• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.30 no.6
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• pp.1286-1291
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• 2017

In this study, Pyracantha angustifolia (Franch.) C. K. Schneid was extracted with 70% methanol at room temperature for 48 hrs and concentrated under reduced pressure to measure its total polyphenol contents; furthermore, the effect of electron donating ability was examined. Methylene chloride, ethyl acetate, and methanol were used to fractionate the extract to testify total polyphenol contents, electron donating abilities, the removal abilities of superoxide radical as well as hydrogen peroxide. The total polyphenol contents were $2007.30{\pm}109.28{\mu}g\;GAE/mL$ in 70% methanol extract, $273.39{\pm}10.19{\mu}g\;GAE/mL$ in methylene chloride fraction, $80.57{\pm}0.64{\mu}g\;GAE/mL$ in ethyl acetate fraction, and $1,160.87{\pm}44.71{\mu}g\;GAE/mL$ in methanol fraction. The total polyphenol contents showed significant differences (p<0.05) between the solvents. The electron donating ability was $79.07{\pm}7.31%$ for 70% methanol extract, $22.34{\pm}0.64%$ for methylene chloride fraction, $5.33{\pm}0.28%$ for ethyl acetate fraction, and $32.26{\pm}1.10%$ for methanol fraction. The electron donating abilities were significantly different(p<0.05) between the solvents. The removal ability of superoxide radical was $0.018{\pm}0.003$ for 70% methanol extract, $0.007{\pm}0.002$ for methylene chloride fraction, $0.0147{\pm}0.003$ for ethyl acetate fraction, and nothing for methanol fraction. The measurement of hydrogen peroxide decomposition was $0.022{\pm}0.0046$ for 70% methanol extract, $0.0027{\pm}0.0015$ for methylene chloride fraction, $0.0037{\pm}0.0012$ for ethyl acetate fraction, and $0.0009{\pm}0.0001$ for methanol fraction.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.543-548
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• 2018

This study was conducted to investigated the antioxidant activities of extract for Megmoondong fruit. Liriope platyphylla L. was extracted with 70% methanol at room temperature for 48 hr and concentrated under reduced pressure to measure its total polyphenol contents and electron donating ability. The total polyphenol contents were $7,253.50{\pm}335.43{\mu}g\;GAE/mL$ in 70% methanol extract, $1,239.77{\pm}9.30{\mu}g\;GAE/mL$ in methylene chloride fraction, $919.30{\pm}50.83{\mu}g\;GAE/mL$ in methanol fraction, $105.44{\pm}2.04{\mu}g\;GAE/mL$ in ethyl acetate fraction. The total polyphenol contents showed significant differences (p<0.05) between the solvents. The electron donating ability was $69.17{\pm}12.61%$ for 70% methanol extract, $33.11{\pm}1.77%$ for methylene chloride fraction, $5.19{\pm}2.59%$ for ethyl acetate fraction, and $20.16{\pm}1.04%$ for methanol fraction. The electron donating abilities were significantly different (p<0.05) between the solvents. The removal ability of superoxide radical was $0.0174{\pm}0.0007$ for 70% methanol extract, $0.0164{\pm}0.0007$ for methylene chloride fraction, $0.0172{\pm}0.0007$ for ethyl acetate fraction, and nothing for methanol fraction. The measurement of hydrogen peroxide decomposition was $0.0985{\pm}0.1021$ for 70% methanol extract, $0.0896{\pm}0.0893$ for methylene chloride fraction, $0.0115{\pm}0.0085$ for ethyl acetate fraction, and $0.0170{\pm}0.0180$ for methanol fraction. The Liriope platyphylla L. extracts obtained from methylene chloride showed significantly relevant results in the total polyphenol contents and electron donating ability, which was higher than the original extract.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.13-21
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• 1986

Two short-term bioassays were employed to asses the mutagenic and clastogenic activities in browning reaction of pentose-creatine, pentose-glycine and pentose-creatine-glycine browning reaction model system. Methylene chloride extract of rhamnose-creatine-glycine browning reaction exhibited the strongest mutagenicity toward Salmonella typhimurium TA98 with S-9. Methylene chloride extract of pentose-creatine and pentose-glycine browning reaction solutions was also tested for mutagenicity, with positive responses. Methylene chloride extract of pentose-creatine-glycine browning reaction solutions induced significant increase in chromosome aberrations in the treated Chinese hamster ovary(CHO) cells. Each of pentose-creatine and pentose-glycine browning reaction solutions induced a relatively low frequency of chromosome aberrations in the treated cells.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.18 no.11
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• pp.1499-1506
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• 2008

To examine antitumor activity of the edible plant Zanthoxylum schinifolium, the cytotoxic effect of various organic solvent extracts of its stems on human acute leukemia Jurkat T cells was investigated. Among these extracts such as methanol extract (SS-7), methylene chloride extract (SS-8), ethyl acetate extract (SS-9), n-butanol extract (SS-10), and residual fraction (SL-11), SS-8 exhibited the most cytotoxic activity against Jurkat T cells. The methylene chloride extract (SS-8) possessed the apoptogenic activity capable of inducing sub-G1 peak along with apoptotic DNA fragmentation in Jurkat T cells. Western blot analysis revealed that SS-8 induced apoptosis via mitochondrial cytochrome c release into cytoplasm, subsequent activation of caspase-9 and caspase-3, and cleavage of PARP, which could be blocked by overexpression of Bcl-xL. Jurkat T cell clone I2.1 $FADD^{-/-}$) and Jurkat T cell clone I9.2 (caspase-$8^{-/-}$ were as sensitive as was the wild-type Jurkat T cell clone A3 to the cytotoxic effect of SS-8, suggesting no contribution of Fas/FasL system to the SS-8-mediated apoptosis. The GC-MS analysis of SS-8 showed that it was composed of 16 ingredients including 9,12-octadecanoic acid (18.62%), 2,4-dihydro-5-methyl-4- (1-methylethylidene)- 2-(4-nitrophenyl)-3H- pyrazol-3-one (14.97%), hexadecanoic acid (14.23%), (z,z)-6,9-pentadecadien- 1-ol (13.73%), 5,6-dimethoxy-2-methyl benzofuran (10.95%), and 4-methoxy-2-methylcinnamic acid (5.38%). These results demonstrate that the methylene chloride extract of the stems of Z. schinifolium can induce apoptotic cell death in Jurkat T cells via intrinsic mitochondria-dependent caspase cascade regulated by Bcl-xL without involvement of the Fas/FasL system.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.23 no.12
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• pp.1460-1470
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• 2013

To examine whether miscellaneous cereal grains have an antithrombotic effect, we investigated the anticoagulant activity of 80% ethanol extracts from eleven selected miscellaneous cereal grains. The 80% ethanol extract of hwanggeumchal sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) showed the highest anticoagulant activity, followed by that of green foxtail millet grains, in terms of thrombin time (TT). When the ethanol extract of hwanggeumchal sorghum was sequentially fractionated with n-hexane, methylene chloride, ethyl acetate, and n-butanol, the majority of the TT-inhibitory activity was detected in the hexane and methylene chloride fractions. Whereas aspirin (final conc. 480 ${\mu}g/ml$) prolonged TT by 2-fold, the ethanol extract, hexane fraction, and methylene chloride fraction in the same dose prolonged TT by 2.2-fold, 2.9-fold, and 2.5-fold, respectively. The ethanol extract of hwanggeumchal sorghum could delay activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) as well as prothrombin time (PT). Although the APTT-inhibitory activity of the ethanol extract was mainly partitioned into the hexane and methylene chloride fractions, the PT-inhibitory activity of the ethanol extract was solely partitioned into the hexane fraction. The APTT- and PT-inhibitory activities of these organic solvent fractions were more potent than those of the control warfarin (final conc. 3.13 mg/ml). The TT-inhibitory activity of the ethanol extract was heat-stable and acid-stable. The ethanol extract, hexane fraction, and methylene chloride fraction of hwanggeumchal sorghum appeared to possess a direct fibrinolytic activity toward fibrin clotting. These results show that hwanggeumchal sorghum can exert anticoagulant and fibrinolytic effects and, thus, have the potential to be applicable as antithrombotic dietary sources.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.16 no.3 s.76
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• pp.546-554
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• 2006

To understand antitumor activity of Zanthoxylum schinfolium, which has been used as an aromatic and medicinal plant in Korea, the cytotoxic effect of various organic solvent extracts of its leaves on human tumor cells were investigated. Among these extracts such as methanol extract (SL-13), methylene chloride extract (SL-14), ethyl acetate extract (SL-15), n-butanol extract (SL-16), and residual fraction (SL-17), SL-14 appeared to contain the most cytotoxic activity against leukemia and breast cancer cells tested. The methylene chloride extra.1 (SL-14) possessed an apoptogenic activity causing apoptotic DNA fragmentation of human acute leukemia Jurkat T cells via mitochondrial cytochrome c release into cytoplasm, subsequent activation of caspase-9 and caspase-3, and cleavage of PARP, which could be negatively regulated by antiapoptotic protein Bcl-xL. The GC-MS analysis of SL-14 revealed that the twenty-two ingredients of SL-14 were 9,19-cyclolanost-24-en-3-ol (15.1%), 2-a-methyl-17, b-hop-21-ene (15.1%), 15-methyl-2,3-dihydro-1H benzazepin (11.95%), phytol (10.38%), lupeol (9.92%), 12-methylbenzofuran (8.23%), hexadecanoic acid (5.96%), cis,cis,cis-9,12,15-octadecatrienoic acid-methyl-ester (5.49%), 9,12,15-octadecatrienoic acid-methylester (3.59%), 15-methyl-4-(1-methylethylidene)-2-(4-nitrophenyl) (3.36%), hexadecanoic acid methyl ester (1.93%), vitamine E (1.88%), beta-amyrin (0.96%), and auraptene (0.89%). These results demonstrate that the cytotoxicity of the methylene chloride extract of the leaves of Z. schinifolium toward Jurkat T cells is mainly attributable to apoptosis mediated by mitochondria-dependent caspase cascade regulated by Bcl-xL, and provide an insight into the mechanism underlying antitumor activity of the edible plant Z. schinifolium.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.29 no.6
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• pp.946-951
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• 2016

In this study, Ilex serrata Thunb was extracted with 70% methanol and concentrated under reduced pressure to measure its total polyphenol contents; furthermore, we examined the effect of electron donating ability of the various extracts. The extract was fractionated using different solvents such as methylene chloride, ethyl acetate, and methanol to investigate total polyphenol contents and electron donating abilities. The total polyphenol contents were $1,058.59{\pm}85.85{\mu}g\;GAE/mL$ in 70% methanol, $297.29{\pm}29.43{\mu}g\;GAE/mL$ in methylene chloride, $313.28{\pm}9.22{\mu}g\;GAE/mL$ in ethyl acetate, and $837.82{\pm}31.16{\mu}g\;GAE/mL$ in methanol. The total polyphenol contents showed significant differences (p<0.05) between the solvents. The electron donating abilities were $72.93{\pm}0.29%$ for 70% methanol extract, $14.02{\pm}2.01%$ for methylene chloride, $24.05{\pm}1.75%$ for ethyl acetate, and $84.08{\pm}1.95%$ for methanol. The electron donating abilities were significantly different (p<0.05) between the solvents. The two portions of Ilex serrata Thunb extracts obtained from methanol showed significantly relevant results in the total polyphenol contents and electron donating ability, which was higher than the original extract.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.49-56
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• 1992

In the preliminary antitumor screening tests of Crude Drugs and collected plants, the methanol ic extract of Forsythia Fruits in Korean marcket showed signif icant cytotoxic activity against Chinese hamster V-79 cells, but that in Japanese market did not. The former was identifid as Forsythia viridissima Lindley and latter as F.suspensa Vahl on the basis of the morphological observation. When an aqueous solution of the extract prepared from the fruits of F. viridissima (Oleaceae) was partitioned successively with n-hexane, methylene chloride, n-butanol, the cytoyoxic activitywas concetrated in the methylene chloride extract. Fractionation of the extract was made with the guidance of bioassay against V-79 cells to give cytotoxic lignans, matariresiol (1) and arctigenin (2). Their ICso values of compounds 1 and 2 were respectively $7.8{\;}\mu\textrm{g}/ml$ 1 and $1.65{\;}\mu\textrm{g}/ml$. Also, their structures were confirmed by comparison of physical and spectral data in the literature.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.167-174
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• 2008

Antimicrobial activity of Zanthoxylum piperitum was investigated against Streptococcus mutans that causes dental caries. Although the methylene chloride extract of seeds exhibited higher antimicrobial activity than other organic solvent extracts, including methanol, ethyl acetate, and hexane extracts of pericarps or seeds of Z. piperitum, essential oils prepared from both seeds and pericarps possessed more potent inhibitory activity than the methylene chloride extract of seeds. The minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of the essential oils of seeds and pericarps were 0.3 mg/ml and 4.0 mg/ml against S. mutans, respectively. When the seed essential oil was further separated into seven fractions (CS-SD-A${\sim}$CS-SD-G) by thin layer chromatography (TLC), all fractions exhibited lower antimicrobial activity than the essential oil. To understand the antimicrobial ingredients of Z. piperitum, seeds the gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) data of the methylene chloride extract of seeds was compared with those of the seed essential oil (CS-SD). Whereas the methylene chloride extract of seeds contained carvacrol (0.24%), ${\beta}$-caryophyllene (1.72%), and ${\alpha}$-humulene (0.88%), which were previously known to inhibit growth of S. mutans, the seed essential oil contained sabinene (1.57%), linalool (1.55%), citronellal (13.67%), terpinene-4-ol (0.45%), citronellol (3.69%), geraniol (0.9%), linalyl acetate (1.35%), ${\beta}$-caryophyllene (1.35%), ${\alpha}$-humulene (0.78%), and ${\delta}$-cadinene (0.67%) in this regard. These results indicate that Z. piperitum seeds possess various inhibitory substances against S. mutans, and an effective method to isolate the active ingredients from the seeds is to prepare the essential oil. These results also suggest that the essential oil of Z. piperitium seeds may be applicable to preventing dental caries.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.32 no.6
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• pp.581-588
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• 2019

In this study, S. glauca (Bunge) Bunge extract was testified total polyphenol contents, electron donating ability on DPPH, and scavenging ability of superoxide anion radical and hydrogen peroxide. Total polyphenol contents of S. glauca (Bunge) Bunge extract were 7,053.30±915.93 ㎍ GAE/mL. In the fractions, fraction by ethanol was the highest content of 10,973.30±1,000.24 ㎍ GAE/mL. Fractions of ethyl acetate and water were 2,386.70±166.53 ㎍ GAE/mL, 2,413.30±41.63 ㎍ GAE/mL respectively. It was shown that total content of polyphenol according to solvent was significant relation at p<0.05. In the experiment of the electron donating ability, 70% ethanol extract and methylene chloride fraction were -246.15±24.17%, -254.01± 16.54% respectively. In case of ethyl acetate fraction, it was the highest electron donating ability to DPPH radical, 39.06±0.34%, and then water fraction of 36.71±5.55%, ethanol fraction of 29.77±2.57%, gradually. Electron donating abilities revealed significant difference (p<0.05) between the solvents. The superoxide radical scavenging ability of standard material was 0.029±0.0011; 70% ethanol extract of 0.022±0.00052, methylene chloride fraction of 0.027±0.00031, ethyl acetate fraction of 0.024±0.0011, ethanol fraction of 0.021±0.00024 and water fraction of 0.024±0.00019. Hydrogen peroxide scavenging ability of 70% ethanol extract was -0.0029±0.00040 and the others were as follow; methylene chloride fraction (-0.0042±0.00058), ethyl acetate fraction (-0.003± 0.0041), ethanol fraction (-0.0029±0.0015) and water fraction (-0.0028±0.00090).