• 생물정신의학
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• 제13권3호
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• pp.191-201
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• 2006

Objectives : The purpose of this study was to investigate whether the cognitive functions would be correlated with psychotic symptoms and whether antipsychotic treatments would affect the cognitive functions after 8 weeks. Methods : The thirty-five schizophrenic patients were conducted in this study. The psychopathology was measured using PANSS. The memory function, executive function, and sustained attention were measured using Memory Assessment Scale(MAS), Wisconsin Card Sorting Test(WCST), and Vigilance(VIG) and Cognitrone(COG) in Vienna Test System. After 8 weeks of antipsychotic treatment, we retested the cognitive tests. Results : 1) The cognitive tests after the 8 week's treatment showed significant improvements in memory and executive function in the schizophrenic patients. On the other side, sustained attention did not show improvement. 2) The change of PANSS were correlated with perseverative response, perseverative error and total correct in WCST at baseline. WCST scores at baseline were correlated with negative symptoms, but not positive ones. Conclusion : These study suggests that 1) the impaired sustained attention could be a vulnerability marker in schizophrenia, 2) memory & executive function deficit could be reversible after treatment, and 3) medication might have a benefit in improving the cognitive functions in schizophrenia. Furthermore, the data supports that the better premorbid executive function was, the more favorable was the treatment response in schizophrenic patients. Finally, this study indicates that executive function might be an index of treatment improvement.

• 동의신경정신과학회지
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• 제9권2호
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• pp.19-35
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• 1998

Some oriental medicine turned out to have a significant clinical effect on the cure for dementia. Therefore, thorough scientific tests for physiological effect of oriental medicne are needed. This study is aimed at doing experimental studies on the effects of two medicines, Jowiseungcheongtang and hyungbangjihwangtang, on the cure for dementia.For the demonstration of the effect of the two medicines on aged rats, we perfomed a radial arm medicines on aged rats, water maze task, known for their proper learning paradigm for behavior.Previous studies on aging and dementia show that aged rats displayed significant impariments in the learning of the radial arm maze task compared with younger rats. As in experiment 1, we found that the learning of the radial arm maze task compared with younger rats. As in experiment 1, we found that the learning deficits aged rats exhibit in radial arm maze task were improved with the application of each medicine. The resutls suggest that these two medicine can be effective to patients whose working or shortterm memory is impaired. In experiment 2 we studied the effect of the two medicines on the deficit of the aged rats with the Morris water maze task known for measuring long-tern memory. We did not find significant results between the performance of the ages rats and the younger ones. Considered the different results previous studies have reported, more thorough studies are needed to investigate the effect of the medicines on long-term memory.In conclusion, the results we found in experiment 1 and 2 suggest that Jowisengcheongtang and hyungbangjihwangtang can have useful effects for the cure of age-related memory (especially for short-term memory)deficits. Recent interests in dementia urges researchers concerned to explore the effect of oriental medicine on the disease. As there have been relatively few behavioral or scientific studies on dementia using oriental medicine to date, further studies are expected are expected to continue to elucidate 'what the wisdom of the oriental medicine tells about dementia'.

• 동의생리병리학회지
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• 제27권6호
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• pp.789-794
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• 2013

Hemorrhage is a devastating type of stroke, accounts for 15-20% of all strokes. This disease can cause cognitive dysfunction with a very high mortality rate. Cupping therapy of Traditional Korean medicine has frequently been used to relieve a variety of diseases or clinical conditions, although not in the memory loss after hemorrhage. This study was designed to evaluate the effects of cupping therapy on learning and memory with Y-maze test, as well as its effects on different molecular changes in hippocampus following the induction of hemorrhage in rats. Cupping, using vacuum cupping machine, was applied at target area for 5 min daily for 7 consecutive days, commencing 1 day after brain impairment. As a result, induction of hemorrhage enhanced memory deficit, suppressed brain-derived neurotrophin factor (BDNF) in the hippocampus. Cupping treatment effectively reversed collagenase-induced cognitive impairment in SD rats which was represented by improvement of spontaneous alterations in Y-maze test. In addition, BDNF expression was enhanced after cupping therapy. The present results suggest that the therapeutic effects of cupping treatment after hemorrhage is involved in expression of BDNF.

• 한국간호교육학회지
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• 제7권2호
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• pp.360-368
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• 2001

This research was an attempt to find out an entrance experience into major subject of student nurse. The purpose of this study was to understand an lived learning experience of student nurse. Method of the study was applied a phenomenological approach used by Colaizzi's analytic technique. Participants were 33 sophomore student nurse from TC University. The investigator conducted participated observations and in-depth unstructured interviews which were audio taped under the permission of student nurse, formulating meanings, themes and theme clusters. Results of the study were revealed 6 categories, 14 theme clusters, and 31 themes. Six categories include 'feeling anxious about clinical application', 'making superficial class', 'evaluation for ability of memory', 'deficit of academic evaluation criteria', 'insufficiency of textbook' and 'deficit for uniqueness of nursing science'. This findings confirm the fact that the student nurse's entrance experience was complicated and diversely influenced by their learning experiences. In conclusion, this study will prove helpful not only in understanding student nurse's entrance experience about their specialities but also in developing curriculum for nursing education.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• 제60권11호
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• pp.337-343
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• 2017

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is one of the most common psychiatric disorders in childhood. This disorder, in addition to its main symptoms, creates significant difficulties in education, social performance, and personal relationships. Given the importance of rehabilitation for these patients to combat the above issues, the use of virtual reality (VR) technology is helpful. The aim of this study was to highlight the opportunities for VR in the rehabilitation of children with ADHD. This narrative review was conducted by searching for articles in scientific databases and e-Journals, using keywords including VR, children, and ADHD. Various studies have shown that VR capabilities in the rehabilitation of children with ADHD include providing flexibility in accordance with the patients' requirements; removing distractions and creating an effective and safe environment away from real-life dangers; saving time and money; increasing patients' incentives based on their interests; providing suitable tools to perform different behavioral tests and increase ecological validity; facilitating better understanding of individuals' cognitive deficits and improving them; helping therapists with accurate diagnosis, assessment, and rehabilitation; and improving working memory, executive function, and cognitive processes such as attention in these children. Rehabilitation of children with ADHD is based on behavior and physical patterns and is thus suitable for VR interventions. This technology, by simulating and providing a virtual environment for diagnosis, training, monitoring, assessment and treatment, is effective in providing optimal rehabilitation of children with ADHD.

• 생물정신의학
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• 제21권2호
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• pp.65-73
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• 2014

Objectives This study aimed to identify the differences and the profiles of cognitive deficits in remitted patients with schizophrenia and first-degree relatives of schizophrenic probands. Methods A total of 26 remitted states of schizophrenia patients were included in the study and the same number of unaffected first-degree relatives of schizophrenic probands and healthy controls were matched for age, sex, years of education. Cognitive function of all participants was measured by using the Digit span test, the Continuous performance test, the Rey auditory & visual learning test, the Complex figure test, the Verbal fluency test, the Wisconsin card sorting test and the Finger tapping test. The effects of subsyndromal symptomatology and general intelligence score were controlled. Results Schizophrenia patients' group showed more significant impairment than other groups in verbal memory (learning, immediate recall, delayed recall), visual memory (copy, immediate recall, delayed recall) and cognitive flexibility domains. The family group and the patient group commonly performed significantly worse than healthy controls in working memory and verbal fluency (category) tests. There were no differences in sustained attention, psychomotor performance. Conclusions Our research shows that the deficit in working memory and verbal fluency could be strong candidates of endophenotypic marker in schizophrenia.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• 제22권4호
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• pp.302-306
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• 2011

Objectives : To investigate the cognitive functions of pediatric cancer patients and to test the hypotheses that the impairment of processing speed and working memory are more prevalent in children with medulloblastoma (MBL) compared to children with neuroblastoma (NBL). Methods : We gave the Korean version of the Wechsler Intelligent Scale for Children-III to 21 children with MBL and 24 children with NBL during outpatient follow-up after the treatment was completed. Results : Children with MBL showed below average performance across most of the sub-tests. The full scale IQ, verbal IQ, and performance IQ of children with MBL were significantly lower than those of children with NBL. There were significant differences between two groups in coding and Digit Span subtest scores. Children with MBL performed especially poorly in the coding subtest. Conclusion : These findings support previous reports of generally low IQ and the dysfunction of processing speed and working memory among children with MBL, a kind of central nervous system tumor. Further investigation is needed to determine how the deficit of processing speed and working memory affect neurocognitive development and general intelligent functions.

• 동의생리병리학회지
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• 제36권1호
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• pp.18-22
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• 2022

To investigate effects of cognitive function improvement whether against Taegeuk ginseng on scopolamine-induced memory impairment in rats. All experiments were conducted in three groups: the control group (CTR), the scopolamine 0.4mg/kg (SCP), and the scopolamine (SCP+T) treated with Taegeuk ginseng 100 mg/kg. Taegeuk ginseng 100 mg/kg daily was orally administered for one month and treated with scopolamine was only for 7 consecutive days on the Morris water maze task. 3 weeks after oral administration of Taegeuk ginseng, subjects were performed the Morris water maze test for 8 days and then the open-field exploration test which to assessed for cognitive function improvement. After behavioral testing, subjects were sacrificed and microdissected brains for neurochemical analysis. In the cognitive-behavioral test, long-term administration of Taegeuk ginseng improved spatial navigation learning task compared with the impeded by scopolamine treatment. In neurochemistry, the expression of the synaptic marker PSD95 (postsynaptic density protein 95) was increased in the hippocampus compared to the scopolamine group. Also, brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) expression was significantly increased in the taegeuk ginseng administration group. These data suggested that long-term administration of taegeuk ginseng might improve cognitive-behavioral functions on hippocampal related spatial learning memory, and it was correlated with neurotropic and synaptic reinforcement. In conclusion, treatment with taegeuk ginseng may positive outcome on learning and memory deficit disorders.

• 대한조현병학회지
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• 제15권2호
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• pp.66-72
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• 2012

Objectives : The aim of this study was to investigate whether verbal and spatial working memory functions were impaired not only in patients with schizophrenia but also in people at ultra-high risk for first-episode psychosis. Methods : Twenty-five patients (M 13, F 12) with schizophrenia (SPR), 21 people at ultra-high risk for psychosis (UHR)(M 10, F 11) and 19 normal controls (NC)(M 10, F 9) were recruited. The working memory was assessed by using the verbal and spatial n-back test. The working memory load increased incrementally from the 0-back to the 3-back condition. Results : SPR performed significantly lower than NC and UHR in terms of hit rates of verbal and spatial n-back test. UHR subjects conducted significantly lower than NC and higher in trend-level than SPR in terms of hit rates of verbal and spatial n-back test. These differences were derived from the high working memory load (2-back and 3-back), not from the low working memory load (0-back and 1-back). There was no significant difference between the verbal and spatial n-back test across the three groups. Conclusion : These findings suggest that verbal and spatial working memory dysfunction may be general rather than differential in terms of stimuli modality, and this working memory deficit may be an important trait factor in schizophrenia.

• 동의신경정신과학회지
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• 제22권2호
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• pp.107-128
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• 2011

Objectives : This experiment was designed to investigate the efficacy of DDTCMT hot water extract & ultra-fine powder on Alzheimer's Disease Model. Methods : The effects of the DDTCMT hot water extract on expression of IL-$1{\beta}$, IL-6, TNF-${\alpha}$, COX-2, NOS-II, IL-10, IL-1 receptor antagonist mRNA and production of IL-$1{\beta}$, IL-6, TNF-${\alpha}$ in BV2 microglial cell line treated by lipopolysacchaide(LPS) were investigated. Expression of NO, ROS in BV2 microglial cell line treated by LPS and AChE activity in PC-12 cell treated by NGF were investigated. anti-AChE was observed through Western blot analysis. The effects of the DDTCMT hot water extract & ultra-fine powder on the behavior of the memory deficit mice induced by scopolamine were investigated. Results : 1. The DDTCMT hot water extract significantly decreased the production of mIL-6, mNOS-II, mTNF-${\alpha}$, and increased the production of mIL-10, mIL-1 receptor antagonist. 2. The DDTCMT hot water extract significantly suppressed the production of IL-$1{\beta}$, IL-6, TNF-${\alpha}$ in BV2 microglial cell line treated by LPS. 3. The DDTCMT hot water extract significantly suppressed the NO and ROS production in BV2 microglial cell line treated by LPS. 4. The DDTCMT hot water extract groups showed inhibition of AChE activity in NGF treated PC-12 cell line. 5. The DDTCMT hot water extract suppressed anti-AChE expression in NGF treated PC-12 cell line was observed by Western blot analysis. 6. The DDTCMT hot water extract & ultra-fine powder groups showed significantly inhibitory effect on the scopolamine -induced impairment of memory in the experiment of Morris water maze. Conclusions : These results suggest that the DDTCMT hot water extract & ultra-fine powder may be effective for the prevention and treatment of Alzheimer's disease.