• 산업경영시스템학회지
• /
• 제46권1호
• /
• pp.84-90
• /
• 2023

ASL estimation of public building is based on how appropriate the maximum age of the asset is derived based on the age record of the asset in the statistical data owned by public institutions. This is because we get a 'constrained' ASL by that number. And it is especially true because other studies have assumed that the building is an Iowa curve R3. Also, in this study, the survival rate is 1% as the threshold value at which the survival curve and the predictable life curve almost coincide. Rather than a theoretical basis, in the national statistical survey, the value of residual assets was recognized from the net value of 10% of the acquisition value when the average service life has elapsed, and 1% when doubling the average service life has elapsed. It is based on the setting mentioned above. The biggest constraint in fitting statistical data to the Iowa curve is that the maximum ASL is selected at R3 150%, and the 'constrained' ASL is calculated by the proportional expression on the assumption that the Iowa curve is followed. In like manner constraints were considered. First, the R3 disposal curve for the RCC(reinforced cement concrete) building was prepared according to the discarding method in the 2000 work, and it was jointly worked on with the National Statistical Office to secure the maximum amount of vintage data, but the lacking of sample size must be acknowledged. Even after that, the National Statistical Office and the Bank of Korea have been working on estimating the Iowa curve for each asset class in the I-O table. Another limitation is that the asset classification uses the broad classification of buildings as a subcategory. Second, if there were such assets with a lifespan of 115 years that were acquired in 1905 and disposed of in 2020, these discarded data would be omitted from this ASL calculation. Third, it is difficult to estimate the correct Iowa curve based on the stub-curve even if there is disposal data because Korea has a relatively shorter construction history, accumulated economic wealth since the 1980's. In other words, "constrained" ASL is an under-estimation of its ASL. Considering the fact that Korea was an economically developing country in the past and during rapid economic development, environmental factors such as asset accumulation and economic ability should be considered. Korea has a short period of accumulation of economic wealth, and the history of 'proper' architectures faithful to building regulations and principles is short and as a result, buildings 'not built properly' and 'proper' architectures are mixed. In this study, ASL of RCC public building was estimated at 70 years.

• Ocean and Polar Research
• /
• 제27권4호
• /
• pp.443-450
• /
• 2005

The ratio of breeding pairs of brown skuas (Catharacta lonnbergi), south polar skuas (C. maccormicki) and mixed species pairs between Barton and Weaver peninsulas remained the same $(X^2-test,\;X^2=0,503,\;df=2,\;p=0.778)$. The nests of skuas were clustered on Barton, whereas they were distributed randomly on the Weaver peninsula. The distance between brown skua nests, and that of mixed species pair nests were longer than those of south polar skua nests. Brown skua nests were distributed along the coast. Whereas, the nests of mixed species pairs and south polar skuas were found more frequently inland (Kruskal-Wallis, $X^2=11.631$, df=2, p<0.005). There was no interspecific difference in the distances between skua nests and Penguin rookery at Barton (Kruskal-Wallis, $X^2=2.153$, df=2, p=0.341) or at King Sejong Station (ANOVA, F=1.483, df=2, p=0.229). In general, skuas prefer lower locales (<125m above sea level) for their nest building sites. Brown skua nests were distributed mainly on the beach, whereas south polar skua were distributed on the predominant periglacial landforms and till areas $(X^2-test,\;X^2=24.988,\;df=8,\;p<0.005)$.

• JSTS:Journal of Semiconductor Technology and Science
• /
• 제3권3호
• /
• pp.139-144
• /
• 2003

We report the results of extensive mixed mode simulations and theoretical analysis to quantify the contribution of the edge direct tunneling (EDT) current on the total gate leakage current of 80nm NMOSFET with SiO2 gate dielectric. It is shown that EDT has a profound impact on basic analog circuit building blocks such as sample-hold (S/H) circuit and the current mirror circuit. A transistor design methodology with zero gate-source/drain overlap is proposed to mitigate the EDT effect. This results in lower voltage droop in S/H application and better current matching in current mirror application. It is demonstrated that decreasing the overlap length also improves the basic analog circuit performance metrics of the transistor. The transistor with zero gate-source/drain overlap, results in better transconductance, input resistance, output resistance, intrinsic gain and unity gain transition frequency.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
• /
• 제39권1호
• /
• pp.41-52
• /
• 2011

본 연구는 목탄을 첨가한 건축자재의 에너지 절감 및 차음특성을 조사하기 위하여 수행되었다. 건축자재 형태에 따른 특성을 조사하기 위하여 3동의 실험 건물을 신축하였다. 이들 실험 건물은 각각 일반건축자재(A), 목탄건축자재(B) 및 목탄 sericite 건축자재(C)를 사용하여 신축하였다. 건축자재 형태별 동절기의 보일러 난방 기름소모량을 조사한 결과, B를 사용할 경우 A를 사용한 건물과 비교하여 평균 9.5%, C를 사용할 경우에는 평균 14.9%의 기름절감 효과를 나타냈다. 특히 기름 절감효과는 외부기온이 낮을수록 큰 것으로 조사되었다. 또한 B를 적용한 건물은 A나 C를 사용한 건물과 비교하여, 난방온도가 상당히 완만하게 낮아졌으며, 보일러 가동 중단 12시간 경과 후 지상 1미터 공기부에서 $3.5{\sim}4.2^{\circ}C$, 바닥표면에서는 $4.4{\sim}5.4^{\circ}C$ 높게 나타났다. 건물 소음시험에 있어서는, 목탄을 포함하는 시험체는 다층건물의 층간소음 기준으로 대표되는 중량충격음과 경량충격음 모두에서 저감효과를 나타냈다.

• International Journal of Knowledge Content Development & Technology
• /
• 제13권1호
• /
• pp.59-74
• /
• 2023

Third places are those that offer a space outside of work and home for people to escape the stress associated with the primary spaces of their lives. Through social interactivity these help in acquiring some emotional support provided by a close and intimate attachment. Such social support can turn into social resources for individuals and can lead to forming communities that may become incubators for social capital through regular visits to shared socializing places. This paper focuses on social interaction that takes place through the third place and the communities that are being created as a contributing factor to knowledge management. The study being reported in this paper investigated the role of coffee shops as third places in building communities and social capital in Kuwait. A mixed-method approach was used to conduct the study. These methods included qualitative methods such as extended conversations in the form of semi-structured interviews and quantitative methods of using questionnaires distributed to coffee shop staff and visitors. Results indicated that importance attached to providing facilities by coffee shops reflected that the owners perceived these as third places. The facilities attracted customers to coffee houses where interactions took place that helped to build communities. The pattern of visits by customers showed that mostly they come in groups and have meetings and gatherings that facilitated and encouraged interactions. The communities that are being built in the coffee shops are indicative of these being perceived as third places by owners, customers, and staff. This study shows the potential of coffee shops as a major sector of the food industry promising a valuable contribution in transformation and transition to a knowl- edge-based economy in Kuwait.

• 한국건축시공학회지
• /
• 제10권4호
• /
• pp.3-9
• /
• 2010

본 연구는 고강도콘크리트의 내화성능 증진에 효과적인 것으로 알려진 섬유(PP+NY) 혼입율 변화에 따른 60 MPa, 80 MPa 3성분계 고강도콘크리트의 유동성 및 강도특성을 검토하고 내화시험을 통해 폭렬현상을 확인하였다. 섬유(PP+NY) 혼입율을 0%, 0.05%, 0.1%, 0.2%로 산정하여 실험한 결과, 유동성 및 강도가 미세하지만 저하하는 것으로 나타났으나, 전반적으로 목표 범위를 만족하는 것으로 나타났다. 3시간 내화 후 폭렬특성으로 0%에서는 폭렬현상이 나타났지만, 0.05%이상에서는 표면에 미세한 균열만 발생하고 피복 탈락현상은 나타나지 않는 것으로 나타났다. 또한 폭렬이 발생되지 않은 공시체의 경우 잔존압축강도율이 5 ~ 6%로 나타났다. 이상 적은 양의 섬유(PP+NY)혼입율인 0.05%이상에서 폭렬현상이 방지되어 가장 양호한 것으로 판단된다.

• Advances in concrete construction
• /
• 제14권1호
• /
• pp.1-13
• /
• 2022

Due to the physical-chemical characteristics of some bottom ash (BA), there are technical, economic and environmental limitations to find a destination that will add value to it. In Brazil, this residue is eventually used for filling coal extraction pits or remains in sedimentation ponds, creating a susceptible panorama to environmental issues. The geopolymers binders are one of the alternatives to the proper use high amounts of these materials. In this work, geopolymeric binder pastes were produced with BA mixed to activators with different alkali contents (expressed as %Na₂O), as well as the incorporation of soluble silicates (Ms content). The production of binary geopolymeric pastes based on the use of two industrial wastes: fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) and aluminum anodizing sludge (AAS), was also assessed. The content in mass of BA/FCC and BA/AAS ranged from 100/0, 90/10; 80/20 and 70/30. Systems with soluble silicates as activator in a molar ratio SiO₂/Na₂O of 1.0 (Ms = 1.0) and Na₂O content of 15%, showed the best results of mechanical strength (42 MPa at day 28^th). The improvement is up to 5X when compared to NaOH based systems. For systems with partial replacement of BA of 10% of AAS and 20% of FCC (80/20), the presence of soluble silicates was also effective to increase compressive strength.

• 한국건축시공학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 한국건축시공학회 2005년도 춘계 학술기술논문발표대회 논문집
• /
• pp.125-131
• /
• 2005

Recently, to improve condition car park, using surface finishing material for variety color and property epoxy resin, urethane, cement mixed resin mortar or polymeric resin, and so on. However, it is frequent noise and wear out of tier and waterproofing materials, when the car slip or stop in car park, To minimize these cases, It is necessary that reduction of repair cost through performance long term durability of surface finishing material, improvement inside condition such as reduce dirty and car accident and ensurance the expected life of concrete slab in car park. Especially, we have not any tech for quality control, construction tech, production technology for car park surface materials, that's why park slab is not safety and suffer a loss. For this problems, this paper is to test surface finishing materials and as that result, suggest quality standard in the car park.

• 한국지진공학회논문집
• /
• 제23권1호
• /
• pp.43-54
• /
• 2019

Existing reinforced concrete frame buildings designed for only gravity loads have been seismically vulnerable due to their inadequate column detailing. The seismic vulnerabilities can be mitigated by the application of a column retrofit technique, which combines high-strength near surface mounted bars with a fiber reinforced polymer wrapping system. This study presents the full-scale shaker testing of a non-ductile frame structure retrofitted using the combined retrofit system. The full-scale dynamic testing was performed to measure realistic dynamic responses and to investigate the effectiveness of the retrofit system through the comparison of the measured responses between as-built and retrofitted test frames. Experimental results demonstrated that the retrofit system reduced the dynamic responses without any significant damage on the columns because it improved flexural, shear and lap-splice resisting capacities. In addition, the retrofit system contributed to changing a damage mechanism from a soft-story mechanism (column-sidesway mechanism) to a mixed-damage mechanism, which was commonly found in reinforced concrete buildings with strong-column weak-beam system.

• 한국터널지하공간학회 논문집
• /
• 제20권1호
• /
• pp.55-72
• /
• 2018

본 연구에서는 시공 중 TBM 터널에서 전기비저항과 유도분극(induced polarization, IP) 탐사를 활용하여 굴착면 전방의 복합지반(mixed-ground)을 예측하기 위한 방안을 제시하였다. TBM이 토사를 굴진하며, 굴착면 전방에서 상부 토사지반과 하부 암반으로 이루어진 복합지반을 조우하는 과정과 동시에 전기비저항과 유도분극에 의한 충전성(chargeability)을 측정하며 굴진하는 과정을 실내실험으로 모사하였다. 전기비저항과 충전성의 측정은 4전극을 이용하였으며, 복합지반을 효과적으로 예측하기 위하여 2개의 전극은 굴착면에, 나머지 2개의 전극은 조립된 세그먼트에 설치됨을 가정하였다. 실험 결과, TBM이 토사 굴진 중 토사-암반의 복합지반으로 진입할 경우 전기비저항과 충전성이 모두 증가하였다. 또한, TBM이 굴착면 전방에서 복합지반을 조우할 것임을 예측하기 위하여 굴착면의 전극 2개, 세그먼트의 전극 2개를 활용한 탐사와 동시에 굴착면 4전극 탐사를 수행하면 더욱 효과적인 예측이 가능함을 확인하였다.