• Korean Journal of Health Education and Promotion
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.72-86
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• 1993

The purpose of this study is to find out the menopausal symptom of middle-aged women and their self-care on it. This study also intended to awaken the relationship of the menopausal symptom and self-care and to provide basic data on the health education of middle-aged women. For this purpose, the study (1) identified respondents background variables, (2) found menopausal symptom and the state of self-care, (3) analyzed relationship between general character, menopausal symptom, and self-care, (4) analyzed the relationship of menopausal symptom and self-care for 543 random sampled women in City of Incheon. The questionnaire consisted of 25 questions on the menopausal symptom interview by Neugarton translated by Jung Hae Ran(1985) and questions of the self-care inventory by Orem reconstructed by Sung Moon Hee(1988). The data were analyzed by using frequency, percentage, t-test, X²-test, pearson's correlation coefficient with SPSS statistical package. The results of this study could be summed up as follows ; 1. The Degree of menopausal symptom were graded from 25 to 75. (x 40.85, s. d. 8. 6.) 2. The test of relationship between the individual background and the menopausal symptom revealed that there seemed to be statistically significant correlation between the sexual life, life-content, the level of education, menstruation(p<0.000). 3. In the test of relationship between the individual background and the self-care process, (1) in case of insight of symptom, there seemed to be statistically significant correlation between the self-content(r=0.1463), sexual life(r= -0.1376), menstruation(r=0.1561), and artificial abortion(r=0.1577), (p<0.001), (2) In case of self-health control, there seemed to be statistical correlation between the states of menstruation and the number of induced abortion. (3) In case of self-health decision, there seemed to be statistically significant correlation between the number of visiting hospitals or clinics and the level of education(r=0.106), the self-content(r=0.1235), induced abortion(r=0.1343) (p<0.0000). And also individual background can show the 40.21 percent of self-health maintenance. 4. The relationship between menopausal symptom and self-care has a significant meaning to the insight of symptom, self-health decision according to the groups of menopausal symptom(p<0.000), but it doesn't have any meaning to self-health control. And self-health maintenance can manifest the 19.88 percent of menopausal symptom.

• Women's Health Nursing
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.157-168
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• 2001

The purpose of this study was to investigate of the relationship of the urinary incontinence, menopausal symptom and life satisfaction in middle aged women. The subjects of this study were 235 middle aged women, living in M city, during the period from June 21 to August 31, 2000. The instruments for this study were the urinary incontinence modified and adding by Lee Young Sook(1994), the menopausal symptom developed by Song Ae Ri and Chung Eun Soon(1998) and the life satisfaction translated and modified by Suh Kyung Hee(1988). Collected data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, t-test, ANOVA, Pearson correlation coefficients and stepwise multiple regression with SAS package. The result of this are as follows : 1. The total mean score of urinary incontinence was $1.56{\pm}0.58$ with a range of 0 to 4. The mean score on the menopausal symptom was $2.05{\pm}0.43$ with a range of 1 to 4. The mean life satisfaction score was $1.14{\pm}0.41$ with a range of 0 to 2. 2.General characteristics ralated to urinary incontinence were age and numbers of children (F=7.66, p=0.000, F=2.86, p=0.037). General characteristics ralated to menopausal symptom were age (F=7.37, p=0.000), occupation (t=5.33, p=0.021), problem of children (t=6.46, p=0.011) and marital satisfaction (F=5.65, p=0.004). General characteristics ralated to life satisfaction were type of housing (t=12.06, p=0.000), problem of children (t=6.96, p=0.008) and marital satisfaction (F=18.86, p=0.000). 3.The urinary incontinence and menopausal symptom were correlated positively (r=.235, p=.000). The urinary incontinence and life satisfaction were correlated negatively (r=-.114, p=.007). The menopausal symptom and life satisfaction were correlated negatively (r=-.277, p=.000). 4.The menopausal symptom, type of housing and marital satisfaction explained 16.6% of the variance for life satisfaction in the middle aged women.

• The Korean Journal of Health Service Management
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.157-168
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• 2015

A majority of menopausal women experience serious depressive symptom because they are disturbed by their menstruation stop and by multiple physiological symptoms. The purpose of this study is to analyze the related factors of depressive symptom of menopausal women in Korea. A multiple regression model was used to study in association with depressive symptom, controlling for socio-economic characteristics, health status and behavior characteristics, women's health, and family support characteristics. For the data, Menopausal women were 4,680 peoples were selected for this study. PASW 18.0 was used to study in association with affecting factors of depressive symptom in the menopausal women The study shows that Education level, Marital status, Income, Employment status, Activity limitations, Perceived health status, Perceived body Image recognition, Current smoking, AUDIT, Frequency of induced abortion, Frequency of eating out, Breakfast with family, Lunch with family were associated with depressive symptom of menopausal women in Korea.

• Korean Journal of Adult Nursing
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.200-210
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• 2017

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to assess the relationship between menopausal symptoms and decline in cognitive functioning of menopausal women with mediating effects of health promoting behavior. Methods: Using a convenience sampling, 140 menopausal women were recruited for the cross-sectional survey. Data were collected by using the Menopause Rating Scale, Health Promoting Lifestyle Profile, Everyday Cognition, and Korean Mini-Mental State Examination. Results: The mean scores for menopausal symptoms, health promotion behavior, and subjective cognitive decline were 14.40, 153.79, and 67.40 respectively. Health promotion behavior was directly affected by menopausal symptom ($R^2=8%$). Cognitive decline was directly affected by menopausal symptom ($R^2=11%$). Menopausal symptom (${\beta}=.33$, p<.001) and health promotion behavior (${\beta}=.21$, p=.014) were found to be predictive factors in subjective cognitive decline and explained 14%. Health promotion behavior had a partial mediating effect in the relationship between menopausal symptom and perceived cognitive decline (Sobel test: Z=2.05, p=.040). Conclusion: Based on the findings of this study, developing nursing intervention programs focusing on decreasing menopausal symptoms and encouraging health promotion behavior are recommended to improve cognitive decline in menopausal women.

• Women's Health Nursing
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.270-283
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• 1996

This study was done for the purpose of analyzing the relationship between menopausal symptoms and depression. Data were collected by a questionnaire from November 28 to December 30, 1995. The subjects were 134 women between 40-61 years of age. The instruments used for this study were The Menopausal symptom scale by Neugartom and Depression scale by Zung. The results of the study were as follows. 1. Mean score of menopausal symptoms was 1.59. Mean score orders of experienced symptoms were "Rack pain and joint pain"(2.02), "General weakness"(1.98), "Nervousness"(1.96). The most serious menopausal symptom was psychosomatic symptom.(1.88) Total score orders of experienced symptoms was 27.9 and over 90.3% of women complained menopausal symptom. 2. Mean score orders of depression was 39.13. It was normal range of depression. 85.1% of the women were normal range of depression and 14.2% of women mild depression. 3. The relationship between menopausal symptoms and depression was statistically significant(r=0.5307, p=0.000). When the relationship among three dimensions of menopausal symptoms were explored the psychosomatic symptom(r=0.4090, P=0.000), Physical symptom(r=0.319, P=0.000), Physical symptom(r=0.319, P=0.000) were statistically significant. 4. General characteristic variables were significantly related to the level of menopausal symptoms as follows ; environment of living(F=2.89, p=0.038), religion(F=4.18, P=0.007), times of birth(F=2.66, p=0.043). The analysis of this study have implication for management of middle aged women's health, to solve the nursing problems, and to prevent and relieve climacteric symptoms.

• Korean Journal of Occupational Health Nursing
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.66-74
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• 2013

Purpose: This study examined the relationships among menopausal symptom, self-efficacy, health promoting behaviors, and investigated factors affecting health promoting behaviors of teachers with middle-aged women experiencing menopause. Methods: From September to October 2012, a convenience sample of 252 subjects aged 40 to 60 years was recruited from 8 elementary schools, 3 middle schools and 5 high schools. The data analysis was done by ANOVA and stepwise multiple regression. Results: Menopausal symptom of subjects was slightly lower than general middle aged women and the average level of health promoting behaviors was similar to general middle aged women. Health promoting behaviors were differentiated by severity of menopausal symptom, not by menstruation state. Menopausal symptom was negatively related to health promoting behaviors. The most significant factor affecting health promoting behaviors was self efficacy (14.3%). The combination of self efficacy, menopausal symptom, and elementary school teachers accounted for 20.1% of health promoting behavior. Conclusion: When developing health promotion program for teachers with middle-aged women, such program should consider self-efficacy, menopausal symptom, and school type.

• The Korean Journal of Rehabilitation Nursing
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.18-26
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• 2013

Purpose: This study was conducted to identify menopausal symptoms and quality of life (QOL) according to hormone replacement therapy (HRT) in rural menopausal women. Methods: Menopausal symptoms and QOL were measured by questionnaires. A total of 50 participants in HRT group had received hormone replacement therapy for 12 weeks and another 50 who had not received hormone therapy were assigned to non-HRT group. Results: Vasomotor symptom score of non-HRT group was significantly higher than that of HRT group (p=.013). There were no statistically significant differences between two groups in all menopausal symptoms except for vasomotor symptom. There were no significant differences between two groups in the total scores and sub-scores of QOL. Total scores and sub-scores of QOL were very low in both group. Menopausal symptoms were significantly negatively correlated with QOL. Conclusion: These results showed that there were no statistically significant differences between HRT group and non-HRT group in menopausal symptoms except for vasomotor symptom and QOL. Menopausal symptoms were moderate and QOL was very low in menopausal women. It is necessary to develop nursing interventions to improve menopausal symptoms and QOL in menopausal women.

• Women's Health Nursing
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.287-296
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• 2016

Purpose: This study identified the level of marital intimacy, menopausal symptom and sexual function, and examined factors affecting sexual function in postmenopausal married women. Methods: With cross-sectional survey, a sample of 245 subjects aged 45 to 60 years was recruited from January to March, 2014. Data were collected using self-reported questionnaires which included marital intimacy questionnaire (MIQ), menopause rating scale (MRS), and female sexual function index (FSFI). Data were analyzed by descriptive statistics, t-test, ANOVA, Pearson correlation coefficients and stepwise multiple regression. Results: Marital intimacy, menopausal symptom and sexual function scores of subjects were $3.46{\pm}1.14$, $13.71{\pm}6.61$, and $12.55{\pm}8.33$, respectively. Marital intimacy and menopausal symptom were related to sexual function. Variables including marital intimacy, psychosocial and urogenital menopausal symptom, period since menopause and body mass index therapy explained 51.5% in sexual function of participants. Conclusion: When nurses plan sexual counseling and education for sexual function of postmenopausal married women, it is necessary to consider marital intimacy, menopausal symptoms, and menopause-related factors.

• Journal of the Korea Convergence Society
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.347-356
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• 2021

The purpose of this study was to investigate the correlation between menopausal symptoms, perceived awareness of menopausal symptom, menopausal attitude and of menopausal management in middle aged women and to identify factors affecting menopausal symptoms. The subjects of study were 242 middle aged women who are living in G, J, K city and understood the research items and agreed to participate in the research. Data were collected from April 10 to May 30, 2019. Data were analyzed using t-test, ANOVA, Pearson's Correlation Coefficient and Stepwise Multiple Regression with SPSS/WIN 25.0. In this study, it was founded that perceived awareness of menopausal symptom(β=. 51, p<.001), menstruation status(β=. 23, p<.001), perceived health status(β=. 19, p=. 002), satisfaction of life(β=. 14, p=. 019) and religion(β=. 10, p=. 045) were found to be influential factors affecting menopausal symptoms in middle aged women. The most influential factor was perceived awareness of menopausal symptom. A nursing intervention program is needed to change positively the awareness of menopausal symptom.

• The Journal of Korean Academic Society of Nursing Education
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.149-160
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• 2004

The primary purpose of this study was to describe psychological aspects of menopausal women who have experiences on alternative therapies, such as pomegranate tree fluid, life pack, evening primerose, zacro syrup, zacro pill, multi-vitamin, oriental medicine instead of estrogen. In order to have insights on the participants behaviors, this qualitative research was conducted. The participants in this study were six women who have been taking at least one of the alternative therapies to relieve the menopausal symptom. Data had been collected from November 2002 to May 2003. The interview questions were about motivations to seek the alternative therapy, menopausal symptoms, feelings or positive effects after the treatment. The interviews were recorded and transcribed into written documents. The method described by Giorgi was utilized for data analysis. The study results were as follows : 1. The participants sought the alternative therapy based on their own information or by friends' recommendations. The motivations of taking the therapy were to live younger and healthier by reliving menopausal symptoms including somatic symptoms, such as irregular menstruation, flushing sense, cold sweating, insomnia, dull headache, vagina dryness, cystitis after sexual intercourse, joint pain, nervousness, depression, skin dryness, and suppression of activity. 2. The participants expressed that they became more active and felt better with disappearing menopausal symptoms after about 2 to 3 weeks treatment. 3. The participants did not want to accept the fact that they had menopause, which caused avoidance of having medical diagnosis and medical treatment. They also did not want to let their spouses know about their symptoms. 4. The major reason of taking the alternative therapy was to avoid the side effects of estrogen therapy in spite of high costs of the alternative way. 5. The participants suggested that menopausal women needed to be educated about physical and psychological symptoms of menopause. They also needed to be informed about how to manage it. In conclusion, accurate information about foods and drugs utilized for the alternative therapy was needed. Medically proved methods to recognize positive effects and side effects were also necessary. These goals could be achieved by continuous medical observations and further research.