• Journal of Life Science
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• v.8 no.5
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• pp.589-597
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• 1998

In order to effectively utilize marine processing by-product such as fish scale, chemical compositions for the scale were analyzed. The selected fishes were gray mullet, Mugil cephalus, living in the sea and carp, Cyprinus carpio in the fresh water, having a lot of scales among the fishes living in seawater and fresh water. And we also investigated the difference in the chemical compositions between gray mullet and carp, depending on both living circumstances. The major components of the scales were found to be crude ash and crude protein which were each about 49% for gray mullet and which were about 20% and 79% for carp, respectively, on the basis of dried scales. The proteins extracted from both scales proved to be collagen through amino acid compositions and SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoretic patterm. Also this scale collagen was assumed to by Type I collagen because the migration rate of $\alpha$1 and $\alpha$2 subunit of the collagen were almost the same those as calf skin Type I collagen. Most of proteins from gray mullet was collagen, however, the collagen content in proteins from carp was estimated to be only about 53%, on the basis of the ratio of hydroxyproline to protein. The crude ashes of both scales identified to be hydroxyapatite through element compositions and X-ray diffraction analysis. In conclusion, both fishes in different living circumstances were almost similar to in the chemical compositions but chemical contents for crude ash and crude protein.

• Korean Journal of Ichthyology
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.371-377
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• 2007

The passive integrated transponder (PIT) telemetry is a useful method for investigating fish population dynamics, community structure and migration. It can be applied for small fishes (TL<100 mm) because of its tiny size and light weight. The survival rate of PIT tag was investigated on 4 small size cyprindae fish species, Carassius gibelio langsdorfi (n=34, standard length; $91.9{\pm}0.9mm$, body weight; $21.2{\pm}0.9g$), Hypophthalmichthys molitrix (n=16, SL; $75.1{\pm}0.9mm$, BW; $6.0{\pm}0.2g$), Pseudorasbora parva (n=30, SL; $51.4{\pm}1.1mm$, BW; $2.7{\pm}0.2g$) and Phoxinus phoxinus (n=37, SL; $70.6{\pm}1.4mm$, BW; $8.2{\pm}0.5g$) under age 1 for applicability and effectiveness. We used three type tags including a small (length 11.0 mm, diameter 2.1 mm, weight 0.088 g), middle (20 mm, 3.5 mm, 0.102 g), large (30 mm, 3.5 mm, 0.298 g) size. After 30 days of tag insertion, survival rate of 117 individuals were 58.1% (large tag, 50.0%; middle tag, 57.5%; small tag, 61.4%). Survival rates varied between three types of tags because the abdominal cavity of each individual was different size. The death was due to surgical damage. If we apply tagging systems on field research of the Korean freshwater fish, the PIT tag will be effective method for analyzing fish ecology.

• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.45 no.4
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• pp.403-411
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• 2012

Acoustic telemetry is used to obtain a relatively continuous record of fish movement. This method has several advantages for studying migrating fish populations that are moving from large rivers. The Nakdong River is the longest river in South Korea and the main stream has faced a change, which consists of the installation of the large weirs. In this study, we applied acoustic telemetry to monitor the movement pattern of Erythroculter erythropterus (family Cyprinidae) and identified home range and movement distance in the Nakdong River. A total of fourteen individuals were released at three different locations and around 80 km section from the estuary barrage was investigated. Eight individuals were tagged and released at estuary barrage (N02) utilized up to 15.9 km (home range) upstream from the release site as home range. Four individuals were tagged and released at Samrangjin (N07), most fish moved and stayed within 9.7 km (home range) downstream area, except E12, which did not show any movement. Two individuals were tagged and released at Changnyeong-Haman weir (N10), and all individuals migrated downstream from the release site. Especially, E14 recorded the longest accumulated detected distance, 36.7 km downstream during 32 days after release. There was no correlation identified between movement (accumulated detected distance and home range) and standard length (Spearman rank correlation, p>0.05). Although, this technique could be an available method to monitor behavior and ecology of freshwater fish effectively, increment of number of receivers and tags are required for more detailed results of fish migration.

• Korean Journal of Ichthyology
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.262-272
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• 2009

Upstream behavior of glass eels was examined in an experimental eel-ladder at a laboratory of the National Fisheries Research and Development Institute from March to May in 2008. The study was made under various environmental factors and conditions affecting the upstream migration of glass eels in order to design a functional ladder that would allow the passage of glass eels. The experimental eel-ladder consisted of an upper freshwater chamber and a lower sea water chamber; glass eels in sea water can move up to the upper freshwater chamber through the slope (eel-ladder) between them. The optimal condition of the eel-ladder was estimated by comparing the number of glass eels that moved upstream depending on various conditions. Since the glass eels actively moved up the slope to river water rather than to reservoir water or tap water, the experiment was realized using river water. A significantly higher number of glass eels moved up during the spring tide than during the neap tide, and during night than during the day. Upstream movement was significantly higher during high tide than during low tide. Glass eels effectively moved up through a slope of less than $30^{\circ}$ and water-flow velocity lower than 0.4 m/sec. The fish preferred a coarser ladder bed covered with small gravels, brush or carpet.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Fisheries and Ocean Technology
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• v.35 no.3
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• pp.301-311
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• 1999

The investigation to evaluate the possible effects of fish behaviour on acoustic target strength was carried out during the 1997 and 1998 hydroacoustic-demersal trawl surveys in the southern waters of Korea.The swimming speed and the target strength of individual, acoustically resolved fished swimming through the sound beam were measured using the split-beam tracking method on board R/V Kaya.The results obtained can be summarized as follows:1. The alongship and athwartship angles between -3dB poionts of a hull mounted 38 kHz split beam tranducer used in these surveys was >$3.76^{\circ}\;and\;6.74^{\circ}$ respectively, and the equal energy contour obtained from the measured beam pattern showed approximately the circular pattern. 2. The swimming speed measured off the south coast of Sorido in 23 January 1997 ranged 0.10 to 0.80 m/s with the average swimming spped of 0.36 m/s, and the target strength ranged -64.8 to -31.7 dB with the average target strength of -52.7 dB. The most dominant species sampled in this survey area were Japanese scaled sardine, Sardinella zunasi and Konoshiro gizzard shad, Konosirus punctatus, respectively.3. The swimming speed measured off the east coast of Kojedo in 24 March 1997 ranged 0.10 to 1.10 m/s with the average swimming speed of 0.40 m/s, and the target strength ranged -64.8 to -51.5 dB with the average target strength of -59.2 dB. The most dominant species sampled in this survey area were Swordtip squid, Photololigo edulis, Konoshiro gizzard shad and Japanese flying squid, Toddarodes pacificus, respectively and the swimming activity of these species seems to be controlled at speeds between 0.20 and 0.60 m/s. 4. The swimming speed measured the south coast of Kojedo in 25 March 1997 ranged 0.10 to 1.40 m/s with the average swimming speed of 0.51 m/s and the target strength ranged -64.3 to -47.7 dB with the average target strength of -55.1 dB. The most dominant species sampled in this survey area were Swordtip squid, Blotchy sillage, Sillago maculata and japanese scaled sardine, respectively and the swimming activity of these species seems to be controlled at speeds between 0.20 and 0.70 m/s.5. The swimming speed measured during morning twilight in the southeastern water of Cheju Island in 11 July 1998 ranged 0.20 to 1.0 m/s with the average swimming speed of 0.53 m/s, and the target strength ranged -65.0 to -47.0 dB with the average target strength of -57.1 dB. The most dominant species sampled in this survey area were Swordtip squid, Black scraper, Thamnaconus modesutus and japanese flying squid, respectively and the tile angle ranged$ +28^{\circ}\;to\;+2^{\circ}$ with the average tilt angle of -8.1$^{\circ}$ showing the downward migration.

• Korean Journal of Ichthyology
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.121-125
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• 2010

To investigate the relationship between total length and fecundity of Pacific cod Gadus macrocephalus in Jinhae Bay, 45 individuals were sampled during the spawning period from Dec 2008 to Feb 2009. Fecundity ranged from 560,000 to 5,200,000 eggs for fish ranging from 64.0 cm to 74.0 cm in total length. The relationship between total length (TL) and fecundity (F) was F=103,273TL-5,124,302 and fecundity in Pacific cod from this study was correlated with total length. Average fecundity decreased from 2,620,000 eggs in early-spawning period to 1,650,000 eggs in late-spawning period. The wide range of relative fecundity at the same body size indicates that the timing of the spawning migration of Pacific cod in Jinhae Bay could be related to fecundity.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Fisheries and Ocean Technology
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.15-20
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• 1975

The catch per unit effort and the migration of Alaska pollack Theragra chalcogramma were deduced from the catch data of 1, 208 hauls of a stern trawler operated on and around the continental shelf east of the Kamchatka Peninsula and Kurile Islands from October 1974 to December 1975. Alaska pollack occupied more than ninety per cent of the total catch of approximately 17, 760 metric tons, while the cuttle and flat fishes occupied less than five percent. Beside those fishes, approximately 131 metric tons of Alaska pollack roe were produced during the voyage from February to April 1975. The mean catch per unit effort in each sub-area of fishing ground was approximately 15.5 metric tons and the peak of the CPUE occured in January and August. The CPUE in the continental shelf east of Kamchatka Peninsula ($50^{\circ}- 52^{\circ} N$ Lat) showed the maximum of 25-34 metric tons in August. The main fish school is thought to migrate southward speedily in August-September along the continental shelf from the Kamchatka Peninsula to the east of Kurile Islands. The CPUE on the continental shelf east of Kamchatka Peninsula was higher than that on the steeper continental slope. However, the CPUE on the steeper flank of the bank east of Paramushiru Island and Onekotan Island was remarkably higher than that on the relatively flat top of the bank. The small-sized fishes of less than thirty centimeter in fork length began to recruit in the fishing ground since August 1965.

• Ocean and Polar Research
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• v.39 no.4
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• pp.257-267
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• 2017

Although Pacific mackerel (Scomber japonicus) is an important commercial species in Korea, its recruitment mechanism remains largely unknown. Diel vertical positioning of larvae in the water column, which is affected by their specific gravity and the surrounding water density, may help to provide an understanding on recruitment success through predator avoidance and prey availability. The specific gravity measurement on Pacific mackerel eggs and larvae would seem to be essential information necessary to learn about the transport process from spawning to nursery grounds, and consequently the recruitment success. Eggs were artificially fertilized, and larvae were fed with rotifer when their mouths opened 3-4 days after hatching. We conducted the experiment using a density gradient water column to measure the ontogenetic changes in specific gravity from fertilization to 10 days after hatching. Egg specific gravity was stable during most of the embryonic period, but a sudden increase to $1.0249g\;cm^{-3}$ happened just before hatching. However, the specific gravity of newly hatched larvae was much lighter ($1.0195g\;cm^{-3}$), and specific gravity tended to increase continuously after hatching. Comparison of specific gravity with seawater density reveals that eggs and newly hatched larvae can float in the surface layer of the ocean. For the later period of the experiment, the specific gravity showed a cyclic diel pattern: the highest in the evening while the lowest at dawn. The fullness of larval stomach may be responsible for the observed differences in specific gravity, because stomach fullness was lower (40-60%) at midnight, and higher (80-85%) in evening. The diel pattern of specific gravity might provide clues regarding how larvae match the diel vertical migration of prey organisms.

• Animal cells and systems
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.69-74
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• 2002

Recent evidence has suggested that trunk neural crest cell generally assumed to have equivalent differentiation potentials, demonstrate differentiation bias along the anterior/posterior axis. In amphibian and fish, neural crest cells give rise to three chromatophore types, melanophores, xantho-phores, and iridophores. Each pigment cell type has distinct characteristics but there is speculation about the cellular plasticity that exists among them. Neural crest cells migrate along specific routes, ventromedially and dorsolaterally. Neural crest cells that travel dorsolaterally are the first cells to begin migration in the axolotl and are the major contributors to the visible pigment pattern. Many factors and mechanisms that are responsible for guiding migratory neural crest cells along potential pathways or determining their fate remain unknown. A single lineage of the crest, which becomes restricted to one of the three pigment cell types, gives us the opportunity to examine the existence of neural crest stem cell populations and cellular plasticity. Study presented here showed results from recent in vitro studies designed to identify parameters influencing differentiation events of individual neural crest-derived pigment cell lineages. Melanophore production from neural crest explants originating from different levels along the anterior/posterior axis of wild type-axolotl embryos were compared and demonstrate that the differentiation of melanophores is enhanced in subpopulation of neural crest treated with forskolin. Forskolin (an adenylate cyclase activator) increases intracellular CAMP concentration and eventually activates the protein kinase-A signaling pathway. Melanophore number, melanin content, and tyrosinase activity in explants taken from the anterior-most region of the crest increased significantly in response to forskolin treatment. This study suggests implications of region specific influences and developmental regulation in the development of pigment pattern.

• Journal of the Korea Society of Computer and Information
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• v.17 no.10
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• pp.61-69
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• 2012

The population of highly prolific, predatory Asterias amurensis is growing sharply from year to year along the coastline of Korea, a nation surrounded by water on three sides. To make matters worse, the fact that Asterias amurensis devours living fish and shellfish has caused a heavy loss for fishermen involved in the aquaculture industry. What it all boils down to is the significance of technologies allowing one to recognize Asterias amurensis individuals using underwater images for the purpose of exterminating Asterias amurensis or identifying a change in the population of Asterias amurensis or the migration route of Asterias amurensis. An improved Asterias amurensis recognition method based on the morphological characteristics of Asterias amurensis was proposed in this paper. The proposed recognition method aimed at cases marked by the lack of extraction information on concaveness and convexity, which are the morphological characteristics of Asterias amurensis. Extracting all the characteristics of Asterias amurensis from images taken underwater is very difficult. In this respect, the proposed recognition is effective in terms of recognizing individuals in a diversity of Asterias amurensis images. As a result of the experiment, Our proposed method has achieved superior performance with 92.5% than other method.