor(NAM, model 9000, TSI) was used to measure lung-deposited nanoparticle surface area. Membrane filters(isopore membrane filter, pore size of 100 nm) were also used for air sampling for the FE-SEM(model S-5000H, Hitachi) analysis using a personal sampling pump(model GilAir Plus by 2.5 L/min, Gilian). Conclusions: For Ni powder after-treatment process, only 27% increase in particle concentration was found during the process. However, for $Al_2O_3$ fiber after-treatment process, significant exposure(1.56-3.34 times) was observed during the process.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers B
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• v.34 no.8
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• pp.755-760
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• 2010

In this study, we mainly focused on the PM (Particulate Matter) emission characteristics of a diesel engine. To analyze particle behavior in the tail-pipe, particle emission was measured on the engine-out (downstream of turbocharger), each upstream and downstream both of DOC (Diesel Oxidation Catalyst) and DPF (Diesel Particulate Filter). Moreover, particle emission contours on each sampling point were constructed. The reduction efficiency of particle number concentration and mass through the DOC and DPF was studied. Parameters such as EGR (Exhaust Gas Recirculation) and the main injection timing were varied in part load conditions and evaluated using the engine-out emissions. The DMS500 (Differential Mobility Spectrometer) was used as a particle measurement instrument that can measure particle concentrations from 5 nm to 1000 nm. Nano-particles of sizes less than 30 nm were reduced by oxidation or coagulated with solid particles in the tail-pipe and DOC. The DPF has a very high filtration efficiency over all operating conditions except during natural regeneration of DPF.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.423-431
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• 1993

Long chain alcohols, the mixtures of 1-hexadecanol/1-octadecanol, were used as cosurfactants for O/W emulsion prepared with glycerol monostearate/POE(100) monostearate mixed nonionic surfactants, and the phase behavior and flow properties of O/W emulsions were observed. The transition temperature of long chain alcohol was varied with the composition of 1-hexadecanol/1-octadecanol and had the lowest value when the mixed ratio of 1-hexadecanol/1-octadecanol was 2/1. The liquid crystalline phase was formed as the addition of long chain alcohol and the secondry droplet, the flocculate of the emulsion particles, was made, and thus the viscosity of the emulsion was increased. When the temperature of emulsion system was under the transition temperature of long chain alcohol, the mobility of hydrocarbon group of long chain alcohol was restricted, and thus gel structure was formed and the viscosity of the the O/W emulsion was increased, but along with the time, the liquid crystalline phase was disappeared and the viscosity of emulsion was decreased. Long chain alcohol/nonionic surfactants/water formed the liquid crystalline phase when the long chain alcohol was added above the saturation point of solution(2 wt% in this experoment), and the secondry droplet didn't formed when the long chain alcohol was added more than a certain amount (10 wt% in this experiment).

• Journal of Korean Society of Transportation
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• v.25 no.5
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• pp.101-109
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• 2007

Two variations of toll roads exist: mainline toll plazas and entry/exit tolls. On a mainline toll system(open toll scheme), all vehicles stop at various locations along the highway to pay a toll. While this may save money from the lack of need to construct tolls at every exit, it can cause lots of traffic congestion, and drivers could evade tolls by going around them. With entry/exit tolls, vehicles collect a ticket when entering the highway, which displays the fares it will pay when it exits, increasing in cost for distance travelled. Upon exit, the driver will pay the amount listed for the given exit. The pressures on the Seoul ring roadway network have been changing over time. In the past, the emphasis was on mobility and maintenance of the road network to provide an efficient transportation network, but recently, road use has outstripped the network's ability to extend and expand the road network and hence the policy emphasis has moved towards reducing free riders rather than mitigating its effects. In addition to this pressure is an incidental pressure, which argues that provision of free ride segments generates further traffic in isolation of other factors. This paper is examining policies to reduce the burden of traffic congestion in Seoul ring roadway which is used open toll scheme for decades. One key mechanism to achieve this policy aim is automatic charging mechanism on freeway, but if a nation-wide electronic toll collection is to be implemented successfully, there are a number of prerequisites which must be place.

• Journal of Korean Society of Transportation
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.107-122
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• 2016

This study aims to develop a framework to estimate mobile source emissions with the macroscopic travel demand model including enhanced estimates of intra-zonal travel emissions using Space Syntax analysis. It is acknowledged that "the land-use and transportation interaction model explains the influence of urban structure on accessibility and mobility pattern". Based upon this theory, the estimation model of intra-zonal travel emissions is presented with the models of total travel distance, total travel demand, and average travel speed of intra-zonal trips. Thess statistical models include several spatial indices derived from the Space Syntax analysis. It explains that urban spatial structure is a critical factor for intra-zonal travel emissions, which is lower in compact zone with smaller portion of land area, lower sprawl indicator, and more grid-type of road network. Also the suggested framework is applied in the evaluation of the effectiveness of bicycle lane project in Suwon, Korea. The estimated emissions including intra-zonal travel is as double as the results only with inter-zonal demands, which shows better performance of the suggested framework for more realistic outcomes. This framework is applicable to the estimation of mobile source emissions in nation-wide and the assessment of transportation-environment policies in regional level.

• Journal of Sensor Science and Technology
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• v.10 no.6
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• pp.328-337
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• 2001

The stochiometric mix of evaporating materials for the $CdGa_2Se_4$ single crystal thin films was prepared from horizontal furnace. To obtain the single crystal thin films, $CdGa_2Se_4$ mixed crystal was deposited on thoroughly etched semi-insulating GaAs(100) substrate by the Hot Wall Epitaxy (HWE) system. The source and substrate temperature were $630^{\circ}C$ and $420^{\circ}C$, respectively. The crystalline structure of single crystal thin films was investigated by the photoluminescence and double crystal X-ray diffraction (DCXD). The carrier density and mobility of $CdGa_2Se_4$ single crystal thin films measured from Hall effect by van der Pauw method are $8.27{\times}10^{17}cm^{-3}$, $345\;cm^2/V{\cdot}s$ at 293 K, respectively. From the photocurrent spectrum by illumination of perpendicular light on the c-axis of the $CuInSe_2$ single crystal thin film, we have found that the values of spin orbit splitting ${\Delta}So$ and the crystal field splitting ${\Delta}Cr$ were 106.5 meV and 418.9 meV at 10 K, respectively. From the photoluminescence measurement on $CdGa_2Se_4$ single crystal thin film, we observed free excition ($E_x$) existing only high quality crystal and neutral bound exiciton ($D^{\circ}$, X) having very strong peak intensity. Then, the full-width-at -half-maximum(FWHM) and binding energy of neutral donor bound excition were 8 meV and 13.7 meV, respectivity. By Haynes rule, an activation energy of impurity was 137 meV.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.209-218
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• 1993

The behaviour of insectcide ethoprophos (O-ethyl S,S-propyl phosphorodithioate) in soil was investigated. In a laboratory study, the degradation of ethoprophos in soil followed first-order reaction kinetics. The half-life of the insecticide in the soil incubated with 10, 18 and $25^{\circ}C$ was 12.4, 5.5 and 2.5 days, respectively. Arrhenius activation energy was 73.8 KJ/mole. The half-life was 46.4, 17.6 and 6.9 day in the soil with 7, 14 and 19% of soil water content, respectively. The moisture dependence B value in empirical equation was 1.67. The adsorption isotherm for ethoprophos in the soil agreed with freundlich equation. The adsorption distribution coefficient (Kd) was 0.27. In a field study prepared in autumn with undisturbed soil column in a mini-lysimeter system, ethoprophos residues were largely distributed in the top $0{\sim}2cm$ soil layer and moved down to the top 6cm soil layer. Persistence of ethoprophos in field soil was correlated with variation in weather pattern during the period of experiments. The half-life of ethoprophos treated at March and October was about 17 and 5 days, respectively. The ethoprophos woil was degraded up to 90% at 37day after the both treatment. In persistence and mobility of ethoprophos in field soil, the observed data were reasonably corresponded with predicted data by some computer model of pesticide behaviour.

• Journal of Sensor Science and Technology
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.134-141
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• 2014

A stoichiometric mixture of evaporating materials for $BaIn_2Se_4$ epilayers was prepared from horizontal electric furnace. To obtain the single crystal thin films, $BaIn_2Se_4$ mixed crystal was deposited on thoroughly etched semi-insulating GaAs(100) substrate by the Hot Wall Epitaxy (HWE) system. The source and substrate temperatures were $620^{\circ}C$ and $400^{\circ}C$, respectively. The crystalline structure of the epilayers was investigated by the photoluminescence and double crystal X-ray diffraction (DCXD). The carrier density and mobility of $BaIn_2Se_4$ epilayers measured from Hall effect by van der Pauw method are $8.94{\times}10^{17}cm^{-3}$ and 343 $cm^2/vs$ at 293 K, respectively. The temperature dependence of the energy band gap of the $BaIn_2Se_4$ obtained from the absorption spectra was well described by the Varshni's relation, $E_g(T)$=2.6261 eV-$(4.9825{\times}10^{-3}eV/K)T^2/(T+558 K)$. The crystal field and the spin-orbit splitting energies for the valence band of the $BaIn_2Se_4$ have been estimated to be 116 meV and 175.9 meV, respectively, by means of the photocurrent spectra and the Hopfield quasicubic model. These results indicate that the splitting of the ${\Delta}so$ definitely exists in the ${\Gamma}_5$ states of the valence band of the $BaIn_2Se_4/GaAs$ epilayer. The three photocurrent peaks observed at 10 K are ascribed to the $A_1-$, $B_1$-exciton for n = 1 and $C_{21}$-exciton peaks for n=21.