• 제목/요약/키워드: mixture process

검색결과 2,049건 처리시간 0.037초

Autoradiographic Studies on the Inhibitory Effect of Dibutyryl Cyclic AMP on Mouse Oocyte Maturation in Vitro (Dibutyryl Cyclic AMP가 생쥐여포난자의 성숙에 미치는 억제효과에 관한 자기방사법적 연구)

  • Choi, Choon-Keun
    • Applied Microscopy
    • /
    • 제7권1호
    • /
    • pp.21-43
    • /
    • 1977
  • This experiment was undertaken in order to localize the labeled dbcAMP (dibutyryl cyclic AMP) in oocytes whose development has been suppressed by cold dbcAMP for 6 or 19 hours in vitro. Mouse oocytes were obtained from the ovaries of 3-4 week old A strain female mice, by puncturing the Graafian follicles in the modified Krebs-Ringer bicarbonate salt solution under the dissecting microscope. Those oocytes which have intact germinal vesicle were cultured in the basic culture medium supplemented with 0.4% bovine serum albumin (BSA). Cultivation of the oocytes was carried out in a microtube developed by Cho (1974). The cultures were then incubated in a humidified 5% CO2CO2 incubator maintained at 37C37C for 6 or 19 hours (Donahue, 1968). DbcAMP was added to culture medium for a final concentration of 100ug/ml, and 3Hdbc3Hdbc AMP (specific activity 13 Ci/mM) for a final concentration of 40μCi/ml40μCi/ml was also added to the medium. For electron microscopic autoradiography, those oocytes recovered from the culture were washed with phosphate buffer (pH 7.4), and immediately prefixed in a 2.5% glutaraldehyde overnight and postfixed for 2 hours at 4C4C in 1% osmium tetroxide in phosphate buffer with pH 7.4 (Palade, 1952). After fixation, the materials were dehydrated in graded alcohol series and embedded in Epon 812 mixture based on the standard procedures (Luft, 1961). The thin sections 600700\AA600700\AA thick were mounted on the grids of 200 meshes. The grids containing sections were coated with a nuclear emulsion Kodak NTB-3 and stored in a cold dark box (at 4C4C) for 3 weeks. After exposure, the samples were developed with Kodak D-19 and stained with uranyl acetate and lead citrate. Routine observation was made with Hitachi HU-11E electron microsocope. The results of the observation were as followings: 1. It was found that the labeled dbcAMP penetrated the egg plasma membrane and dispersed at random in the cytoplasm. 2. It was also observed that most of the labeled dbcAMP was attached to microfibrillar lattices portion of the oocyte cytoplasm. There fore, it is presumed that the receptor of the dbcAMP is localized in the microfibrillar lattices of the oocyte. 3. It also seems that some other cell organells such as mitochondria, Golgi complex, cortical granules are not directly related to the action of the dbcAMP. 4. The labeled dbcAMP was neither observed in the membrane nor in the nucleus. Therefore, it seems that there is no relationship between the concentration of dbcAMP and the nuclear membranous permeability. 5. There was no difference in number of dbcAMP particles when oocytes were cultured for 6 hours and 19 hours. 6. However, it was observed that, in same of the oocytes suppressed in germinal vesicle by dbcAMP for 19 hours, cell organells were moved and concentrated to a small portion of the cytoplasm, and that the morphology of the organells greatly changed to an abnormal. form. Therefore, it is supposed that those oocytes were in the process of degeneration. From the above results, it is expected that dbcAMP penetrated the egg membrane and was bound to the receptor which seems to be located in the microfibrillar lattiees portion, and that this dbcAMP-receptor complex inhibited some enzyme system of the oocytes which are essential for the germinal vesicle breakdown.

  • PDF

Alcoholic Fermentation of Traditional Kanjang by Semi-pilot Scale Bioreactor Systems (Semi-pilot plant 규모 bioreactor를 이용한 재래식 간장의 알코올발효)

  • Kwon, Kwang-Il;Lee, Jong-Gu;Choi, Jong-Dong;Chung, Hyun-Chae;Ryu, Mun-Kyun;Im, Moo-Hyeog;Kim, Ki-Ju;Choi, Yong-Hoon;Kim, Young-Ji;Choi, Cheong;Choi, Kwang-Soo
    • Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
    • /
    • 제35권1호
    • /
    • pp.103-110
    • /
    • 2003
  • Stable production of fermented kanjang containing 1.8% (v/v) ethanol was obtained within four days using traditional kanjang containing 4% added glucose in packed-bed bioreactor systems filled with immobilized Zygosaccharomyces rouxii and Candida versatilis on porous alumina ceramic bead carrier at 28±0.5C28±0.5C and aeration rate of 0.05 vvm. Specific rates of alcohol production for Z. rouxii and C. versatilis were 0.0033 and 0.0031/day, respectively, and those of glucose consumption were both -0.0087/day in the batch type of alcoholic fermentation. In semi-continuous alcoholic fermentation at a dilution rate of 0.25/day, specific rates of alcohol production for Z. rouxii and C. versatilis were 0.0045 and 0.0029/day, and those of glucose consumption were -0.01 and -0.008/day, respectively, using identical bioreactor system. Similar specific rates of alcohol production were observed both in the batch or semi-continuous process and in the continuous one at the dilution rate of 0.25/day. Sensory characteristics of all alcoholic-fermented kanjang by Z. rouxii, C. versatilis, and a mixture of both yeasts (2:1, w/w) were shown to be significantly superior to those of home-made kanjang as revealed through organoleptic evaluation tests (p<0.05).

Supercritical Water Oxidation of Anionic Exchange Resin (초임계수 산화를 이용한 음이온교환수지 분해)

  • Han, Joo-Hee;Han, Kee-Do;Do, Seung-Hoe;Kim, Kyeong-Sook;Son, Soon-Hwan
    • Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
    • /
    • 제28권5호
    • /
    • pp.549-557
    • /
    • 2006
  • The characteristics of supercritical water oxidation have been studied to decompose the waste anionic exchange resins which were produced from a power plant. The waste resins from a power plant were mixture of anionic and cationic exchange resins. The waste anionic exchange resins had been separated from the waste resins using a solid-liquid fluidized bed. It was confirmed that the cationic exchange resins were not included in the separated anionic exchange resins by the elemental and thermogravimetric analysis. A slurry of anionic exchange resins which could be fed continuously to a supercritical water oxidation apparatus by a high pressure pump was prepared using a wet ball mill. Although the COD of liquid effluent had been reduced more than 99.9% at 25.0 MPa and 500C500C within 2 min, the total nitrogen content was reduced only 41%. The addition of nitric acid to the slurry could reduce the total nitrogen content in treated water. The central composite design as a statistical desist of experiments had been applied to optimize the conditions of decomposing anionic resin slurry by means of the COD and total nitrogen contents in treated waters as the key process output variables. The COD values of treated waters had been reduced sufficiently to 99.910099.9100 af the reaction conditions of 500540C500540C, 25.0 MPa within 2 min. The effects of temperature and nitric acid concentration on COD were not significant. However, the effect of nitric acid concentration on the total nitrogen was found to be significant. The regression equation for the total nitrogen had been obtained with nitric acid concentration and the coefficient of determination(r2r2) was 95.8%.

Inhibitor activity of Ulmus davidiana Planch(UD) Herbal Acupuncture Solution on Cathepsin having bone resorption activity (유근피 약침액이 골재흡수 중 Cathepsin에 대한 억제 작용)

  • Kim, Geun-sam;Jo, Hyun-seog;Hwang, Min-seob;Kim, Kap-sung;Lee, Seung-deok
    • Journal of Acupuncture Research
    • /
    • 제22권3호
    • /
    • pp.1-12
    • /
    • 2005
  • It was clarified that ethanol extract herb-acupuncture solution (EE-UD) and hydrotherapy herb-acupuncture solution (WE-UD) in Ulmus davidiana Planch (Ulmaceae), are the excellent inhibitors of cathepsin K and L. WE-UD inhibited cathepsin K when IC50 value was 5.32 g/ml, and suppressed cathepsin L when IC50 value was 6.34 g/ml. However, EE-UD indicated the activity of inhibiting cathepsin K and L in the level of 1.45 g/ml and 2.43 g/ml, thus it showed more significance than WE-UD. It could be observed that EE-VD is an excellent inhibitor to cathepsin K with Ki value of 0.8 g/ml. This activity is increased by 10-fold even in the analytical experiment when having operations like glutathione in pH 7.0. Also, this supports the mixture of GSH thiolate anion, thus it was thought that this increase in effectiveness is probably attributable to the enhanced chemical function in the combinations of herb-acupuncture solution towards a place of activity in enzyme. WE-UD showed the time-dependent inhibiting property, thus it allowed to know the disunion and the compounding speed in constant cathepsin K during the process of experiment. Finally, EE-UD was proved to suppress the absorbent bone ash in the experiment related to osteoclast in rats for test, and to the bone in rodent. It was proved that WE-UD has the effect of inhibiting the protease in cathepsin K and L, and in collagen of bone. These results strongly suggest that it is effective in preventing the progress of bone damage, which was induced due to cathepsin K. Also, it obtained the conclusion that it is effective to the reabsorption activity of bone in the bone marrow cells.

  • PDF

A Feasibility Study on the Use of Liner and Cover Materials Using Sewage Sludge (하수슬러지의 차수재 및 복토재로의 이용타당성에 관한 연구)

  • 유남재;김영길;박병수;정하익
    • Journal of the Korean Geotechnical Society
    • /
    • 제15권2호
    • /
    • pp.43-71
    • /
    • 1999
  • This research is an experimental work of developing a construction material using municipal wastewater sludge as liner and cover materials for waste disposal landfill. Weathered granite soil and flyash, produced as a by-product in the power plant, were used as the primary additives to improve geotechnical engineering properties of sludge. For secondary additives, bentonite and cement were mixed with sludge to decrease the permeability and to increase the shear strength, respectively. Various laboratory test required to evaluate the design criteria for liner and cover materials, were carried out by changing the mixing ratio of sludge with the additives. Basic soil properties such as specific gravity, grain size distribution, liquid and plastic limits were measured to analyze their effects on permeability, compaction, compressibility and shear strength properties of mixtures. Laboratory compaction tests were conducted to find the maximum dry densities and the optimum moisture contents of mixtures, and their effectiveness of compaction in field was consequently evaluated. Permeability tests of variable heads with compacted samples, and the stress-controlled consolidation tests with measuring permeabilities of samples during consolidation process were performed to obtain permeability, and to find the compressibility as well as consolidational coefficients of mixtures, respectively. To evaluate the long term stability of sludges, creep tests were also conducted in parallel with permeability tests of variable heads. On the other hand, for the compacted sludge decomposed for a month, permeability tests were carried out to investigate the effect of decomposition of organic matters in sludges on its permeability. Direct shear tests were performed to evaluate the shear strength parameters of mixed sludge with weathered granite, flyash and bentonite. For the mixture of sludge with cement, unconfined compression tests were carried out to find their strength with varying mixing ratio and curing time. On the other hand, CBR tests for compacted specimen were also conducted to evaluate the trafficability of mixtures. Various test results with mixtures were assessed to evaluate whether their properties meet the requirements as liner and cover materials in waste disposal landfill.

  • PDF

Particulate Matter from Asian Dust Storms Induces the Expression of Proinflammatory Cytokine in A549 Epithelial Cells (PM10이 A549 Cells에서 전염증성 Cytokine발현에 미치는 영향)

  • Kim, Jung Ho;Jeon, Hyo Keun;Kim, Mi Kyeong;Kyung, Sun Yong;An, Chang Hyeok;Lee, Sang Pyo;Park, Jung Woong;Jeong, Sung Hwan
    • Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
    • /
    • 제60권6호
    • /
    • pp.663-672
    • /
    • 2006
  • Background: PM10(Particulate matter with a diameter ($<10{\mu}m$), which is characterized by different environmental conditions, is a complex mixture of organic and inorganic compounds. The Asian dust event caused by meteorological phenomena can also produce unique particulate matter in affected areas. This study investigated the cytokine produced by A549 epithelial cells exposed to particles collected during both the Asian dust pfenomenon and ambient air particles in a non-dusty period. Method: Air samples were collected using a high volume air sampler(Sibata Model HV500F) with an air flow at 500/min for at least 6 hours. The cytokine messenger RNA(mRNA) was measured using a reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction(RT-PCR). The A549 cells were exposed to 10 to 500μg/m of a suspension containing PM10 for 24 hours. Each was compared with those in the non-exposed control cells. Result: The mRNA levels of interleukin(IL)-1α, ILIβ, IL-8, and the granulocyte macrophage colony stimulating factor(GM-CSF) increased after veing exposed to PM10 in the ambient air particles, compared with those in the non-exposed control cells. The increase in IL1α and IL-8 were dose dependent at a PM10 concentration between 100μg/m and 500μg/m. The mRNA level of IL-8 in the A549 epithelial cells was higher during the in the Asian dust period(500μg/m) than during the non dust period. Conclusion: A549 cells exposed to the PM10 collected during the Asian dust period produce more proinflammatory cytokine than during non-dusty period. This cytokine enhances the local inflammatory response in the airways and can also contribute to the systemic component of this inflammatory process.

Synthesis of Ultrasound Contrast Agent: Characteristics and Size Distribution Analysis (초음파 조영제의 합성 및 합성된 초음파 조영제의 특성 분석)

  • Lee, Hak Jong;Yoon, Tae Jong;Yoon, Young Il
    • Ultrasonography
    • /
    • 제32권1호
    • /
    • pp.59-65
    • /
    • 2013
  • Purpose: The purpose of this study is to establish the methodology regarding synthesis of ultrasound contrast agent imaging, and to evaluate the characteristics of the synthesized ultrasound contrast agents, including size or degradation interval and image quality. Materials and Methods: The ultrasound contrast agent, composed of liposome and SF6, was synthesized from the mixture solution of 21μmol DPPC (1, 2-Dihexadecanoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine, C40H80NO8P), 9μmol cholesterol, 1.9μmol of DCP (Dihexadecylphosphate, $[CH_3(CH_2)_{15}O]_2P(O)OH$), and chloroform. After evaporation in a warm water bath and drying during a period of 12-24 hours, the contrast agent was synthesized by the sonication process by addition of buffer and SF6 gas. The size of the contrast agent was controlled by use of either extruder or sonication methods. After synthesis of contrast agents, analysis of the size distribution of the bubbles was performed using dynamic light scattering measurement methods. The degradation curve was also evaluated by changes in the number of contrast agents via light microscopy immediate, 12 hours, 24 hours, 36 hours, 48 hours, 60 hours, 72 hours, and 84 hours after synthesis. For evaluation of the role as an US contrast agent, the echogenicity of the synthesized microbubble was compared with commercially available microbubbles (SonoVue, Bracco, Milan, Italy) using a clinical ultrasound machine and phantom. Results: The contrast agents were synthesized successfully using an evaporation-drying-sonication method. The majority of bubbles showed a mean size of 154.2 nanometers, and they showed marked degradation 24 hours after synthesis. ANOVA test revealed a significant difference among SonoVue, synthesized contrast agent, and saline (p < 0.001). Although no significant difference was observed between SonoVue and the synthesized contrast agent, difference in echogenicity was observed between synthesized contrast agent and saline (p < 0.01). Conclusion: We could synthesize ultrasound contrast agents using an evaporation-drying-sonication method. On the basis of these results, many prospective types of research, such as anticancer drug delivery, gene delivery, including siRNA or microRNA, targeted molecular imaging, and targeted therapy can be performed.

A Study on the Oxy-Combustion of the Coal in Drop Tube Furnace (Drop Tube Furnace에서 석탄의 순산소 연소 특성)

  • Roh, Seon Ah;Yun, Jin Han;Lee, Jung Kyu;Keel, Sang In;Min, Tai Jin;Kim, Sang-Bok;Park, In-Yong;Han, Bangwoo;Kim, Jin-Tae
    • Clean Technology
    • /
    • 제27권4호
    • /
    • pp.367-371
    • /
    • 2021
  • The oxy-combustion system is one of the carbon recovery and storage technologies (CCS: Carbon capture & storage) that performs coal combustion using pure oxygen and recirculated flue gas. This is a technology that facilitates storage of carbon dioxide by generating an exhaust gas consisting of only carbon dioxide without a process of separating carbon dioxide and nitrogen when coal is burned using pure oxygen and recirculated flue gas mixture instead of a conventional air combustion system that produces carbon dioxide and nitrogen mixed exhaust gas. In this study, the characteristics of generated NO and SO2 as atmospheric pollutants during oxy-combustion were examined using O2/CO2 mixed simulation gas. The reaction temperature was varied from 900 ℃ to 1200 ℃ and oxygen partial pressure was varied from 30% to 50%. The results showed that NO and SO2 concentrations in flue gas increased as the oxygen concentration and the reaction temperature in the furnace increased. The partial pressure of CO2 in flue gas also increased as the oxygen concentration and the reaction temperature in the furnace increased. As a results of comparing NO production of 30% O2/CO2 oxy-combustion with air combustion, NO in flue gas increased with reaction temperature in both experiments and NO of oxy-combustion was 40 ~ 80 ppm lower than that of air combustion.

Physicohemical Properties of Extruded Rice Flours and a Wheat Flour Substitute for Cookie Application (압출쌀가루의 이화학적 특성 및 밀가루 대체 쿠키 특성)

  • We, Gyoung Jin;Lee, Inae;Kang, Tae-Young;Min, Joo-Hong;Kang, Wie-Soo;Ko, Sanghoon
    • Food Engineering Progress
    • /
    • 제15권4호
    • /
    • pp.404-412
    • /
    • 2011
  • The purpose of this study is to prepare extruded rice flours suitable for baking rice cookies. The extruded rice flours were prepared at 100 and 130C temperature and 25 and 27% moisture content in a co-rotating twin screw extruder. The rice extrudates were dried at 100C for 18 hr and subsequently ground into the fine flour. Characteristics of the extruded rice flours were examined by rapid visco analysis, hydration property analysis, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and in vitro digestion test. Water absorption, solubility, and swelling power of all extruded rice flours were higher than those of native rice flour. DSC analysis showed that native rice flour had a peak at about 65C while all extruded rice flours did not show any peaks since they were already gelatinized during the extrusion proess. Viscosity of the extruded rice flours decreased with increasing temperature and lowering moisture content in the extrusion proess. The extruded rice flours prepared at 130C exhibited lower viscosity than those prepared at 100C. The operating temperature of the extrusion proess was critical for the starch digestion in vitro. The extruded rice flours prepared at 130C showed a rapid decrease in digestible starch content while an increased level of slowly digestible starch content was observed compared to those treated at 100C in the extruder. Cookies were prepared with a mixture of wheat flour and extruded rice flours at the ratio of 7 to 3. The cookies made with the extruded rice flours had lower spread factor and darker yellow color than those prepared with wheat flour only. Hardness of the extruded rice flour-added cookies was similar to that of the wheat flour cookie whereas their overall acceptance was better. Therefore the rice cookies partially supplemented with extruded rice flours may have a potential as early childhood foods which require soft texture and allergy reduction.

Dry reforming of Propane to Syngas over Ni-CeO2/γ-Al2O3 Catalysts in a Packed-bed Plasma Reactor (충전층 플라즈마 반응기에서 Ni-CeO2/γ-Al2O3 촉매를 이용한 프로페인-합성 가스 건식 개질)

  • Sultana, Lamia;Rahman, Md. Shahinur;Sudhakaran, M.S.P.;Hossain, Md. Mokter;Mok, Young Sun
    • Clean Technology
    • /
    • 제25권1호
    • /
    • pp.81-90
    • /
    • 2019
  • A dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) plasma reactor packed with NiCeO2/γAl2O3 catalyst was used for the dry (CO2) reforming of propane (DRP) to improve the production of syngas (a mixture of H2 and CO) and the catalyst stability. The plasma-catalytic DRP was carried out with either thermally or plasma-reduced NiCeO2/γAl2O3 catalyst at a C3H8/CO2 ratio of 1/3 and a total feed gas flow rate of 300mLmin1. The catalytic activities associated with the DRP were evaluated in the range of 500600C. Following the calcination in ambient air, the γAl2O3 impregnated with the precursor solution (Ni(NO3)2 and Ce(NO3)2) was subjected to reduction in an H2/Ar atmosphere to prepare NiCeO2/γAl2O3 catalyst. The characteristics of the catalysts were examined using X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry (EDS), temperature programmed reduction (H2TPR), temperature programmed desorption (H2TPD, CO2TPD), temperature programmed oxidation (TPO), and Raman spectroscopy. The investigation revealed that the plasma-reduced NiCeO2/γAl2O3 catalyst exhibited superior catalytic activity for the production of syngas, compared to the thermally reduced catalyst. Besides, the plasma-reduced NiCeO2/γAl2O3 catalyst was found to show long-term catalytic stability with respect to coke resistance that is main concern regarding the DRP process.