• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine Technology
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.55-66
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• 2018

Purpose In PET/CT exam, washed-out artifact could occur due to severe motion of the patient and high specific activity, it results in lowering not only qualitative reading but also quantitative analysis. Scatter limitation correction by GE is an algorism to correct washed-out artifact and recover the images in PET scan. The purpose of this study is to measure the threshold of specific activity which can recovers to original uptake values on the image shown with washed-out artifact from phantom experiment and to compare the quantitative analysis of the clinical patient's data before and after correction. Materials and Methods PET and CT images were acquired in having no misalignment(D0) and in 1, 2, 3, 4 cm distance of misalignment(D1, D2, D3, D4) respectively, with 20 steps of each specific activity from 20 to 20,000 kBq/ml on $^{68}Ge$ cylinder phantom. Also, we measured the distance of misalignment of foley catheter line between CT and PET images, the specific activity which makes washed-out artifact, $SUV_{mean}$ of muscle in artifact slice and $SUV_{max}$ of lesion in artifact slice and $SUV_{max}$ of the other lesion out of artifact slice before and after correction respectively from 34 patients who underwent $^{18}F-FDG$ Fusion Whole Body PET/CT exam. SPSS 21 was used to analyze the difference in the SUV between before and after scatter limitation correction by paired t-test. Results In phantom experiment, $SUV_{mean}$ of $^{68}Ge$ cylinder decreased as specific activity of $^{18}F$ increased. $SUV_{mean}$ more and more decreased as the distance of misalignment between CT and PET more increased. On the other hand, the effect of correction increased as the distance more increased. From phantom experiments, there was no washed-out artifact below 50 kBq/ml and $SUV_{mean}$ was same from origin. On D0 and D1, $SUV_{mean}$ recovered to origin(0.95) below 120 kBq/ml when applying scatter limitation correction. On D2 and D3, $SUV_{mean}$ recovered to origin below 100 kBq/ml. On D4, $SUV_{mean}$ recovered to origin below 80 kBq/ml. From 34 clinical patient's data, the average distance of misalignment was 2.02 cm and the average specific activity which makes washed-out artifact was 490.15 kBq/ml. The average $SUV_{mean}$ of muscles and the average $SUV_{max}$ of lesions in artifact slice before and after the correction show a significant difference according to a paired t-test respectively(t=-13.805, p=0.000)(t=-2.851, p=0.012), but the average $SUV_{max}$ of lesions out of artifact slice show a no significant difference (t=-1.173, p=0.250). Conclusion Scatter limitation correction algorism by GE PET/CT scanner helps to correct washed-out artifact from motion of a patient or high specific activity and to recover the PET images. When we read the image occurred with washed-out artifact by measuring the distance of misalignment between CT and PET image, specific activity after applying scatter limitation algorism, we can analyze the images more accurately without repeating scan.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Fundamentals of Nursing
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.324-340
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• 1998

Nurses experience role conflict between nursing theory that they learned in school and clinical nursing practice. This conflict lead to lower self-image, self-esteem, job dissatisfaction. Also, the professionalism of nurses is estimatable by the grade of autonomy. The professional autonomy requires individual and professional obligation about her decision and performance. A lack of professional autonomy results in the Job dissatisfaction. Job dissatisfaction leads to absenteeism, increased proneness to mental and physical illness and higher turnover rates. The purpose of this study was to investigate professional autonomy and self-concept of clinical nurses. Data were collected from 262 clinical nurses in P city from June 1 to June 30, 1996. The instruments used for this study were made by Arthur(1990) and Schutzenhofer(1983). The data were analyzed for frequency and percetage, mean, SD, t-test, ANOVA, Pearson's correlation coefficient, stepwise mutiple regression, using SAS $PC^+$ Program. The findings were as it follows : 1. The mean of professional autonomy and self-concept were $152{\pm}18.48,\;70.65{\pm}8.20$(2.62), respectively. These showed mid level of professional autonomy and self-concept. 2. Professional autonomy of clinical nurses was found to vary significantly according to total years of clinical experience(F=4.49 p<0.01), position(F=3.49 p<0.05), and state under study for the degree(F=3.83 p<0.05). Professional self-concept was found to vary significantly according to age(F=3.52 p<0.05), marital status(F=7.39 p<0.001), total years of clinical experience(F=3.59 p<0.05), position(F= 5.22 p<0.01), the expectant period being on the duty as clinical nurse(F=8.34 p<0.001), and motivation of choosing nursing(F=5.17 p<0.001). 3. The statistical relationship between clinical nurses' professional autonomy and self-concept was found as positive correlation(r=0.42246 p<0.001). 4. Professional autonomy was the highest factor predicting professional self-concept(17.85%). Professional autonomy and marital status accounted for 20.60% in professional self-concept of clinical nurses. In conclusion, Professional autonomy and self-concept of clinical nurses showed significantly positive relationship. Therefore, nursing education needs to develop programs and policies to increase professional autonomy and self-concept of clinical nurses.

• The Korean Journal of Rehabilitation Nursing
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.166-179
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• 2002

The purpose of this study was to the relationship between powerlessness, self-efficacy and quality of life in hemodialysis patients. The subjects were compromised of 198 hemodialysis patients from Pusan, Kyung-Sang Namdo and Kyung-Sang Bukdo 6 hemodialysis clinics. Data were collected by questionnaires from Sep. 19 to Oct. 27, 2001. The instrument used for study were the Powerlessness Behavioral Assessment Tool(Miller, 1983) and self-efficacy developed by Kim, Ju-Hyun(1995) and quality of life developed by Kim, Ok-Soo(1993). Collected data were analyzed by frequency, percentage, mean, standard deviation, t-test, ANOVA, Scheffe test, pearson correlation. The results were as follows. 1. The mean score of powerlessness was $52.41{\pm}6.93$, mean mark $3.28{\pm}0.43$, and the mea score of self-efficacy was $45.44{\pm}7.75$, mean mark $2.87{\pm}0.49$, and the mea score of quality of life was $121.27{\pm}23.81$, mean mark $2.96{\pm}0.58$. 2. There were significant differences in the level of powerlessness according to sex(t=2.148, p=.033), occupation(t=3.682, p=.000), economic status(F=3.094, p=.048), experience of hospitalization (t=-2.002, p=.047). 3. There were significant differences in the level of self-efficacy according to age(F=3.271, p=.013), economic status (F=5.759, p=.004), religion(F=2.667, p=.048), hemodialysis period(F=2.991, p=.032), hemodialysis frequency(t=9.045, p=.003), experience of hospitalization (t=4.40, p=.037). 4. There were significant differences in the level of quality of life according to occupation(t=3.796, p=.053), economic status(F=11.478, p=.000), hemodialysis frequency(t=7.573, p=.006). 5. There were significant negative correlation between powerlessness and self-efficacy (r=- .401, p<.001) powerlessness and quality of life(r=- .562, p<.001). There were significant positive correlation between self-efficacy and quality of life(r= .512, p<.001).

• Journal of the Korean Society of Fisheries and Ocean Technology
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.1-5
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• 1984

The author carried out an experiment for the dynamical swimming force of crusian carp, Carassius carassius. The experimental water tank was made of 4mm thick transparent acryl board in the right hexahedral shape (400L$\times$240W$\times$800H mm). The water temperature in the tank ranged 20.6$^{\circ}C$ to 21.2$^{\circ}C$. The water level in the tank was maintained 70cm high from the bottom. The measurement of the swimming force was carried out by use of strain gauge. The results obtained can be summarized as follows: 1) The momentary maximum swimming force F sub(M) (g) and the sustainable maximum swimming force F sub(s) (g) can be expressed as a function of the body weight W(g). F sub(M) =1.45W, F sub(s) =0.29W where the momentary maximum swimming force means the highest value, and the sustainable maximum swimming force means the mean high value sustained for 4 to 5 seconds presented in the recording paper. 2) F sub(M) and F sub(s) can be expressed as a function of the body length L(cm). F sub(M) =0.11L super(2.63), F sub(s) =0.15L super(1.77) 3) The coefficient of hydraulic resistance for crusian carp was derived as 0.287.

• Korean Journal of Hospice Care
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.41-57
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• 2002

This study was done to examine spiritual well-being of hospice care service volunteers for the purpose of providing them with programs promoting coping skills in response to the wholistic needs of patient effectively, also providing data for professional or nonprofessional hospice training program. Subjects were 123 volunteers serving in 6 hospice centers in Jeonbuk province at present. Data collection were done from 16 Oct. 2000 to 17 Nov. 2000. questionnairs were consisted of activities of hospice care service volunteer and spiritual well-being. The study results were as follows 1.Mean of activities of hospice care service volunteers were 2.433, those activities were divided into 5 categories such as spiritual, activities of volunteer for themselves, psychosocial, physical area and bereavement. The highest mean score was spiritual area 2.578, activities of volunteers for themselves 2.525, psychosocial area 2.456, physical area was 2.359 and the lowest mean score was bereavement area 2.130. 2.Spiritual well-being of hospice care service volunteers was 5.25, the highest mean. In subcategories of spiritual well-being, religious spiritual well-being was higher than existential spiritual well-being, mean score for each one was 5.41, 5.10. 3.Statistically significant relations among demographic characteristics such as gender(t=2.72, P=.008), status of marriage(t=6.067, P=.003), occupation(F=3.795, P=.025), frequency of visiting for volunteered hospice care(F=3.833, P=.024) were noted. 4.Statistically significant demographic characteristics of hospice service volunteers was religion(t=-4.38, p=0.000), status of marriage(F=3.505, p=0.033), frequency of visiting for volunteered hospice care(F=3.107, p=0.048), level of satisfaction from hospice care volunteer service(F=3.610, p=0.030), hospice service volunteers doing more home visiting(5-9times/month) had higher status of spiritual well being than volunteer with less home visiting(1-4times/month) 5.A significant relationship between activities of hospice service volunteers and status of spiritual well-being was noted(r=.236, p=.004), activities of hospice service volunteers was related to both subcategories of spiritual well-being such as religious well-being(r=.210, p=.010) and existential well-being(r=.208, p=.011). From the results of the study It is noted that status of spiritual well-being for hospice volunteers influences on service activities. It means spiritual well-being should be considered as a essential character for hospice service volunteers, it also means that managing and maintaining of status of spiritual well-being for hospice service volunteers is important. On the base of the study recommendation are made as follows: 1.Considering status of spiritual well-being for hospice care service volunteers is needed to promote hospice care activities. 2.It is necessary to develope spiritual well-being programs for hospice care service volunteers and further study for effect validation of them is needed. 3.Further study to sort out effecting variables for hospice care service volunteer activities is needed. 4.It will be desirable to have spiritual well-being information included in the hospice education program.

• Asian Oncology Nursing
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.122-132
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• 2003

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to identify predictive factors of Brest Self-Examination practice of clinical nurses. Method: The subject for this study were 277 nurses in 8 university hospitals in Busan. The data were collected from September 21 to October 20, 2001 by means of a structure questionnaire. The instruments used for this study were Choi's BSE knowledge scale. Kim's BSE attitude scale and Jung's BSE practice scale. The data were analyzed using frequency, percentage, mean, Peason Correlation, t-teat, ANOVA, scheffe's test, and multiple stepwise Regression using SPSS program. Result: 1. The mean score of BSE practice for the total sample was 7. 25${\pm}$4.62. 2. Statistically significant factors influencing the BSE Practice among social demographic characteristics were age(F=2.734, P=0.44), Married status(t=2.598, p=0.010). 3. Statistically significant factors influencing the BSE Practice among BSE relating characteristics were enlisting the help of significant peers(t=3.34, P=0.00), Intention of Practice for BSE(t=10.462, p=0.00), performance of BSE(t=7.800, P=0.00), frequency of performance in BSE(F=13.932, p=0.00), confidence in Knowledge of BSE technique(F=5.350, p=0.00), confidence in finding breast nodule(F=7.204, p=.00), asking client's BSE (t=3.153, P=0.01). 4.The mild correlation between nurse's BSE knowledge and practice was found(r=0.366,p=0.000). 5. There were significant predictors of BSE Practice. Performance of BSE was the best significant predictive factor(R2=.383, p=.000) Another significant predictive factors were knowledge, intension of practice, married status, frequency of performance. Conclusion: Degree of nurses' performance of BSE was average. It is necessary to develope the nurses' educational program for BSE with its focus on above predictive factors of performance of BSE.

• Proceedings of the KSME Conference
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• 2001.11b
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• pp.758-763
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• 2001

This paper presents twin spray characteristics of two impinging F-O-O-F type injectors in which fuel and oxidizer impinge on each other to atomize under the various conditions. The droplet size and velocity in the impinging spray flow field were measured using a PDPA. The droplet size and velocity were investigated at mixture ratios of 1.5, 2.0, 2.47 and 3.0 for four injectors in which two single F-O-O-F injectors were arranged at intervals of 20.8, 31.2, 41.6 and 62.4mm respectively. In general, the arithmetic mean diameter, SMD and standard deviation of droplet size in the interaction area (X=0 and Y=0mm) were smaller. The axial velocity in the interaction area was slightly higher. Considering the behavior of impinged droplets using the We number calculated by using the axial velocity instead of the relative velocity in line C in Fig. 1(b) for four injectors, it is consumed that the We number over 500 had the possibility to disintegrate, and the We number below 500 had it to cohere after impingement of twin spray. The results of this study can be used for the design of a nozzle for liquid propellant rockets.

• The Korean Journal of Applied Statistics
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.153-166
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• 2021

A main goal of pharmacogenomics studies is to predict individual's drug responsiveness based on high dimensional genetic variables. Due to a large number of variables, feature selection is required in order to reduce the number of variables. The selected features are used to construct a predictive model using machine learning algorithms. In the present study, we applied several hybrid feature selection methods such as combinations of logistic regression, ReliefF, TurF, random forest, and LASSO to a next generation sequencing data set of 400 epilepsy patients. We then applied the selected features to machine learning methods including random forest, gradient boosting, and support vector machine as well as a stacking ensemble method. Our results showed that the stacking model with a hybrid feature selection of random forest and ReliefF performs better than with other combinations of approaches. Based on a 5-fold cross validation partition, the mean test accuracy value of the best model was 0.727 and the mean test AUC value of the best model was 0.761. It also appeared that the stacking models outperform than single machine learning predictive models when using the same selected features.

• Phonetics and Speech Sciences
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.39-45
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• 2015

Changes in speech production in normal elderly might be subtle and gradual. Therefore, an acoustic analysis is appropriate to identify the effect of aging on speech. For this purpose, this study examined four speech parameters; voice onset time (VOT), VOT range, $f_0$ of following vowel($f_0FV$), and $f_0FV$ difference in two age groups, old (mean age 74.57 yrs.) and young (m: 27.43 yrs.). The results show that compared to the older group the younger demonstrated significantly shorter VOTs in lenis and longer in aspirated stop. VOT ranges were relatively broad and consequently overlapped between the phonation types (e.g., lenis, fortis, aspirated). The $f_0FV$ values in the older group which are an integral parameter with VOT were lower compared with the young group. The $f_0FV$ differences in the old female group were significantly narrower than the young female group, therefore, clear distinction became difficult. In conclusion, contrast in temporal information was obscured, and the domain of glottal information was diminished on stop consonants in Korean elderly. The findings suggest that central/peripheral changes by aging could lead to a deficit in coordination between phonation and articulation.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.16 no.13
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• pp.5289-5296
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• 2015

Background: Despite the decreased incidence, gastric cancer is still a frequent cause of cancer related death. The 1st line 2 or 3 drugs regimen is still a debatable issue. HER2 targeted therapy has emerged as the standard of care, but it is unavailable in the Brazilian Public Health System. The end-point of this trial was overall survival (OS) in patients with metastatic gastric cancer treated in a public university hospital in Brazil. The secondary end-points were efficacy and safety of regimens with 2 (F+P) or 3 (EOX) drugs to develop an institutional guideline to facilitate optimal treatments. Materials and Methods: In this retrospective study, 1st line regimens were evaluated for OS and PFS stratified by age and ECOG using Cox regression. Results: 47 patients were treated over the last 3 years. In 1st line, 29 were treated with F+P (mean 59.3 years, 34.5% ECOG 2 and a mean of 5.69 cycles) and 16 with EOX (mean 47 years, 18.8% ECOG 2 and a mean of 5.44 cycles). The median OS was 13.8 months (95%CI 10.7-16.9). Response was evaluated in 40 cases and was 64.3% for EOX and 37.5% for F+P (p=0.25). The median PFS was 9.5 months for EOX and 5.6 months for F+P (HR 0.85, 95%CI 0.41-1.74). However, among patients with ECOG 2 mPFS was 3.70 vs 5.40 months, respectively (p=0.86). Regimens showed similar manageable adverse events. A total of 34 patients suffered progression and 14 received $2^{nd}$ line therapy. Diffuse histology (HR 1.89, 95%CI 1.22-2.88), achieving 2nd line (HR: 0.25, 95%CI 0.11-0.58) and treatment response (HR 0.23, 95%CI 0.12-0.47) were OS prognostic factors. Conclusions: Patients treated in our hospital had outcomes compatible with the literature. The regimen choice should be related to patient features. Second line treatment should be considered.