• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.44 no.1
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• pp.94-99
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• 2012

We investigated the in vitro antioxidant and antimelanogenesis effects of ethanol extracts from eggplant (Solanum melongena L.) peels. The total phenolics and chlorogenic acid in ethanol extracts were 2,465 mg/100 g and 2.08 mg/100 g, respectively. ABTS radical scavenging activity, ferric reducing/antioxidant power assay, and malondialdehyde (MDA) inhibitory effect of the extracts increased in a dose-dependent manner. In addition, the extracts generally showed strong UV absorption in the range of UV-B (290-320 nm). The $IC_{50}$ of mushroom tyrosinase inhibitory activity of ethanol extracts from eggplant peels was 870 ${\mu}g/mL$. Importantly, the melanin syntheses of B16/F10 melanoma cells were decreased by extracts in a concentration-dependent manner. Overall, these results suggest that eggplant peels can be potentially applied as a anti-melanogenic agent as well as an antioxidant resource.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.195-201
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• 2022

The main objective of this work is to prepare Rehmannia glutinosa extract (RE) incorporated functional chitosan (CH) based biomaterials and evaluate their physical properties, RE release properties, inhibitory effect of melanogenesis, and antioxidant and elastase inhibitory activities. RE incorporated CH based biomaterials were synthesized by a casting method and UV curing process. The surface and cross sections of prepared biomaterials were characterized by a field emission scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM). The physical properties such as tensile strength and elongation at break were also investigated. To apply the transdermal drug delivery system, RE release properties were examined with pH 4.5, 5.5, and 6.5 buffer solutions and artificial skin test at 36.5 ℃. Results indicated that RE release of RE incorporated biomaterials with/without the addition of plasticizers [glycerol (GL) and citric acid (CA)] at pH 6.5 was about 1.10 times higher than that of at pH 4.5. In addition, results of the artificial skin test verified that RE was released constantly for 6 h. To verify the applicability of the prepared biomaterials, tyrosinase, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), and elastase assays were investigated. Results indicated that RE incorporated biomaterials added CA exhibited tyrosinase activation, DPPH radical scavenging activity rate, and elastase activation of 45.12, 89.40, and 59.94%, respectively.

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• v.43 no.2
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• pp.115-124
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• 2017

The objective of this study was to investigate skin whitening effect of Resorcinol dipentyl ether [1,3-di(pentyloxyl)benzene] by in vitro experiments. Resorcinol dipentyl ether was prepared by alkylation of resorcinol with 1-bromopentane. The reaction products were confirmed by NMR, MS and other analytical equipments. In order to evaluate the skin safety of resorcinol dipentyl ether, the cytotoxicity of the cells constituting the skin (keratinocyte, melanocyte, fibroblast) was analyzed and similar cell viability was observed in all cell lines as compared with the control group. Inhibition of extracellular melanin synthesis effect of resorcinol dipentyl ether was approximately 65.75% at $20{\mu}g/mL$ and inhibition of intracellular melanin synthesis effect of resorcinol dipentyl ether was approximately 53.89% at $20{\mu}g/mL$. The real-time PCR and western blot analysis of mRNA expression and protein expression of tyrosinase, TRP-1, and TRP-2 related to melanogenesis revealed that melanin inhibitory effect of resorcinol dipentyl ether was inhibited from the transcription stage respectively. Finally, this study suggested applicability of Resorcinol dipentyl ether [1,3-di(pentyloxyl)benzene] as a whitening functional cosmetic new material.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.23 no.12
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• pp.1428-1435
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• 2013

The aim of this study is to investigate the melanogenic effect of Oenanthe javanica ethanolic extracts (OJE) containing quercetin and kaempferol in melanoma cells (B16F1). In order to determine whether OJE inhibits melanin synthesis at the cellular level, the melanoma cells were cultured in the presence of different concentrations of OJE. In the present study, the antioxidant effects of OJE on DPPH radical scavenging, power reduction, lipid peroxidation, and DNA oxidation were evaluated in a cell free system. Furthermore, the effect of OJE on the production of melanin was determined by dopaquinone (DOPA) assay and tyrosinase activity. In addition, the protein expression of tyrosinase, as well as antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase (SOD)-1, SOD-2 and glutathione reductase (GSH), were examined using Western blot analysis. In this study, it was observed that OJE exhibited an inhibitory effect on lipid peroxidation and blocked the DNA oxidation induced by the hydroxyl radical produced by Fenton's reagent. OJE increased melanin synthesis above 50 ${\mu}g/ml$ and tyrosinase activity was detected above 50 ${\mu}g/ml$. In Western blot analysis, OJE increased the expression levels of tyrosinase, SOD-1, SOD-2, and GSH in a dose-dependent manner. These findings indicate that OJE with antioxidant activity can regulate the tyrosinase activity and melanin production in melanocyte, suggesting that it could promote the development of black hair as well as protect skin from oxidative stress.

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.79-86
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• 2007

The aim of this study was to investigate the inhibitory effects of Forsythia suspensa fruit extracts (FSfE) ($0.1{\sim}1.0%$) and their active component on melanogenesis. FSfE dose-dependently inhibited melanin synthesis (up to $63.1{\pm}3.1%$ at the concentration of 1.0%) without cell cytotoxicity. We purifed one active compound from FSfE and identified its structure. It was identified as 4-[(3,4-Dimethoxyphenyl)methyl)]dihydro-3-[(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)methyl]-2(3H)-furanone (arctigenin) by $^1H-NMR,\;^{13}C-NMR$, and Mass analysis. Arctigenin also inhibited melanin synthesis in a dose dependent manner (up to $52.7{\pm}3.1%$ at the concentration of $3.0{\mu}g/mL$). In order to verify the whitening activity of the cream containing 3% FSfE, we performed the clinical test with twenty five female volunteers for 8 weeks. Bioengineering analyses and visual assessment by doctors at the initial time point and 8 weeks after applications showed that cream containing FSfE have significant whiteining effect (paired t-test). From the results, we conclude that the FSfE can be used as a useful whitening agent.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.48 no.1
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• pp.59-65
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• 2016

This study was carried out to investigate the total polyphenols, antioxidant activities, and melanin synthesis inhibition of several pear cultivars (Pyruspyrifolia). The total polypenolic content of five pear cultivars was high in the unripe developmental stage. Total polyphenolic content of the Chuwhangbae cultivar extract was higher than that of other pear cultivars regardless of the developmental stage. However, the total flavonoid content did not differ between cultivars or developmental stages. The phenolic compound, arbutin has an inhibitory effect on melanogenesis. Arbutin levels in pear cultivars declined as the fruit matured. The free radical scavenging activity of the extract also decreased as the fruit ripened. In B16F10 mouse melanoma cells, most of the cultivar extracts inhibited melanin synthesis by about 50% at a $100{\mu}g{\cdot}mL^{-1}$ concentration, except in the Gamcheonbae extract until 90 days after full bloom. We have confirmed that the extract of pear cultivars have antioxidant activity and skin-whitening effects.

• Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.65 no.3
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• pp.231-237
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• 2022

Biorenovation is a method that converts existing compounds into new compounds through the enzymatic action of microorganisms. Biorenovation has expected effects such as reducing toxicity of compounds and increasing their activity. In this study, we successfully synthesized Luteolin-7-O-glucoside (L7G) through biorenovation and investigated its inhibitory effect on melanin production in α-Melanocyte stimulating hormone induced B16F10 mouse melanoma cells. We confirmed that Luteolin was toxic at 50, 100 and 200 µM, but our L7G in same concentration was not toxic for B16F10 mouse melanoma cells and also showed significant reduction in melanin production and tyrosinase activity. In addition, while investigating the effect of L7G on factors involved in melanin synthesis through western blotting, we were able to confirm that the MITF and tyrosinase protein synthesis was inhibited in treatment with L7G, however, tyrosinase related protein-1 (TRP-1) and dopachrome tautomerase (TRP-2) expression was not affected. So we derived a conclusion that through biorenovation we could produce compounds like L7G with improved activity and reduced toxicity for possible use as an active ingredient with whitening functionality in cosmetics.It also suggests that the application of biorenovation has potential usefulness in developing anti-inflammatory materials. It also suggests that the application of bio-renovation has potential usefulness in the development of inflammatory material. We applied Biorenovation technology to Distylium racemosum extract (DR) to generate Distylium racemosum biorenovation product (DRB), and investigated the anti-inflammatory properties of DRB in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-treated RAW264.7 macrophages. We are applying technology to Biorenovation Distylium racemosum extract (DR) Distylium racemosum was to create a biorenovation product (DRB), lipopolysaccharide (LPS) investigated the anti-inflammatory properties of DRB in RAW264.7 macrophages treated for.

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• v.50 no.2
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• pp.153-161
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• 2024

Vitamin D is a fat-soluble vitamin that is mainly produced in the skin by UV rays. Along with melatonin, it is a representative chronobiotic substance, and the skin plays an important role in distinguishing between day and night. However, vitamin D cannot be used directly in cosmetics because it is a vitamin that acts as a coenzyme and plays a hormonal role in regulating the expression of various types of genes. Therefore, it was to investigate the skin efficacy of provitamin D (7-dehydrocholesterol), a vitamin D precursor that can be used in cosmetics. Our findings reveal that pro vitamin D can effectively inhibit the expression of tyrosinase, the melanin-producing enzyme, thereby attenuating melanin synthesis. This skin tone regulatory effect has been corroborated in vitro using artificial skin models. Additionally, pro vitamin D demonstrated anti-inflammatory properties by suppressing the expression of TNFa and, upon conversion to vitamin D through UV exposure, it was observed to induce the production of the antimicrobial peptide CAMP (LL-37). The inhibitory effect of pro vitamin D on melanin production appears to be a result of it reducing the UV absorption capacity of melanin, thereby inducing the conversion of pro D to vitamin D. Utilizing pro vitamin D in cosmetic formulations could not only modulate skin tone and enhance skin immunity but also expect to contribute to other cutaneous benefits as anti-aging and barrier function improvement with everyday UV exposure. This multifaceted efficacy positions pro vitamin D as a promising ingredient in advancing the formulation of skin care products.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.23 no.5
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• pp.609-615
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• 2013

Glyceollin I has gained attention as a useful therapy for various dermatological diseases. However, the binding property of glyceollin I to the mammalian adenylyl cyclase (hereafter mAC), a critical target enzyme for the down-regulation of skin melanogenesis, has not been fully explored. To clarify the action mechanism between glyceollin I and mAC, we first investigated the molecular docking property of glyceollin I to mAC and compared with that of SQ22,536, a well-known mAC inhibitor, to mAC. Glyceollin I showed superiority by forming three hydrogen bonds with Asp 1018, Trp 1020, and Asn 1025, which exist in the catalytic site of mAC. However, SQ22,536 formed only two hydrogen bonds with Asp 1018 and Asn 1025. Secondly, we confirmed that glyceollin I effectively inhibits the formation of forskolin-induced cAMP and the phosphorylation of PKA from a cell-based assay. Long term treatment with glyceollin I had little effect on the cell viability. The findings of the present study also suggest that glyceollin I may be extended to be used as an effective inhibitor of hyperpigmentation.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.53 no.2
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• pp.121-128
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• 2020

Purpose: The Rubus coreanus fruit (RF) is an important traditional medicinal herb having antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and immunoregulatory properties. These activities are known to change dramatically, depending on maturity of the RF. It is presumed that change of functional components, such as flavonoids, tannins, phenolic acids, triterpenoids and organic acids in RF, affect the various bioactivities. This study aimed to confirm changes in the anti-melanogenic effects of RF based on maturity, and to identify the bioactive compounds responsible. Methods: The cell viability of mature RF (MRF) and immature RF (IRF) extracts was investigated using B16F10 cells. To compare the anti-melanogenic effect of MRF and IRF extracts, we first assessed the melanin content. High-performance liquid chromatography analysis was performed to evaluate changes in the level of ellagic acid according to maturity of the RF. In addition, tyrosinase inhibitory activity of both extracts was examined. Results: MRF and IRF extracts (50-200 ㎍/mL) do not affect the cell viability of B16F10 melanoma cells. IRF extract more effectively inhibited melanin synthesis than MRF extract. The content of ellagic acid in IRF extract was higher than that obtained in MRF extract. Furthermore, greater inhibition of tyrosinase activity was observed after exposure to IRF extract than MRF extract. A positive correlation was determined between ellagic acid content and tyrosinase inhibitory activity, and a negative correlation was obtained between ellagic acid content and melanin content. Taken together, our results indicate that ellagic acid is one of the major bioactive compounds of RF that imparts a whitening effect. Conclusion: Our results indicate that ellagic acid in MRF and IRF extracts affect the anti-melanogenesis effect through inhibition of tyrosinase activity. Therefore, the ellagic acid rich IRF has greater potential for application as a natural and functional cosmetic material.