• Journal of environmental and Sanitary engineering
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• v.1 no.1 s.1
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• pp.69-79
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• 1986

This studies were carried out to investigate the high infection sites from various specimens, cultural isolation on the susceptible media and specific antibody titres of M. pulmonis in experimental 310 mice and 330 rats obtained from two breeding facilities. Efficiency of complement faxation test (CF test) for detection of M. pulmonis antibody in mice and rats were compared directly with the diagnostic cultural isolation method. 1. Isolation rates of M. pulmonis among infection sites were about 30% from the oral cavities and $40\%$ from the middle ear of mice. The rates were $100\%$from the nasal cavaties and $90\%$ from the oral cavities of rats. 2. The infection rates were $12\%$ to A group and $16\%$ to B group of mice. The rates in the rats were $55\%$ to A group and $70\%$ to B group. 3. The M. pulmonis antibody titres by CF test were $73\%$ of total 100 mice in serum dilution below 1:5 (< 1:5), and $24\%$ of total samples in antibody titres above 1:5 (> 1:5), but 3 samples were not showed anticomplementary activities. The antibody titres in rats were $35\%$ of 120 rats in below 1:5 (< 1:5), and $61\%$ of total samples in above 1:5 (> 1:5), but the remained were not showed anticomplementary activities.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.53-62
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• 2006

Objectives : Because of the recent well-being syndrome, concerns about smoking cessation, as well as dietary improvement and exercise, are being increased. There are various methods for smoking cessation. Among them, recently acupuncture treatment is verified through diverse attempts. This research was conducted to examine the effects of acupuncture treatment especially on juvenile smoking cessation. Methods : From April 04 to Oct 04, this study had investigated 93 middle and high school students. 5 times of acupuncture treatment were given to each participant, and the survey was executed before and after each treatment. The acupuncture was treated to the ear alternately twice a week. The evaluation was taken before the treatment after the 1st treatment, and the 5th treatment with 6 questions of amount of daily smoking, desire to smoke, taste of smoking, subjective symptoms, smoking cessation proportion, Fagerstorm Tolerance Questionaire point. Results : Regarding amount of daily smoking, the significant tendency between before and after the treatment varied, but between the 1st and the 5th treatment, there was no difference. The 1st treatment had caused desire to smoke reduction in 46 students(49.5%), but the 5th treatment didn't have much effects on desire to smoke(43 persons; 46.2%). After treatment, 37.6% had no effect in taste of smoking, while the rest of them showed various reactions. Also, there were no difference of significant tendency between the 1st and 5th treatments. In respect to the amount of smoking, 70% of them achieved smoking cessation, or reduction in smoking, but about 25% of them showed no changes. Various subjective symptoms such as lethargy, decrease of appetite, headache were shown, and especially desire to smoke was shown pervasively. Regarding Fagerstorm Tolerance Questionaire point, the average of significant tendency in point after the treatment had decreased(3.1+-2.4 to 2.1+-2.1, p<0.0001). but for those students who had tried smoking cessation less than 5 times, Fagerstorm Tolerance Questionaire point had decreased significantly, but for the others who had tried smoking cessation more than 5times, there were no difference. Conclusion : In regard to 6 questions of amount of daily smoking, desire to smoke, taste of smoking, subjective symptoms, smoking cessation proportion, Fagerstorm Tolerance Questionaire point, various conclusion is drawn. These results suggest that acupuncture treatment on juvenile may have the tendency of smoking cessation.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.315-322
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• 1997

Sixteen cultivars of corn(Zea mays L.) hybrids have been recommended as the government recommended corn hybrids since 1984, however, their forage performances have been mostly tested at two locations, such as Suweon and Sunghwan in the Middle parts of Korea. Therefore, the objective of this experiment was to retest the agronomic characteristics and yield of eleven of sixteen government recommended corn hybrids at five scattered locations, such as Icheon, Suweon, Sunghwan, Keonpan and Kwangju in 1993 and 1995 with the intention of improving recommendations to dairy farmers. Among the corn hybrids tested, 'Suweon 19' was susceptible to foliar diseases and poor stay green at all locations in 1993 and 1995. Generally, all hybrids have less lodging and infection rate of rice black streaked dwarf virus(RBSDV) varied by location but mostly not exceed 10%. Infection rate at Sunghwan and Kwangju among locations was the highest as 13.5 and 15.3% respectively. Among the corn hybrids tested, 'Suweon 19' was the highest RBSDV infection rate, but that of 'Kwanganok' and '3282' was lower than other hybrids. At all locations, '3352' and '3394' were the earliest in growth stage, but 'Kwanganok', '3282', 'DK729', 'G4624' and 'DK713' were the latest among the corn hybrids. Ear percentage in total DM of '3352', '3394' and 'G4624' was higher than other hybrids, but that of 'DK713' was the lowest among the corn hybrids. '3352' and '3394' showed the most suitable DM content for silage production at harvest. Among the corn hybrids tested, 'Suweon 19' and '3282' were the lowest DM yield at all locations in 1993 and 1995, but the highest DM yield varied by location. At Icheon, '3144W' and 'G4743', at Suweon, '3352' and '3144W, at Sunghwan, 'DK729' and '3144W', at Keongsan, '3352' and 'DK729', and at Kwangju, '3352' and 'DK689' were the highest DM yield in 1993 and 1995, respectively. Then, '3394' was higher than other hybrids at all locations in 1995. The government recommended corn hybrids tested were generally adapted across the country. However, in forage production situations where wrn should be harvested before the rainy season in late summer, earlymedium maturing corn hybrids, '3352' and '3394' might be preferred.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.30 no.1 s.78
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• pp.43-52
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• 2000

Hemifacial microsomia ( HFM ) is the second most common craniofacial abnormalies. HFM represnted a spectrum of clinical findings such as hypoplasia of the mandibular ramus and condyle, confinement of maxilla growth, external and/or middle ear defects, involvement of some cranial suture, buccal soft tissue, facial nerve, and muscles in the affected side. HFM often showed progressive facial asymmetry and occlusal plane slanting to the affected side with growth. There were several reports about asymmetry of tooth maturation, hypodontia, delayed eruption, enamel hypoplasia in HFM. Since teeth develope in close association with size and morphology of the maxillary and the mandible, it is highly likely that dental changes will be present in HFM. So the Purpose of this study was to investigate the differences of the primary and the permanent teeth dimensions in the maxillary and the mandibular dentition between the affected and the non-affected side of HFM.. The sample of this study consisted of 34 unilateral HFM Patients (18 males and 16 females, average age : 5 year 11 months old). The authors examined the mesiodistal and the faciolingual dimensions of the primary and the permanent teeth and performed statistical study by using paired t-test. The results were as follows 1. The mesiodistal dimensions of the mandibular second primary molar and the mandibular first permanent molar in the affected side of HFM were significantly smaller than those of non-affected side. But there were no significant differences in the anterior teeth and the mandibular first primary molar. It means that a gradient of severity from anterior teeth to posterior teeth was found in the mandibular dentition. 2. Although there were no significant differences in the faciolingual dimensions of the primary and the permanent teeth in the maxillary and the mandibular dentition between the affected and non-affected side of HFM, there were general trend of compensatory increase in faciolingual dimension of the mandibular primary and the permanent teeth in the affected side Therefore these results showed that HFM might affect on the abnormality of tooth dimension, especially the most posterior teeth, in the affected side of the mandible.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.48 no.6
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• pp.488-495
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• 2015

Purpose: This study was conducted to evaluate nutrition intake and diet quality according to carbonated drink consumption in male adolescents (middle-school students = 480, high-school students = 417). Methods: We analyzed data from the combined 2007~2009 KNHANES (Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey). Subjects were divided into two groups, the LCDI (low carbonated drink intake (< 1 time/week), n = 362) group and the HCDI (high carbonated drink intake (${\geq}1$ time/week), n = 535) group, according to carbonated beverage consumption. Nutrient and food group intake, NAR (nutrient adequacy ratio), and MAR (mean adequacy ratio) were analyzed using data from the 24-recall method. Results: Intake of plant protein, vitamin C, plant calcium, phosphorous, and potassium was significantly lower in the HCDI group, compared with the LCDI group. Percent of RNI (recommended nutrient intake) of vitamin C and phosphorous was significantly lower in the HCDI group, compared with the LCDI group. Percentage of subjects who consumed under EAR (estimated average requirement) of protein and vitamin C was significantly higher in the HCDI group, compared with the LCDI group. The NAR of phosphorous was significantly lower in the HCDI group, compared with the LCDI group. Food intakes from potato and starches, pulses and vegetables were significantly lower in the HCDI group, compared with the LCDI group. Conclusion: Consumption of carbonated drinks decreased the diet quality, including calcium, potassium, protein, and vitamin C. Therefore, nutrition education relating to consumption of carbonated drinks is required for male adolescents in order to maintain healthy dietary habits.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.14
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• pp.53-64
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• 1973

The studies reported herein were conducted to investigate the effect of thermal conditions in double-cropping of rice. The accumulated daily mean and minimum air temperatures, for the period of the last 30 years, were examined at the 10 different meteorogical stations which are located in the southern part of Korea. The results obtained could be summarized as follows: 1. The first cropping. a. It seemed to be free from any frost-damage of rice at the seeding stage at Yeosu, Pusan and Cheju. However, it was found that there were some dangers of frost damage for about 30 to 40 day at Iri, Chonju and Kwangju, for 18 to 28 days at Daeku and Ulsan, and for 4 to 14 days at Mokpo and Pohang, respectively. b. The early critical transplanting date seemed to be from middle to late-April in the first cropping. As compared with the ordinary lowland seedlings, the semi-protected and upland ones could be planted 5 and 10 days earlier, respectively. c. The early critical heading date was about late-June and there were some low-temperature damages for 8 to 25 days at young-ear formation stage of rice plant, depending upon location. d. The early critical ripening date (the early critical transplanting date of the 2nd cropping) was from late-July to early-August. It took about 32 to 39 days in ripening. There was a tendency of SS${\fallingdotseq}$SL$15^{\circ}C$ (${\theta}$15) and the minimum of $10^{\circ}C$ (${\theta}$10), the ten locations could be devided into two ripening groups of ${\theta}$15>${\theta}$10 and ${\theta}$15<${\theta}$10. c. The late critical ripening date was around October 9 at Iri, Chonju, Kwangju and Daeku and around October 28 at Mokpo, Yeosu, Pusan and eheju. Three to four days were more required for a complete ripening of rice, as compared with the above dates. d. There was an overlap of about 12 to 42 days between the first and second cropping when early-maturing varieties requiring an accumulated mean air temperature of $1, 550^{\circ}C$, from transplanting to heading, were grown. Therefore, some varieties which could head with an accumulated daily mean air temperature of 1, 000 to $1, 200^{\circ}C$, should be either developed or some new cultural technology be established in order to have a successful double cropping in rice.

• Proceedings of the KOR-BRONCHOESO Conference
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• 1981.05a
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• pp.37.1-37
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• 1981

Even through the methods of improving hearing are widely practiced in Korea, with its 30 years of history, there are many different opinions regarding the selection of surgical technique and the materials to be used in tympanoplasty. Also there are varying standards of postoperative evaluations. Therefore, we have done research to evaluate hearing improvement which in one of the objective of the middle ear surgery. The research was conducted for one year, January to December 1980. This research compared the level of hearing improvement after tympanoplasty, according to materials used in tympanoplasty and collumelization. Following are the data we have obtained; 1) Total number of cases we have reviewed were 306. Out of this, 35% of the cases were tympanoplasty type 1, 12.7% of the cases were collumelization with mastoidectomy, and 11.9% of the cases received collumelization without mastoidectomy. 2) We have conducted audiometry on 41.1% of the tympanoplasty type 1, 64.1% of the collumelization with mastoidectomy, and 45.7% of the collumelization without mastoidectomy. 3) We have observed above 11 dB hearing improvement in 70% of the tympanoplasty type 1, 36% of the collumelization with mastoidectomy, and 44% of the collumelization without mastoidectomy. 4) Over 11 dB decrease of air-bone gap in 61% of the tympanoplasty type 1,32% of the collumelization with mastoidectomy, and 63% of the collumelization without mastoidectomy. 5) If we look at the hearing improvement according to the materials used in the tympanoplasty, there was above 11 dB improvement of the air conduction in 63% with cartilage and 54% with fascia. In air-bone gap, 56% with cartilage and 52% with fascia. 6) If we look at the hearing improvement according to the materials used in the collumelization, there was above 11 dB improvement in 50% with cartilage, 14% with homograft, 55% with autograft. In air-bone gap, 56%, 21%, and 55% respectively.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.55 no.3
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• pp.359-375
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• 2022

Purpose: Adult Korean men belonging to the main economically active population are known to have long sedentary hours. This study was undertaken to determine the difference and relevance of sedentary hours on the nutrition, diet, and health status of adult men, and to suggest how to prevent health risk factors. Methods: Subjects (n = 1,068) were classified into 4 groups based on their sedentary hours, ranging from the first quartile (Q1) having the least hours spent sitting, to the fourth quartile (Q4) spending the longest hours. Results: Subjects belonging to Q4 had the lowest average age, the largest waist circumference, and the highest level of education. Among those engaged in economic activities, the ratio of white-collar workers was significantly higher in Q4. Accordingly, the rate of not doing high-intensity or moderate-intensity physical activity while working was also the highest in Q4. A significant difference was obtained in the drinking frequency between groups, but this was found to be associated with the average working hours rather than sedentary hours. The proportion of not doing aerobic exercise was higher with longer sitting hours. The highest diagnosis of diabetes (8.8%) was obtained in the Q4 group. Among the factors related to cardiovascular disease, only low density lipoprotein-cholesterol showed a significant difference, with Q4 being significantly higher than Q1. Considering energy and nutrient intake, vitamin B₁ and calcium intake were the lowest in the group with the longest sitting hours, as well as the least consumption of vitamin C than the recommended estimated average requirement. Conclusion: The results of this study suggest that the health and nutritional status of Korean adult men are affected by sedentary hours. This should be recognized as a health risk factor and guidelines need to be developed for sedentary lifestyle management.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.37 no.8
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• pp.998-1008
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• 2008

This study aimed to assess the nutritional status and the nutritional risks based on the food intake frequency and health-related behaviors of middle-aged and elderly people living in Andong area. Interviews were conducted with 1,384 subjects (532 males, 852 females) aged 50 years and over. Nutrient intakes, food intake frequency, and health-related behaviors including smoking, drinking, and exercise were investigated. The average energy intakes were 1410.5 kcal for males and 1279.2 kcal for females, and the percentages of the subjects consuming below the estimated energy requirement (EER) were 92.5% and 88.4%, respectively. The least consumed nutrients compared to the estimated average requirement (EAR) were riboflavin (92.5% for males, 89.6% for females), folic acid (89.7%, 88.5%), and calcium (78.9%, 85.8%), in order. According to the food intake frequency survey, the intakes of meat, fish and vegetable (except kimchi) were very poor, and this low intakes of meat and fish showed as poor status of protein, niacin, vitamin $B_6$, and zinc intakes. Health-related behaviors data showed that the ratio of cigarette smokers, especially male, was higher, while the ratio of the person exercising regularly was lower than that of the nationwide statistics, respectively. Cigarette smoking and drinking were not significantly related to the poor nutrition intake, while regular exercise positively influenced nutrient intakes in female subjects. These results showed that the nutritional status of the subjects was likely to be severely deficient and the low intakes of meat and fish to be highly related to the increase of nutritional risk. Therefore, in order to prevent the occurrence of the secondary disease related to the food intake and health-related behaviors of the subjects, the proper educational program on balanced dietary intake and the correction of health-related behaviors should be developed and applied to this area.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.3
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• pp.1-40
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• 1965

To measure variations in some of the important agronomic characteristics of rice varieties under shifting of seedling dates, this study has been carried out at the Paddy Crop Division of Crop Experiment Station(then Agricultural Experiment Station) in Suwon for the period of three years 1958 to 1960. The varieties used in this study were Kwansan, Suwon ＃82, Mojo, Paltal and Chokwang, which have the different agronomic characteristics such as earliness and plant type. Seeds of each variety were sown at 14 different dates in 10-day interval starting on March 2. The seedlings were grown on seed bed for 30, 40, 50, 60, 70 and 80 days, respectively. The results of this study are as follows: A. Heading dates. 1. As the seeding date was delayed, the heading dates was almost proportionally delayed. The degree of delay was higher in early varieties and lower in late varieties and the longer the seedling stage, the more delayed the heading date. 2. Number of days to heading was proportionally lessened as seeding was delayed in all the varieties but the magnitude varied depending upon variety. In other words, the required period for heading in case of late planting was much shortened in late variety compared with early one. Within a variety, the number of days to heading was less shortened as the seedling stage was prolonged. Early variety reached earlier than late variety to the marginal date for the maximum shortening of days to heading and the longer the seeding stage, the limitted date came earlier. There was a certain limit in seeding date for shortening of days to heading as seeding was delayed, and days to heading were rather prolonged due to cold weather when seeded later than that date. 3. In linear regression equation, Y=a+bx obtained from the seeding dates and the number of days to heading, the coefficient b(shortening rate of days to heading) was closely correlated with the average number of days to heading. That is, the period from seeding to heading was more shortened in late variety than early one as seeding was delayed. 4. To the extent that the seedling stage is not so long and there is a linear relationship between delay of seeding and shortening of days to heading, it might be possible to predict heading date of a rice variety to be sown any date by using the linear regression obtained from variation of heading dates under the various seeding dates of the same variety. 5. It was found out that there was a close correlation between the numbers of days to heading in ordinary culture and the other ones. When a rice variety was planted during the period from the late part of March to the middle of June and the seedling ages were within 30 to 50 days, it could be possible to estimate heading date of the variety under late or early culture with the related data of ordinary culture. B. Maturing date. 6. Within (he marginal date for maturation of rice variety, maturing date was proportionally delayed as heading was delayed. Of course, the degree of delay depended upon varieties and seedling ages. The average air temperature (Y) during the ripening period of rice variety was getting lower as the heading date. (X) was delayed. Though there was a difference among varieties, in general, a linear regression equation(y=25.53-0.182X) could be obtained as far as heading date were within August 1 to September 13. 7. Depending upon earliness of a rice variety, the average air temperature during the ripening period were greatly different. Early variety underwent under 28$^{\circ}C$ in maximum while late variety matured under as low as 22$^{\circ}C$. 8. There was a highly significant correlation between the average air temperature (X) during the ripening period, and number of day (Y) for the maturation. And the relationship could be expressed as y=82.30-1.55X. When the average air temperature during the period was within the range of 18$^{\circ}C$ to 28$^{\circ}C$, the ripening period was shortened by 1.55 days with increase of 1$^{\circ}C$. Considering varieties, Kwansan was the highest in shortening the maturing period by 2.24 days and Suwon ＃82 was the lowest showing 0.78 days. It is certain that ripening of rice variety is accelerated at Suwon as the average air temperature increases within the range of 18$^{\circ}C$ to 28$^{\circ}C$. 9. Between number of days to heading (X) related to seeding dates and the accumulated average air temperature (Y) during the ripening period, a positive correlation was obtained. However, there was a little difference in the accumulated average air temperature during the ripening period even seeding dates were shifted to a certain extent. C. Culm- and ear-lengths. 10. In general all the varieties didn't show much variation in their culm-lengths in case of relatively early seeding but they trended to decrease the lengths as seeding was delayed. The magnitude of decreasing varied from young seedlings to old ones. Young seedlings which were seeded during May 21 to June 10 didn't decrease their culm-lengths, while seedlings old as 80 days decreased the length though under ordinary culture. 11. Variation in ear-length of rice varieties show the same trend as the culm-length subjected to the different seeding dates. When rice seedlings aged from 30 to 40 days, the ear-length remained constant but rice plants older than 40 days obviously decreased their ear-lengths. D. Number of panicles per hill. 12. The number of panicles per hill decreased up to a certain dates as seeding was delayed and then again increased the panicles due to the development of numerous tillers at the upper internodes. The seeding date to reach to the least number of panicles of rice variety depended upon the seedling ages. Thirty- to 40-day seedlings which were seeded during May 31 to June 10 developed the lowest number of panicles and 70- to 80-day seedlings sown for the period from April 11 to April 21 reached already to the minimum number of panicles. E. Number of rachillae. 13. To a certain seeding date, the number of rachillae didn't show any variation due to delay of seeding but it decreased remarkably when seeded later than the marginal date. 14. Variation in number of rachillae depended upon seedling ages. For example, 30- to 40-day old seedlings which, were originally seeded after May 31 started to decrease the rachillae. On the other hand, 80-day old seedlings which, were seeded on May 1 showed a tendency to decrease rachillae and the rice plant sown on May 31 could develop narrowly 3 or 4 panicles. F. Defective grain and 1.000-grain weights. 15. Under delay of the seeding dates, weight of the defective grains gradually increased till a certain date and then suddenly increased. These relationships could be expressed with two different linear regressions. 16. If it was assumed that the marginal date for ripening was the cross point of these two lines, the date seemed. closely related with seedling ages. The date was June 10- in 30- to 40-day old seedlings but that of 70- to 80-day old seedlings was May 1. Accordingly, the marginal date for ripening was getting earlier as the seedling stage was prolonged. 17. The 1.000-grain weight in ordinary culture was the heaviest and it decreased in both early and late cultures. G. Straw and rough rice weights. 18. Regardless of earliness of variety, rice plants under early culture which were seeded before March 22 or April 1 did not show much variation in straw weight due to seedling ages but in ordinary culture it gradually decreased and the degree was became greater in late culture. 19. Relationship between seeding dates (X) and grain weight related to varieties and seedling ages, could be expressed as a parabola analogous to a line (Y=77.28-7.44X$_1$-1.00lX$_2$). That is, grain yield didn't vary in early culture but it started to decrease when seeded later than a certain date, as seeding was delayed. The variation was much greater in cases of late planting and prolongation of seedling age. 20. Generally speaking, the relationship between grain yield (Y) and number of days to heading (X) was described with linear regression. However, the early varieties were the highest yielders within the range of 60 to 110, days to heading but the late variety greatly decreased its yield since it grows normally only under late culture. The grain yield, on the whole, didn't increase as number of days to heading exceeded more than 140 days.