• Journal of Powder Materials
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• v.18 no.6
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• pp.496-501
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• 2011

In this study, the effect of milling time on the microstructure and phase transformation behaviors of Ni-12 wt.%B powders was investigated using vibratory ball milling process. X-ray diffraction patterns showed that the phase transformation of mixed Ni-B elemental powder occurred after 50 hours of milling, with a formation of nickel boride phases. Through the study of microstructures in mechanical alloying process, it was considered that ball milling strongly accelerates solid-state diffusions of the Ni and B atoms during mechanical alloying process. The results of X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy showed that most of B atoms in the powder were linked to Ni with a formation of nickel boride phases after 200 hours of milling. It was finally concluded that mechanical alloying using ball milling process is feasible to synthesize fine and uniform nickel boride powders.

• Journal of Magnetics
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.1-4
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• 2013

Structural and magnetic properties of $Fe_{50}Mn_{50}$ nanocrystalline alloys prepared by the mechanical alloying technique (using commercial Fe and Mn powders as the precursors) are studied as a function of milling time, 1 hr to 48 hrs. The nano-crystallite size and shape are examined by using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The effect of milling time on structural characterization was investigated using X-ray diffractometer (XRD) and extended X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy (EXAFS). Both XRD and EXAFS studies showed that the alloying process should be completed after 36 hrs milling. Concerning the magnetic behavior, the data obtained from superconducting quantum interference devices (SQUID) exhibited both magnetic saturation ($M_s$) and coercivity ($H_c$) depend strongly on the milling time, which are related to the changes in the crystallite size and magnetic dilution.

• Korean Journal of Materials Research
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• v.11 no.12
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• pp.1020-1027
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• 2001

Powder type Ag system insert metals were manufactured by mechanical alloying method. Alloying method was the ball milling process using zirconia ball media, and all alloying variables were constant except the milling time. The milling times were selected 24, 48 and 72 hours. The insert metals made by milling method were observed using scanning electron microscope and x-ray analyses. And also, the evaluation of wettability and microstructures of the insert metals were conducted to investigate the characteristics of the brazed joint. The wettability of the insert metals made by milling of 48 hours, was the best condition. And the insert metals contained Cd shows good wettability, however, there was the oxides residue on the brazing test specimen. The microstructures of the manufactured and the commercial insert metals were almost same displaying the Cu- rich proeutectic and Ag-rich eutectic. Further, there were some porosities. The 48 hours alloyed insert metal was exhibited the most sound brazed joint without containing porosity due to the superior wettability and good alloying condition.

• Journal of Powder Materials
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.64-70
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• 1998

Milling media of steel and partially stabilized zirconia(PSZ) were used to produce $Mo_3$Si by mechanical alloying(MA) of Mo-25.0at%Si elemental powder mixture. The effect of milling medium materials on MA of the powder mixture have been investigated by XRD and DTA. The reaction rate and the end-product noticeably depended upon the milling medium material. The formation of $Mo_3$Si and $Mo_5Si_3$phases by PSZ ball-milling took place after 15 hr of MA and was characterized by a slow reaction rate as Mo, Si, $Mo_5Si_3$ and $Mo_3$Si coexisted for a long period of milling time. The formation of a new phase by steel ball-milling, however, did not take Place even after 96 hr of MA. DTA and annealing results showed that $Mo_5Si_3$ and $Mo_3$Si were formed after heating the ball-milled powder specimens to different temperatures. At low temperatures, Mo and Si were transformed into $Mo_5Si_3$. At high temperatures, the formation of $Mo_3$Si can be partially attributed to the reaction, 7Mo+Si+$Mo_5Si_3$-.4$Mo_3$Si . The formation of $Mo_3$Si and Mo5Si3 phases by mechanical alloying of the powder mixture and the relevant reaction rate appeared to depend upon the milling medium material as well as the thermodynamic properties of the end-products.

• Journal of Powder Materials
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.238-243
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• 2011

Al/AlN composites were synthesized by mechanical alloying using process control agents(PCAs). Three different PCAs which contain N element, were examined to see the effectiveness of ball-milling and the nitridation during sintering. Among examined PCAs, $C_8H_6N_4O_5$ was the most effective to facilitate ball-milling and to form nitrides during a subsequent sintering. By a proper control of ball-milling and sintering, we could obtained surface-hardened Al-based composites.

• Journal of Powder Materials
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• v.5 no.4
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• pp.250-257
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• 1998

The synthesis of titanium silicides ($Ti_3Si$, $TiSi_2$, $Ti_5Si_4$, $Ti_5Si_3$ and TiSi) by mechanical alloying has been investigated. Rapid, self-propagating high-temperature synthesis (SHS) reactions were observed to produce the last three phases during room-temperature high-energy ball milling of elemental powders. Such reactions appeared to be ignited by mechanical impact in an intimate, fine powder mixture formed after a critical milling period. During the high-energy ball milling, the repeated impact at contact points leads to a local concentration of energy which may ignite a self-propagating reaction. From in-situ thermal analysis, each critical milling period for the formation of $Ti_5Si_4$, $Ti_5Si_3$ and TiSi was observed to be 22, 35.5 and 53.5 min, respectively. $Ti_3Si$ and $TiSi_2$, however, have not been produced even till the milling period of 360 min due to lack of the homogeneity of the powder mixtures. The formation of titanium silicides by mechanical alloying and the relevant reaction rates appeared to depend upon the critical milling period, the homogeneity of the powder mixtures, and the heat of formation of the products involved.

• Journal of Powder Materials
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• v.9 no.6
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• pp.441-448
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• 2002

Dispersions of non-soluble ceramic particles in a metallic matrix can enhance the strength and heat resistance of materials. With the advent of mechanical alloying it became possible to put the theoretical concept into practice by incorporating very fine particles in a flirty uniform distribution into often oxidation- and corrosion- resistant metal matrices. e.g. superalloys. The present paper will give an overview about the mechanical alloying technique as a dry, high energy ball milling process for producing composite metal powders with a fine controlled microstructure. The common way is milling of a mixture of metallic and nonmetallic powders (e.g. oxides. carbides, nitrides, borides) in a high energy ball mill. The heavy mechanical deformation during milling causes also fracture of the ceramic particles to be distributed homogeneously by further milling. The mechanisms of the process are described. To obtain a homogeneous distribution of nano-sized dispersoids in a more ductile matrix (e.g. aluminium-or copper based alloys) a reaction milling is suitable. Dispersoid can be formed in a solid state reaction by introducing materials that react with the matrix either during milling or during a subsequent heat treatment. The pre-conditions for obtaining high quality materials, which require a homogeneous distribution of small dis-persoids, are: milling behaviour of the ductile phase (Al, Cu) will be improved by the additives (e.g. graphite), homogeneous introduction of the additives into the granules is possible and the additive reacts with the matrix or an alloying element to form hard particles that are inert with respect to the matrix also at elevated temperatures. The mechanism of the in-situ formation of dispersoids is described using copper-based alloys as an example. A comparison between the in-situ formation of dispersoids (TiC) in the copper matrix and the milling of Cu-TiC mixtures is given with respect to the microstructure and properties, obtained.

• Journal of Powder Materials
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.101-106
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• 2019

Ni-based oxide dispersion strengthened (ODS) alloys have a higher usable temperature and better high-temperature mechanical properties than conventional superalloys. They are therefore being explored for applications in various fields such as those of aerospace and gas turbines. In general, ODS alloys are manufactured from alloy powders by mechanical alloying of element powders. However, our research team produces alloy powders in which the $Ni_5Y$ intermetallic phase is formed by an atomizing process. In this study, mechanical alloying was performed using a planetary mill to analyze the milling behavior of Ni-based oxide dispersions strengthened alloy powder in which the $Ni_5Y$ is the intermetallic phase. As the milling time increased, the $Ni_5Y$ intermetallic phase was refined. These results are confirmed by SEM and EPMA analysis on microstructure. In addition, it is confirmed that as the milling increased, the mechanical properties of Ni-based ODS alloy powder improve due to grain refinement by plastic deformation.

• Journal of Powder Materials
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• v.5 no.3
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• pp.220-226
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• 1998

W-12.8wt%Cu-7.2%Pb powders were milled at room temperature and $-100^{\circ}C$ to investigate the mechanical alloying behavior of immiscible W-Cu-Pb system and the effect of milling temperature on the extent of alloying and microstructural refinement. W-Cu-Pb powder reached steady state after further extended milling due to Pb addition, compared to the W-Cu system. The cryomilling at $-100^{\circ}C$ caused the more refinement of powder particle size, and enhanced the solubility of Cu or Pb in W, compared with milling at room temperature. In W-12.8wt%Cu-7.2%Pb powder cryomilled at $-100^{\circ}C$, the monotectic temperature of Cu-Pb as well as the melting temperature of Cu was decreased by refinement of Cu crystalline size, and the most amorphization was occurred after milling for 150 h.

• Journal of the Korean Physical Society
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• v.73 no.9
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• pp.1340-1345
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• 2018

Mo-10 at.% Cu nanocomposite powders were fabricated by using planetary ball-milling (PBM), a mechanical alloying technique for preparing nanocomposite alloy powders of metals with mutual insolubility, and the variations in the physical and the chemical characteristics with the process conditions were investigated. We observed that Mo-10 at.% Cu was an appropriate composition to ensure a good alloying grade and minimal welding between particles. The influences of the temperature and the milling conditions on the mechanical alloying process and the phase change of Mo-10 at.% Cu composite powders were investigated, and the particle and the grain sizes of the powders after mechanical alloying were confirmed. The Mo-10 at.% Cu powders showed homogeneous elemental distributions and no phase changes up to $1200^{\circ}C$; their compositions were retained after the mechanical alloying process. The finest grain size obtained was about 5 nm for powders processed using optimum PBM processing conditions: ball-to-powder weight ratio of 5 : 1, ambient air atmosphere, a milling time of 20 h, a rotation speed of 200 rpm, and a stearic acid content of 4 wt.% produced superfine-grained Mo-10 at.% Cu nanocomposite powders with an average grain size of 5 nm (which is smaller than that of other similar materials reported in the literature). The analytical results confirmed that the PBM technique presented here is a promising method for preparing superfine-grained Mo-10 at.% Cu powders with improved properties.