• Journal of Oriental Neuropsychiatry
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.97-117
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• 2005

This research investigates the effect of the Chaenomelis fructus(CMF) on Alzheimer's disease. Specifically, the effects of the CMF extract on (1) >$IL-1{\beta}$, IL-6, and $TNF-{\alpha}$ mRNA of PC-12 cells treated with LPS; (2) amyloid precursor proteins(APP), acetylcholinesterase(AChE), and glial fibrillary acidic protein(GFAP) mRNA of PC-12 cells treated with CT-105; (3) the AChE activity and the APP production of PC-12 cell treated with CT-105; (4) the behavior of AD mice with ${\beta}A$; (5) expression of $IL-1{\beta}$, $TNF-{\alpha}$, MDA, $IL-1{\beta}$ mRNA, $TNF-{\alpha}$ mRNA, and ROS; (6) the infarction area of the hippocampus, and brain tissue injury in Alzheimer's diseased mice induced with ${\beta}A$ were investigated. The results were summarized as follows; 1. The CMF extract suppressed the expression of $IL-1{\beta}$, IL-6 and $TNF-{\alpha}$ mRNA in THP-1 cells treated with LPS. 2. The CMF extract suppressed the expression of APP, AChE, and GFAP mRNA in PC-12 cells treated with CT-105. 3. The CMF extract suppressed the AChE activity, and the production of APP significantly in PC-12 cells treated with CT-105. 4. A significant inhibitory effect on the memory deficit was shown on the CMF extract group of the mice with Alzheimer's disease induced by ${\beta}A$ in the Morris water maze experiment, which measured stop-through latency, and distance movement-through latency. 5. The CMF extract suppressed the over-expression of $IL-1{\beta}$ protein, $TNF-{\alpha}$ protein, MDA, $IL-1{\beta}$ protein, mRNA, $TNF-{\alpha}$ mRNA, CD68/GFAP, and ROS in the mice with Alzheimer's disease induced by ${\beta}A$. 6. The CMF extract reduced the infarction area of hippocampus, and controlled the injury of brain tissue in the mice with Alzheimer’s disease induced by ${\beta}A$. These results suggest that the CMF extract may be effective for the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease. Investigation into the clinical use of the CMF extract for Alzheimer's disease is suggested for future research.

• Journal of KIISE:Computer Systems and Theory
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• v.31 no.5_6
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• pp.371-378
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• 2004

This paper presents the implementation and performance of the HVIA-GE card, which is a hardware implementation of the Virtual Interface Architecture (VIA) based on Gigabit Ethernet. The HVIA-GE card is a 32-bit/33MHz PCI adapter containing an FPGA for the VIA protocol engine and a Gigabit Ethernet chip set to construct a high performance physical network. HVIA-GE performs virtual-to-physical address translation, Doorbell, and send/receive completion operations in hardware without kernel intervention. In particular, the Address Translation Table (ATT) is stored on the local memory of the HVIA-GE card, and the VIA protocol engine efficiently controls the address translation process by directly accessing the ATT. As a result, the communication overhead during send/receive transactions is greatly reduced. Our experimental results show the maximum bandwidth of 93.7MB/s and the minimum latency of 11.9${\mu}\textrm{s}$. In terms of minimum latency HVIA-GE performs 4.8 times and 9.9 times faster than M-VIA and TCP/IP, respectively, over Gigabit Ethernet. In addition, the maximum bandwidth of HVIA-GE is 50.4% and 65% higher than M-VIA and TCP/IP respectively.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.45 no.1
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• pp.1-11
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• 2016

This study was conducted to investigate effect of the acetylcholinesterase inhibitor activity, the protective effect of the extract on SH-SY5Y cell death by $H_2O_2$, the memory improvement from scopolamine-induced rat. Moreover, the antioxidant activity of isorhamnetin from the dropwort (Oenanthe javanica) was investigated. Acetylcholinesterase inhibitor activity was highest (28.59%) in Hwasun O. javanica extract (H-OJE). H-OJE and Naju O. javanica extract (N-OJE) were not significantly different. SH-SY5Y cell death deceased to 37.23% and 36.68% for H-OJE and N-OJE, respectively, following treatment with the extracts. O. javanica extracts showed a protective effect against $H_2O_2$-induced neurotoxicity. Treatment with O. javanica extracts slightly improved scopolamine-induced (1 mg/kg, i.p.) memory impairment in rats. H-OJE contained the highest total phenolic and flavonoid contents of 117 mg/g and 30 mg gallic acid equivalents/g, respectively, and had a DPPH radical scavenging activity ($SC_{50}$) of $113.8{\mu}g/mL$ and ABTS radical scavenging activity of $48.2{\mu}g/mL$, which was higher than the other extracts. The thiobarbituric acid reactive substances value was highest (50.2%) in H-OJE. Antioxidant activity differed significantly among dropwort extracts. Isorhamnetin was known as one of the flavonoid and for having neuroprotective effect. So we analyzed acid-hydrolyzed O. javanica extract HPLC. The results were that peak at 14 min and spectrum of the extracts was consistent with standard solution. The results of LC/MS/MS analysis were that the extract and standard solution were confirmed total ion chromatogram at identical time, precursor ion was 317 $[M-H]^+$ m/z, product ion was 302 $[M-H]^+$ m/z. Overall, the results showed that the dropwort extract led to memory improvement and had antioxidant activity. Based on these finding, further research to investigate the production of ethanol extract of dropwort as a processed food is warranted.

• The Sea:JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF OCEANOGRAPHY
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.127-143
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• 2022

Recently, many attempts to run numerical ocean models in cloud computing environments have been tried actively. A cloud computing environment can be an effective means to implement numerical ocean models requiring a large-scale resource or quickly preparing modeling environment for global or large-scale grids. Many commercial and private cloud computing systems provide technologies such as virtualization, high-performance CPUs and instances, ether-net based high-performance-networking, and remote direct memory access for High Performance Computing (HPC). These new features facilitate ocean modeling experimentation on commercial cloud computing systems. Many scientists and engineers expect cloud computing to become mainstream in the near future. Analysis of the performance and features of commercial cloud services for numerical modeling is essential in order to select appropriate systems as this can help to minimize execution time and the amount of resources utilized. The effect of cache memory is large in the processing structure of the ocean numerical model, which processes input/output of data in a multidimensional array structure, and the speed of the network is important due to the communication characteristics through which a large amount of data moves. In this study, the performance of the Regional Ocean Modeling System (ROMS), the High Performance Linpack (HPL) benchmarking software package, and STREAM, the memory benchmark were evaluated and compared on commercial cloud systems to provide information for the transition of other ocean models into cloud computing. Through analysis of actual performance data and configuration settings obtained from virtualization-based commercial clouds, we evaluated the efficiency of the computer resources for the various model grid sizes in the virtualization-based cloud systems. We found that cache hierarchy and capacity are crucial in the performance of ROMS using huge memory. The memory latency time is also important in the performance. Increasing the number of cores to reduce the running time for numerical modeling is more effective with large grid sizes than with small grid sizes. Our analysis results will be helpful as a reference for constructing the best computing system in the cloud to minimize time and cost for numerical ocean modeling.

• Journal of KIISE:Computer Systems and Theory
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• v.34 no.9
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• pp.407-415
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• 2007

In parallel cluster computing systems, the efficiency of communication between computing nodes is one of important factors that decide overall system performance. Accordingly, many researchers have studied on high-performance inter-node communication. The recently launched multi-core processor, however. increases the importance of intra-node communication as well because the more the number of cores in a node, the more the number of parallel processes running in the same node. Though there have been studies on intra-node communications, these have limited considerations on the state-of-the-art systems. In this paper, we propose a Linux kernel module that minimizes the number of data copy by exploiting the memory mapping mechanism for high-performance intra-node communication. The proposed kernel module supports the Linux kernel version 2.6. The performance measurements over a multi-core system present that the proposed kernel module can achieve lower latency up to 62% and higher throughput up to 144% than an existing kernel module approach. In addition, the measurements reveal that the performance of intra-node communication can vary significantly based on whether the cores that run the communication processes are belong to the same processor package (i.e., sharing the L2 cache).

• ALGAE
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.73-84
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• 2016

Marine organisms are frequently used to be harmful and have lower side effects than synthetic drugs. The cognitive improving efficacy of gamma aminobutyric acid-enriched fermented Saccharina japonica (FSJ) on the memory deficient rats, which were induced by trimethyltin chloride (TMT), was investigated by assessing the Morris water maze test and by performing choline acetyltransferase (ChAT), cAMP response element binding protein (CREB), and brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) immunohistochemistry. The neurite outgrowth of Neuro2a cells was assessed in order to examine the underlying mechanisms of the memory enhancing effects of FSJ. Treatment with FSJ tended to shorten the latency to find the platform in the acquisition test of the Morris water maze at the second and fourth day compared to the control group. In the probe trial, the FSJ treated group increased time spent in the target quadrant, compared to that of the control group. Consistent with the behavioral data, these treatments recovered the loss of ChAT, CREB, and BDNF immunepositive neurons in the hippocampus produced by TMT. Treatment with FSJ markedly stimulated neurite outgrowth of the Neuro2a cells as compared to that of the controls. These findings demonstrate that FSJ may be useful for improving the cognitive function via regulation of neurotrophic marker enzyme activity.

• Journal of KIISE:Computing Practices and Letters
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.256-260
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• 2008

This paper describes an improvement of mount-time delay in NAND Flash file systems. To improve file system mount performance, this work configures a hierarchical storage system with byte-addressable NVRAM and NAND Flash memory, and let the meta data of a file system allocated in the NVRAM. Since the meta data are stored in NVRAM supporting data integrity some of the items, which are stored in Spare area and Object Header area of NAND Flash memory to control meta data of NAND Flash file system, could be eliminated. And also, this work eliminates the scanning operation of the Object Header area of previous work FRASH1.0. The scanning operation is definitely required to find out the empty Object Header address for storing the Object Header data and provokes a certain amount of performance loss in file generation and deletion. In this work, an implemented file system, so-called FRASH1.5, is demonstrated, featuring new data structures and new algorithms. The mount time of FRASH1.5 becomes twice as fast as that of the FRASH1.0. The performance in file generation gets improved by about $3{\sim}8%$. In particular, for most large-size files, the FRASH1.5 has 8 times faster mount time than YAFFS, without any performance loss as seen in the file generation.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.17 no.10
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• pp.1400-1405
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• 2007

The effect of supplementation with docosahexaenoic acid into n-3 fatty acid deficient diet on improvement of loaming related brain function was investigated. On the second day after conception, Sprague Dawley strain dams were subjected to a diet containing either n-3 fatty acid deficient (Def) or n-3 fatty acid deficient + docosahexaenoic acid (Def+DHA). After weaning, male pups were fed on the same diet of their respective dams until adulthood. Motor activity and Morris water maze tests were measured at 10 weeks old. In motor activity test, there were no statistically significant differences in moving time and moving distance between the Def and Def+DHA diet groups. The n-3 fatty acid deficient with DHA (Def+DHA) group exhibited a shorter escape latency, swimming time and swimming distance (P<0.05) compared to the n-3 fatty acid deficient group (Def) but there was no difference in resting time and swimming speed between the experimental diet groups. In memory retention trial, the number of crossing of the platform position (region A) was significantly greater than those of other regions for the Def+DHA group. However, the Def group swam randomly without preference for the provisions platform location, indicating poorer memory retention. From those results, supplementation with DHA into the n-3 fatty acid deficient diet improved the spatial loaming ability in rats as assessed by Morris water maze test.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• v.17 no.6
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• pp.505-510
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• 2013

Electroacupuncture (EA) is a modified form of acupuncture that utilizes electrical stimulation. We previously showed that EA stimulated rats were divided into responders that were sensitive to EA and non-responders that were insensitive to EA based on the tail flick latency (TFL) test. The dopamine beta-hydroxylase (DBH) gene was more abundantly expressed in the hypothalamus of responder rats than non-responder rats. To determine whether overexpression of DBH gene expression in the hypothalamus modulate EA analgesia, we constructed a DBH encoding adenovirus and which was then injected into the hypothalamus of SD rats. Microinjection of DBH or control GFP virus into the hypothalamus had no changes on the basal pain threshold measured by a TFL test without EA treatment. However, the analgesic effect of EA was significantly enhanced from seven days after microinjection of the DBH virus, but not after injection of the control GFP virus. DBH expression was significantly higher in the hypothalamus of DBH virus injected rat than control GFP virus or PBS injected rats. Moreover, expression of the DBH gene did not affect the body core temperature, body weight, motor function or learning and memory ability. Although the functional role of DBH in the hypothalamus in the analgesic effect of EA remains unclear, our findings suggest that expression of the DBH gene in the hypothalamus promotes EA analgesia without obvious side-effects.

• Journal of the Institute of Electronics Engineers of Korea SC
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• v.39 no.2
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• pp.123-131
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• 2002

In this paper, a new standard basis parallel ternary-valued multiplier circuit designed using current mode CMOS is presented. Prior to constructing the GF(3$^{ｍ}$) multiplier circuit, we provide a GF(3) adder and a GF(3) multiplier with truth tables and symbolize them, and also design them using current mode CMOS circuit. Using the basic ternary operation concept, a ternary adder and a multiplier, we develop the equations to multiply arbitrary two elements over GF(3$^{ｍ}$). Following these equations, we can design a multiplier generalized to GF(3$^{ｍ}$). For the proposed circuit in this paper, we show the example in GF(3$^{3}$). In this paper, we assemble the operation blocks into a complete GF(3$^{ｍ}$) multiplier. Therefore the proposed circuit is easy to generalize for m and advantageous for VLSI. Also, it need no memory element and the latency not less fewer than other circuit. We verify the proposed circuit by functional simulation and show its result.