• 대한한방부인과학회지
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• 제22권4호
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• pp.135-148
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• 2009

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to recognize correlation between stress and menstrual pattern among low-income women. Methods: From 5th October to 24th October 2009 we researched 14 low-income mothers by questionnaires to investigate their stress and menstrual patterns. Results: The mean level of their stress was $6.71{\pm}2.92$. The less the income was, the higher the stress was. Among the women, the stress of those who do not had husbands was also high. Most of the women's menarche came late and their menstrual cycle was long. The menstrual color was a little dark and they had blood clots and pain during menstruation. Their mental states also often changed over the period and they had pattern of blood stasis. The study observed that the higher the stress was, the worse the menstrual pain was. Conclusion: Low-income women are under stress by their socioeconomic status and their menstrual patterns often change. Stress has correlation with menstruation.

• 모자간호학회지
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• 제2권1호
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• pp.55-69
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• 1992

This study was planned and carried out 1) to identify the general menstrual characteristics, 2) to understand perimenstrual discomfort, menstrual attitude, and sex role acceptance, 3) to investigate the correlation between perimenstrual discomfort, menstrual attitude, sex role acceptance in order to provide basic information about menstruation. The subjects of this study were 313 college women and they were asked to check Menstrual Discomfort questionnaire, Menstrual Attitude Questionnaire, and Role Acceptance Scale. Data were gathered from April 1 to June 24, 1992. The results were as follows : 1) The mean age of the subjects was 19, and the mean age of monarch was 13.6 ranged from 11 to 19. The distribution of menstrual cycle showed a wide variation and the mean cycle was 29.7 days. The duration of menstrual cycle was between 2-8 days, and in 65.8% the amount of menstrual fluid was within normal limit. 2) The frequencies of perimenstrual discomfort was 56.9% when asked to check it on 5 point scale. 3) All scores of perimenstrual discomfort were higher on premenstrual period than intermenstrual period, and higher on menstrual period than premenstrual period. They were statistically significant. 4) In general, the college women perceived menstruation as natural, somewhat bothersome, and not very debilitating or predictable, although they did not deny that menstruation had some effects. 5) The correlation between perimenstrual discomfort and menstrual attitude was significant. 6) The correlation between perimenstrual discomfort and sex role acceptance was significant. 7) The correlation between menstrual attitude and sex role acceptance was significant.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• 제28권5호
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• pp.308-313
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• 2016

Purpose: This study investigated the effects of sex hormones across menstrual cycle phases on knee muscle activity during one-leg landing in non-athletic females. Methods: Twenty-six healthy females who reported normal menstrual cycles for the previous three months were tested when estrogen levels were highest (ovulation) and lowest (menstruation). Knee muscle activity was analyzed based on electromyography (EMG) data recorded during landing on a 30-cm box. Before data collection, each subject was trained in single-leg landing tasks ten times. Landing was analyzed by measuring the average of three landing tasks. EMG data were collected between the moment of ground contact and the point of knee maximum flexion. The maximum voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC) for normalization that was recorded as the EMG root-mean-square (RMS) during landing was tested, with paired t-tests used to assess differences in knee muscle activity according to menstrual cycle phases. Results: The results showed that the soleus, semitendinosus, and lateral gastrocnemius muscle activity during landing was differed significantly during ovulation compared to that during menstruation (p<0.05). No significant differences in vastus medialis activity were found between menstrual and ovulatory phases during landing (p>0.05). Conclusion: Changes in the menstrual cycle in response to sex hormones changed the activity of muscles around the knee during landing. Females utilize different muscle activity control strategies during different phases of the menstrual cycle, which may contribute to increased ACL injury risk.

• 대한한방부인과학회지
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• 제24권3호
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• pp.73-84
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• 2011

Objectives: This study examined the recent update of factors affect length and regularity of menstrual cycle and symptoms need for diagnosis in oriental medicine. Methods: For factors, we searched the key word "menstrual cycle length and factor" in ScienceDirect(http://www.sciencedirect.com) and we mainly searched symptoms in the journal of oriental obstetrics & gynecology and text. Results: The result are shown in the Table 1-3. Conclusion: In fact as the fluctuation of menstrual cycle length and regularity is very high in healthy women, we must observe the factor affect menstrual cycle with attention even though rule out disease, operation and HRT etc. these researches show potential to compound oriental medicine care and factor of menstrual cycle change.

• 대한한방부인과학회지
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• 제35권4호
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• pp.161-173
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• 2022

Objectives: This study was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of acupuncture in patients with primary menstrual difficulties taking NSAIDs. Methods: 30 women with primary menstrual difficulties with NSAIDs were assigned to treatment groups (n=15) and control groups (n=15). On their first visit, both groups were provided with a menstrual diary and were required to record the intensity of pain and the dosage of painkillers during each menstrual cycle. The treatment group received two acupuncture treatments per cycle during two cycles, and the control group did not receive acupuncture. Pain strength during menstruation was evaluated using Visual Analogue Scale (VAS), and the total number of painkillers taken during menstruation and the average number of painkillers taken during a single dose was measured. Results: The treatment group had significant pain relief compared to the pre-test group and significant differences from the control group. In addition, there was a significant difference between the treatment group and the control group in the frequency of taking painkillers during the menstrual period and the dose in the test group was significantly lower than before treatment. Conclusions: This clinical trial showed that this acupuncture can help alleviate primary menstruation and reduce the use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.

• 여성건강간호학회지
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• 제24권3호
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• pp.310-321
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• 2018

Purpose: To examine the effect of menstrual self-management education program on knowledge and behavior of menstrual self-management in high school girls. Methods: With a randomized controlled trial, 100 high school girl students were randomly assigned into experimental group and control group. Menstruation self-management program was consisted of a total of four sessions of education program (1 hour of education per session). Control group only received the first class of education. Measurement tools were 20-item menstrual knowledge scale and 12-item women's genito-urinary hygiene scale. Pretest and post-test questionnaires were administered. Results: There were significant differences in menstrual knowledge as well as menstrual self-management behavior between the two groups. The experimental group showed significant improvement in both menstrual knowledge score (t=13.37, p<.001) and menstrual self-management behavior score (t=8.38, p<.001) than the control group. Conclusion: Results of this study suggest that the monthly self-management education program is effective in increasing the knowledge of menstruation of female high school students and enhancing their performance. This program needs to be implemented as a part of high school's standard sex education. Further study is needed to analyze follow-up effects of the program on self-management behavior of students after at least one menstrual cycle.

• 대한간호학회지
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• 제32권3호
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• pp.317-326
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• 2002

The purpose of this study was to verify the effect of aromatherapy on the stress response in menstrual period. Method: A randomized, single-blind, pretest- posttest design was used. The study subjects were 60 college women with dysmenorrhea and they were randomized into 3 groups, experimental, 1st control(placebo) and 2nd control group. The researchers massaged treatment oil(3% dilution essential oil of Lavender, Clary sage and Rose) into the abdomen of experimental group. The placebo group used almond oil(carrier oil) instead, and the 2nd control group did not give any treatment. Baseline data including pre-treatment stress response score were obtained on the first day of usual period. Aromatherapy provided for about 7 days until the next cycle began. Post-treatment stress responses were measured by 94 item SOS(symptom of stress) scale on the first day of the cycle. Results: As a results, the stress response score of experimental group was significantly lower than two control groups. And there was no significant difference in stress responses of two control groups. Conclusion: The results show aromatherapy using selected essential oils to be an effective intervention for stress response during menstruation.

• 대한한방부인과학회지
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• 제21권4호
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• pp.183-193
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• 2008

Purpose: To research the changes of Skin Resistance Variability(SRV) over the period of ovarian cycle of healthy young women with normal and regular menstrual cycles using Oriental Medical Diagnose Autonomic system-3000 (OMD-3000). Methods: We measured SRV of 15 women who were working at O O Oriental Hospital from July to Oct. 2008. Each woman took the OMD-3000 test 8 times during 2 menstrual cycles. Each cycle consists of 4 phases-follicular phase, ovulation, luteal phase and menstruation. We analyse the data by SPSS 12.0 for windows. the one-way ANOVA by Repeated Measure(p<0.05). Results: 1. (1) The Factor AA means at zone 1 were 0.77$\pm$0.40, at zone 2 were 1.07$\pm$0.68, at zone 3 were 0.77$\pm$0.35, at zone 4 were 0.68$\pm$0.32, at zone 5 were 0.74$\pm$0.29, at zone 6 were 0.85$\pm$0.30, and at zone 7 were 0.74$\pm$0.29. The Factor AA means were lower than normal range at zone 1,3,4,5,6 and 7. The graph pattern of M shape was caused by the Factor AA means at zone 2 and zone 6 were higher than others. (2) The Factor AA means at zone 1 and zone 3 show abnormal regulation state. 2. During the menstruation. the Factor AA means were higher at zone 1,2 and 3 than other zones. During the ovulation, the Factor AA means were higher at zone 4,5,6 and 7 than other zones. Especially at the menstruation phase in zone 2 and at the ovulation phase in zone 6 tend to be highest means than other phases respectively. 3. However there were no significant difference of means during 4 ovarian phases in 7 zones except ovulation phase to luteal phase at zone 4(p = 0.013). Conclusion: The results suggest that changes of SRV during 4 menstrual cycles are not variables in reading 7-zone-diagnostic system. Further study will be needed.

• International Journal of Oral Biology
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• 제32권2호
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• pp.67-73
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• 2007

Periodontitis is a chronic infectious disease that leads to periodontal destruction, and is one of the major causes of tooth loss in humans. The osteoclast differentiation factor (ODF), which is also known as the receptor activator of the NF-kB ligand (RANKL), is a surface-associated ligand on bone marrow stromal cells and osteoblasts. RANKL activates its cognate receptor, RANK, on osteoclast progenitor cells, which leads to the differentiation of mononucleated precursor cells. Osteoprotegerin (OPG) is a decoy receptor that is released from stromal cells and osteoblasts to inhibit the interaction between RANKL and RANK. Although the precise mechanism of bone loss in periodontitis is unknown, the differentiation and activation of osteoclasts by OPG-ODF-RANK signaling might play the role in periodontal bone destruction. The relationship between the concentration of sex hormones and the expression of ODF and OPG was examined by treating human gingival fibroblasts and periodontal ligament cells with the normal serum concentration of estrogen or progesterone during menstruation or at menopause. The ODF/OPG relative ratio was elevated at the concentration observed during ovulation in human gingival fibroblasts and at the concentration observed between ovulation and menstruation in periodontal ligament cells treated with estrogen. However, the ratio was <1 at all concentrations in both cells treated with progesterone. In the case of menopause simulated by estrogen depletion, the ratio was <1 in human gingival fibroblasts but >1 in periodontal ligament cells.

• 대한한방부인과학회지
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• 제24권1호
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• pp.99-108
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• 2011

Objectives: The purpose of this study is to recognize the relation of menstrual pattern and dysmenorrhea affected by obesity of first-year female college students. Methods: From March 22th to April 2nd, 2010 we researched 251 first-year female students at OOcollege, aged 19(born after March 1991 to February 1992) by questionnaires to investigate their Body Mass Index(BMI), menstruation and dysmenorrhea. The BMI range of normal group is 18.5~25, abnormal group is over 25. Results: 1. The normal group was 227 people(90.4%) and the abnormal group(over BMI 25) was 24 people(9.6%). 2. In the mean of BMI, the normal group was $21.08{\pm}1.64$ and the abnormal group was $27.94{\pm}2.19$. 3. There was no statistical difference between the normal group and the abnormal group in menstrual cycle, menstrual amount, menstrual color and menstrual blood clot. 4. There was statistical difference between the normal group and the abnormal group in menarcheal age, menstrual duration and dysmenorrhea. 5. In the mean of VAS, the normal group was $3.68{\pm}2.45$ and the abnormal group was $3.21{\pm}2.05$, and two groups were not different statistically. Conclusion: This study showed the relation of menstrual pattern and dysmenorrhea affected by obesity. The normal group and the abnormal group were different statistically in menarcheal age, menstrual duration and dysmenorrhea. In consequence of this study, it was supposed that obesity had an effect on menstruation.