• Herbal Formula Science
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.77-85
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• 2014

Objectives : To determine a dose of medicine precisely and conveniently, this study was tried to specify the weight of Bangyakhappyun pills by measuring in terms of grams. Methods : 1. Selected typical prescriptions in order of size and formula written down in Bangyakhappyun. 2. Pulverized each medicine in prescription and weighed one Bangchonbi(方寸匕). 3. Weighed the 10 seeds of Firmiana simplex sized one(梧子大) which were mixed with auxiliary materials such as water, honey, starch paste, etc. 4. The dosages of other type forms were measured based on the weigh of 10 seeds of Firmiana simplex sized one(梧子大). Results : 1. A well-used size of pills is Firmiana simplex sized one(梧子大) 2. Honey and starch paste are typical auxiliary materials for formulating pills. 3. A weigh of starch paste based 10 seeds of Firmiana simplex sized one(梧子大) ranged between 1.09g and 2.55g. 4. A weigh of honey based 10 seeds of Firmiana simplex sized one(梧子大) ranged between 1.18g and 2.77g. Conclusions : A dosage of each prescription can be calculated in terms of grams. 1. In case of Firminia simplex sized one(梧子大) with paste, a daily dose is 5.28g to 17.8g. 2. In case of Firminia simplex sized one(梧子大) with honey, a daily dose is 11.8g to 17.3g. 3. The dosage of pills with toxic herb and mineral medicinal material for baby is the least amount of 0.017g. 4. The dosage of most tonifying medicinals are over 10g. Table 3. shows more details.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.36 no.5
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• pp.800-803
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• 2004

Chemical components and physiological activities of acorn powders were investigated to develop functional food. Proximate components were 87.29% crude fiber, 1.18% crude fat, 0.84% crude protein, and 0.12% crude ash. Potassium was most predominant mineral, followed by phosphorus, calcium, magnesium, and sodium. Contents of unsaturated fatty acids, such as oleic, linoleic, and linolenic acids, were higher than those of saturated fatty acids. Water and 75% ethanol extracts of acorn powders showed higher absorbency at 285 nm. Water and 75% ethanol extracts exhibited antioxidative activity with $IC_{50}$ of 19.0 and $21.4\;{\mu}g/mL$, respectively, indicating they are the major biological component in acorn powders. Results suggest water extract of acorn can be used as new material for natural antioxidant and functional food.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.40 no.9
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• pp.1271-1278
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• 2011

This study was carried out to investigate the food components of the fruit, cladodes, and flowers of freezedried Cheonnyuncho harvested from Yeosu, Jeonnam in Korea. The major components of freeze-dried Cheonnyuncho in proximate composition were carbohydrates and crude ash. Ca, K, and Mg were the predominant minerals in Cheonnyuncho. Calcium content was higher in the fruit and cladodes than in the flowers. Two major amino acids, glutamic acid and aspartic acid, made up over 25% of the total amino acids in Cheonnyuncho. Palmitic acid and stearic acid were most abundant out of all the saturated fatty acids in Cheonnyuncho. The saturated fatty acid content of the fruit was higher than that of the flowers and cladodes. The major unsaturated fatty acid of Cheonnyuncho was oleic acid. The cladodes contained unusually high amounts of linoleic acid compared to the fruit and flowers. The major free sugar in the fruit was sucrose, whereas that of the cladodes and flowers was fructose. The total free sugar content was the highest in fruit, followed by cladodes. The most abundant organic acid in the fruits and cladodes was malic acid, while that of the flowers was citric acid. Vitamin A concentration was highest in the flowers whereas vitamin C concentration was highest in the fruit.

• Resources Recycling
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.38-47
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• 2018

Integrated gasification combined cycle (IGCC) is a next generation energy production technology that converts coal into syngas with enhanced power generation efficiency and environmental performance. IGCC produces almost coal gasification slag as the solid by-product. IGCC slag is generated about 140,000 tons for a year although recycling of it is still in the early stages. We evaluated the potential of IGCC slag which is generated from a pilot plant in South Korea as an alkali-activated cement. Samples which were activated with the combined activator of sodium silicate solution and caustic soda had an average compressive strength of 4.5 MPa, showing expansion. Expansion of the alkali-activated slag was presumed to be caused by free CaO in the slag, although it was not detected by the ethylene glycol method. Samples that were activated with the combined activator of sodium aluminate and caustic soda had an average compressive strength of 10 MPa. Hydroxy sodalite and $C_3AH_6$ were found to be the new crystalline phases. IGCC slag can be used as an alkali-activated material, but the strength performance should be improved with proper mix design approach to calculate optimum proportions which can alleviate the expansion issue at the same time.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.33-39
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• 2009

To evaluate the quality of brown rice vinegar made by traditional fermentation in terms of Zymotechnic data and material content, vinegars prepared using a traditional leavening agent and yeast were compared. Amino acid, total nitrogen, free sugar, organic acid, and mineral levels were assessed, with vinegars made with initial brown rice contents of 12.36% (w/v). Vinegar made using Nuruk as fermenting agent (traditional fermentation, TF), with a brown rice content of 20% (w/v), and vinegar prepared using yeast for fermentation (control fermentation, CF), with a brown rice content of 12% (w/v) were compared. TF vinegar had a total nitrogen content about 2.0.4.6-fold that of CF vinegar. Total nitrogen in TF vinegar was 350.460 mg/100g, and in CF vinegar the level was 100.140 mg/100g. TF vinegar had more minerals, free sugars, and amino acids compared with CF vinegar. When free sugar was assessed, TF vinegar had a glucose level of 3.45 g/100g, double that of CF vinegar. Amino acid levels were five-fold higher in TF vinegar then in CF vinegar. When brown rice content was 36% (w/v), the amino acid level was $6088.22\;{\mu}g/mL$ in TF vinegar and $1194.05\;{\mu}g/mL$ in CF vinegar.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.209-224
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• 1998

The purpose of this study was to compare the amount of calcium fluoride deposited on the enamel and dentin surface and to obtain information on the morphological change and crystallographic details of mineral deposition after 12,000ppm APF application in vitro. The bovine enamel and dentin blocks were randomly assigned to eight groups according to artificial caries lesion formation and difference of fluoride application time. The fluoride concentration and morphological characteristics on the treated enamel and dentin surface were investigated by using fluoride quantitative analysis and SEM. The powdered enamel and dentin of the intact bovine incisors were prepared for the X-ray diffraction analysis. The following results were obtained. 1. The amounts of KOH-soluble fluoride on the carious enamel and dentin surface after 24h APF application were higher than after only 5min APF application(p<0.05), but in the case of the sound enamel and dentin surface were similar after 5min and 24h application (P>0.05). The fluoride content was highly increased in the carious dentin as compared with sound dentin after APF application(P<0.05). 2. The carious enamel surface after APF application, the demineralized enamel surface were recovered a more dense enamel surface and precipitation of crystal was observed a distintive surface layer of spherical globules of about 1 m diameter. In the case of the fluorided carious dentin surface, precipitation of calcium fluoride-like material was deposited both inside the dentinal tubules as well as in the intertubular regions. 3. The crystallographic structure of powdered enamel and dentin after 24h APF application had large crystallities of apatite and CaF2 diffraction peaks in the enamel as compared with dentin. The diffraction data collected from the 27.50-29.50(2) angular range of the powdered enamel, the (105) apatite, (225) apatite and (111) CaF2 peaks of the enamel crystallities were detected after 24h APF application.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.37 no.1
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• pp.82-90
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• 2010

This study examined the effect of adhesive tape supplemented with sodium fluoride on the prevention of dental erosion in vitro. Sound bovine tooth samples were selected and divided randomly into the following 4 groups according to the material treatments: group 1, APF gel; group 2, fluoride varnish; and groups 3 and 4, fluoride tape supplemented with 5% NaF in either a methyl cellulose or poly vinyl acetate carrier, respectively. All specimens were submitted to alternate cycles of acid exposure in a cola beverage (pH 4.3) and artificial saliva for $6\;{\times}\;5\;min/day$ over a 5 day period. The micro-hardness was recorded each day and the lesion depth was measured after 5 days. The micro-hardness of the experimental sides of groups 2, 3 and 4 were significantly higher than that of their control sides and the experimental side of group 1 during the experimental period (p<0.05) except on the 5th day. The enamel surfaces of treatment groups 2, 3 and 4 showed significantly higher resistance to mineral loss in terms of the erosion depth (p<0.05) than group 1 and their control sides. There was no statistically significant difference among group 2, 3 and 4, indicating that the fluoride varnish and tapes produce similar results. Fluoride adhesive tapes are effective in reducing the progression of erosion and can be recommended for young patients who are more susceptible to dental erosion.

• Water for future
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.49-60
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• 1991

As a second part of the study entitled "Field Measurement and Analysis of Fluvial Sediment in the Cheongmi-Strea", this study concerns mineralogical and contaminative characteristics of sediment particles collected at Wonbu-Gyo and Hanpyeong-Gyo in the Cheongmi-Stream. The mineralogical analysis of the bed sediment collected reveals that, in general , quarz is the most abundant mineral found in sands with feldspars and rock fragments in the next, which confirms what is known in the literature. The shape factor of sand particles is about 0.7, which also agrees to what is known in the foreign literature. The analysis also reveals that the clay particles collected are composed mainly of illite, kaolinate, and chlorite. The analysis of contamination reveals that there is no substantial difference between the contents of organic material and heavy metals in the surface water and those in the pore water beneath the river bed. It is because the sampling for this analysis was conducted right after the September flood during which the fresh top soil from the upstream watershed replaced the old bed sediment and pore water that would probably be more contaminated. The contents of geavy metals in the bed sediment of sand particles do not exceed those in the soils adjacent to the river. For fine sediment such as clays, however, the contents of heavy metals, especially of mercury and zinc, far exceed those in the soils adjacent to the river. These fine sediments are transported downstream in the form of wash load and deposited in part on flood plains, which could be a new source of contaminants.taminants.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.309-315
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• 2003

Nutritional composition, contents of phenolic compounds, and antioxidative activities of small black soybean were investigated. Proximate composition of the soybean was crude fat, crude protein, carbohydrate, and crude ash at 15.9, 34.7, 38.5, and 3.7%, respectively. Potassium was the predominant mineral, followed by phosphorus, calcium, and magnesium. Glucose and galactose were the major sugars. Twelve different kinds of fatty acids were identified in whole soybean, dehulled soybean, and soybean hull. The 75% methanol and ethyl acetate extract fractions from the soybean hull contained total phenolic compounds at 4.64 and 13.53 g/100 g, respectively. The methanol extract of soybean hull showed strongest antioxidative activity among samples tested. Ethyl acetate fraction of the soybean hull exhibited DPPH radical scavenging activity at level similar to those of ${\alpha}-tocopherol$ and BHT. Phenolic compounds were the major biological components in the soybean hull. These results suggest that small black soybean can be used as a new material for functional food.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.27 no.12
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• pp.1470-1478
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• 2017

The aim of this study was to investigate biological activity and biochemical properties of extracts from Bacillus subtilis-fermented silkworm (Bombyx mori L., SP) powder of different origin (Buan, Namwon, and Boeun). An additional aim was to determine the inhibition of cancer cell (B16-F10, HT-29, LNcaP, and MCF-7) proliferation and nitric oxide (NO) production from lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced RAW264.7 cells. Biological activities (${\alpha},{\alpha}^{\prime}$-diphenyl-${\beta}$-picrylhydrazyl [DPPH], free radical scavenging activity, fibrinolytic activity, antiproliferation activity, and anti-inflammatory activity) and biochemical properties (compositional amino acid contents, and mineral contents) were examined in water extracts from silkworm powder and B. subtilis-fermented silkworm powder. The highest amino acid contents were detected in Buan silkworm powder (BU). After fermented, the highest contents were found in B. subtilis-fermented Buan silkworm powder (BBO). The major minerals detected were K, Ca, and Mg. Rates of these minerals, especially those of Na increased after fermented. DPPH radical scavenging activity and fibrinolytic activity were stronger in the fermented group than non-fermented group. DPPH radical scavenging activity and fibrinolytic activity were highest in the extract from BBO. The inhibition activities of LNcaP and MCF-7 cells viability were significantly decreased in the BBO, and there was no inhibition activity in other cancer cells (B16-F10 and HT-29). An SRB assay of the cell viability of RAW 264.7 cells exposed to extracts of silkworm powder and B. subtilis-fermented silkworm powder revealed no toxicity in any of the groups. Compared with the LPS-treated group, the biggest reduction in NO production was detected in the BBO group. Based on these results, extracts from Boeun silkworm powder fermented with B. subtilis could be a candidate material as a dietary supplement for use in healthy functional foods.