• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.1227-1232
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• 2014

Background: Given that there are many Iranian women who have never had a Pap smear, this study was designed to develop and validate a measurement tool based on the Protection Motivation Theory to assess factors influencing the Iranian women's intention to perform first Pap testing. Materials and Methods: In this psychometric research, to determine the Content Validity Index (CVI) and the Content Validity Ratio (CVR), a panel of experts (n=10) reviewed scale items. Reliability was estimated through the Intraclass Correlation Coefficient (n=30) and internal consistency (n=240). Also, factor analysis (exploratory and conformity) was performed on the data of the sample women who had never had a Pap smear test (n=240). Results: A 26-item questionnaire was developed. The CVI and CVR scores of the scale were 0.89 and 0.90, respectively. Exploratory factor analysis loaded a 26-item with seven factors questionnaire (perceived vulnerability and severity, fear, response costs, response efficacy, self-efficacy, and protection motivation (or intention)) that jointly accounted for 72.76% of the observed variance. Confirmatory factor analysis indicated a good fit for the data. Internal consistency (range 0.70-0.93) and test-retest reliability (range 0.72-0.96) of sub-scales were acceptable. Conclusions: This study showed that the designed instrument was a valid and reliable tool for measuring the factors influencing the women's intention to perform their first Pap testing.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.15 no.17
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• pp.7257-7261
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• 2014

Background: Few Iranian women take the Papanicolaou test despite its important role in preventing cervical cancer. This study aimed to determine the effectiveness of an educational intervention based on the protection motivation theory (PMT) variables and implementation intentions in the first and second Pap test practice among Iranian women. Materials and Methods: In this quasi-randomized controlled trial, 200 women who were referred to 30 primary health care clinics in Tehran were randomly selected. PMT variables and Pap test practice were measured at baseline and again after 3 and 15 months. The 4-week educational intervention program was conducted for the intervention group. Results: Following the intervention, the mean scores of self-efficacy, perceived vulnerability, and behavior intention variables were significantly higher in the intervention group when compared to the control group (p<0.05). No significant differences were found in the perceived severity, response efficacy, response cost, and fear between the two groups following the intervention. Higher percent of women in the intervention group had obtained first and second Pap test compared to the controls. Conclusions: The PMT and implementation intentions provide a suitable theory-based framework for developing educational interventions regarding Pap test practice in Iran.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• v.43 no.2
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• pp.90-96
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• 2008

Objective: Delayed ischemic deficit or cerebral infarction is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). The purpose of this study is to reassess the prognostic impact of intraoperative elements, including factors related to surgery and anesthesia, on the development of cerebral infarction in patients with ruptured cerebral aneurysms. Methods: Variables related to surgery and anesthesia as well as predetermined factors were all evaluated via a retrospective study on 398 consecutive patients who underwent early microsurgery for ruptured cerebral aneurysms in the last 7 years. Patients were dichotomized as following; good clinical grade (Hunt-Hess grade I to III) and poor clinical grade (IV and V). The end-point events were cerebral infarctions and the clinical outcomes were measured at postoperative 6 months. Results: The occurrence of cerebral infarction was eminent when there was an intraoperative rupture, prolonged temporary clipping and retraction time, intraoperative hypotension, or decreased $O_2$ saturation, but there was no statistical significance between the two different clinical groups. Besides the Fisher Grade, multiple logistic regression analyses showed that temporary clipping time, hypotension, and low $O_2$ saturation had odds ratios of 1.574, 3.016, and 1.528, respectively. Cerebral infarction and outcome had a meaningful correlation (${\gamma}$=0.147, p=0.038). Conclusion: This study results indicate that early surgery for poor grade SAH patients carries a significant risk of ongoing ischemic complication due to the brain's vulnerability or accompanying cardio-pulmonary dysfunction. Thus, these patients should be approached very cautiously to overcome any anticipated intraoperative threat by concerted efforts with neuro-anesthesiologist in point to point manner.

• Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.99-115
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• 2023

Purpose: Exclusive breastfeeding promotes gut microbial compositions associated with lower rates of metabolic and autoimmune diseases. Its cessation is implicated in increased microbiome-metabolome discordance, suggesting a vulnerability to dietary changes. Formula supplementation is common within our low-income, ethnic-minority community. We studied exclusively breastfed (EBF) neonates' early microbiome-metabolome coupling in efforts to build foundational knowledge needed to target this inequality. Methods: Maternal surveys and stool samples from seven EBF neonates at first transitional stool (0-24 hours), discharge (30-48 hours), and at first appointment (days 3-5) were collected. Survey included demographics, feeding method, medications, medical history and tobacco and alcohol use. Stool samples were processed for 16S rRNA gene sequencing and lipid analysis by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Alpha and beta diversity analyses and Procrustes randomization for associations were carried out. Results: Firmicutes, Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes and Actinobacteria were the most abundant taxa. Variation in microbiome composition was greater between individuals than within (p=0.001). Palmitic, oleic, stearic, and linoleic acids were the most abundant lipids. Variation in lipid composition was greater between individuals than within (p=0.040). Multivariate composition of the metabolome, but not microbiome, correlated with time (p=0.030). Total lipids, saturated lipids, and unsaturated lipids concentrations increased over time (p=0.012, p=0.008, p=0.023). Alpha diversity did not correlate with time (p=0.403). Microbiome composition was not associated with each samples' metabolome (p=0.450). Conclusion: Neonate gut microbiomes were unique to each neonate; respective metabolome profiles demonstrated generalizable temporal developments. The overall variability suggests potential interplay between influences including maternal breastmilk composition, amount consumed and living environment.

• Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science
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• v.40 no.4
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• pp.381-387
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• 2023

Background: Frailty is defined as a condition of being weak and delicate, and it represents a state of high vulnerability to adverse health outcomes. Recent studies have suggested that the cingulate gyrus is associated with frailty in the elderly population. However, few imaging studies have explored the relationship between frailty and the cingulate gyrus in patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) undergoing hemodialysis. Methods: Eighteen right-handed patients with ESRD undergoing hemodialysis were enrolled in the study. We used the FreeSurfer software package to estimate the cortical thickness of the regions of interest, including the rostral anterior, caudal anterior, isthmus, and posterior cingulate gyri. The Beck Depression Inventory, Beck Anxiety Inventory, and laboratory tests were also conducted. Results: The cortical thickness of the right rostral anterior cingulate gyrus (ACG) was significantly correlated with the Fried frailty index, age, and creatinine level. Multiple regression analysis indicated that the cortical thickness of the right rostral ACG was associated with frailty after controlling for age and creatinine level. Conclusion: Our results indicate that the cortical thickness of the rostral ACG may be associated with frailty in patients with ESRD on hemodialysis and that the rostral ACG may play a role in the frailty mechanism of this population.

• Korean Journal of Psychosomatic Medicine
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.182-197
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• 1996

For the purpose of examining the relationship between smoking, perceived stress and vulnerability factors, and furthermore suggesting interventions to reduce excessive smoking and prevent nicotine dependency effectively, the questionnaires of perceived stress(stressful experiences), ways of stress coping(passive and active copings), smoking motives, social influence, age, amounts of smoking, and nicotine dependency were administered to smokers among medical students in Chosun university(n=186). 1) As a result of classifying smokers by the types of smoking, the most was a type of smokers to reduce negative emotions and the next in order were addictive smokers, smoker for stimulation, smoker for pleasure, etc. 2) The effects of motive, age, and active coping style were significant, but the effects of perceived stress, passive coping style, and social influence were not significant in average amount of daily smoking. 3) The effects of motive, social influence, and age were significant, but the effects of perceived stress, passive and active coping styles were not significant in the degree of nicotine dependency. To summarize, it is concluded that there were a lot of people who smoke to solve negative emotions, but the direct effects of perceived stress and passive coping style on both average amounts of daily smoking and the degree of nicotine dependency were not significant. On the other hand, motive, age, active coping style, and social influence were proved to be more important variables than the others in explaining college students' smoking.

• Journal of Digital Convergence
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.201-208
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• 2015

Recently computer, smart phone, medical devices, etc has become used in a variety of environments as the application fields of IT products have become diversification. Attack case of abuse of software security vulnerabilities is on the increase as the application fields of software have become diversification. Accordingly, secure coding program is of a varied but history management, updating, API module to be vulnerable to attack. Thus, this paper proposed a materialization of CMS linked system to enable check the vulnerability of the source code to content unit for secure software development, configuration management system that interwork on the transmission module. Implemented an efficient coding system secure way that departmentalized by the function of the program and by analyzing and applying secure coding standards.

• Fire Science and Engineering
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.122-130
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• 2018

Recent urbanization, population densification, and the impact of global climate change are causing disasters to become larger and more complex. Meanwhile, in Korea, there is an emphasis on preventing, restoring, and recovering from disasters. However, disaster medical care, which is absolutely necessary to maintain life in a disaster, is being ignored. Therefore, in this study, we selected Seoul as the study area where flood damage is frequent and underground housing is densely populated. Assuming underground housing in the immersion history area as the emergency patient site, transfer distance and transfer time were analyzed. This study considered both accessibility to emergency medical facilities and disaster sites and accessibility from emergency services to disaster sites. Therefore, it seems to be meaningful as basic data for the improvement of emergency medical services.

• The Journal of the Institute of Internet, Broadcasting and Communication
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.131-137
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• 2010

UMSN (Ubiquitous Medical Sensor Network) is being used in u-Healthcare system of various medical facilities to identify objects and get information from sensors in real-time. RFID using radio frequency determines objects using Reader, which reads Tags attached to patients. However, there is a security vulnerability wherein Tag send its ID to illegal Reader because Tags always response to Readers request regarding of its Tag ID. In this paper, we propose Tag ID Classification Scheme to reduce Back-end Server traffic that caused by requests to authenticate between Readers and Tags that are attached to medical devices, patients, and sensors; To reduce security threats like eavesdropping and spoofing that sometimes occurred during authentication procedure. The proposed scheme specifies the patient category as a group based on patients Tag ID string. Only allowed Reader can perform authentication procedure with Back-end Server. As a result, we can reduce Back-end Server traffic and security threats.

• Journal of Information Technology Services
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.63-74
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• 2022

Globally researchers at medical institutions are actively sharing COHORT data of patients to develop vaccines and treatments to overcome the COVID-19 crisis. OMOP-CDM, a common data model that efficiently shares medical data research independently operated by individual medical institutions has patient personal information (e.g. PII, PHI). Although PII and PHI are managed and shared indistinguishably through de-identification or anonymization in medical institutions they could not be guaranteed at 100% by complete de-identification and anonymization. For this reason the security of the OMOP-CDM database is important but there is no detailed and specific OMOP-CDM security inspection tool so risk mitigation measures are being taken with a general security inspection tool. This study intends to study and present a model for implementing a tool to check the security vulnerability of OMOP-CDM by analyzing the security guidelines for the US database and security controls of the personal information protection of the NIST. Additionally it intends to verify the implementation feasibility by real field demonstration in an actual 3 hospitals environment. As a result of checking the security status of the test server and the CDM database of the three hospitals in operation, most of the database audit and encryption functions were found to be insufficient. Based on these inspection results it was applied to the optimization study of the complex and time-consuming CDM CSF developed in the "Development of Security Framework Required for CDM-based Distributed Research" task of the Korea Health Industry Promotion Agency. According to several recent newspaper articles, Ramsomware attacks on financially large hospitals are intensifying. Organizations that are currently operating or will operate CDM databases need to install database audits(proofing) and encryption (data protection) that are not provided by the OMOP-CDM database template to prevent attackers from compromising.