• 말소리와 음성과학
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• 제8권4호
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• pp.15-22
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• 2016

This study aims to examine whether the fundamental frequency (F0) varies depending on languages or distinguishes between L1 (first language) and L2 (second language) speech and whether the type of materials which vary in control of consonant voicing affects the use of F0-especially, mean F0. For this purpose, we compared productions of two languages produced by Korean L2 learners of English to those of Korean-English bilingual speakers. Twelve Korean L2 speakers of English and twelve Korean-English bilingual speakers participated in this study. The subjects read aloud 22 declarative sentences-balanced and unbalanced-once in English and once in Korean. Mean F0 of Korean was higher than that of English for both speaker groups, and the difference in the value of mean F0 between the Korean and English sentences was different depending on the type of materials that the participants read. With regard to F0 range, the L2 speakers had a larger F0 range in English than in Korean; however, the effect of language on F0 range was not statistically significant for the bilingual speakers. These results indicate that language-specific properties may affect the use of F0, in particular, mean F0.

• Journal of applied mathematics & informatics
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• 제33권1_2호
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• pp.101-110
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• 2015

A Total Mean Cordial labeling of a graph G = (V, E) is a function $f:V(G){\rightarrow}\{0,1,2\}$ such that $f(xy)={\Large\lceil}\frac{f(x)+f(y)}{2}{\Large\rceil}$ where $x,y{\in}V(G)$, $xy{\in}E(G)$, and the total number of 0, 1 and 2 are balanced. That is ${\mid}ev_f(i)-ev_f(j){\mid}{\leq}1$, $i,j{\in}\{0,1,2\}$ where $ev_f(x)$ denotes the total number of vertices and edges labeled with x (x = 0, 1, 2). If there is a total mean cordial labeling on a graph G, then we will call G is Total Mean Cordial. Here, We investigate the Total Mean Cordial labeling behaviour of prism, gear, helms.

• Annals of Clinical Neurophysiology
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• 제4권2호
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• pp.108-113
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• 2002

Background and Objective : Carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) is the most common mononeuropathy encountered in clinical practice. No single procedure or group of procedures has demonstrated adequate sensitivity. F-wave study in CTS is very rarely reported. To determine the diagnostic usefulness of new parameters of F-wave and comparative study of F-wave parameters of median and ulnar nerves in patients with CTS. Methods : F-wave responses of median and ulnar nerves were analyzed from 27 patients with clinically diagnosed CTS and 22 age and gender-matched normal control. Conventional F-wave parameters were studied. Also, the usefulness of new parameters such as mean and maximal ulnar-median F-wave latency differences, ulnar-median F-wave persistence and chronodispersion differences, median/ulnar F-wave amplitude ratio, and F-wave conduction velocity (FCV) using mean and maximal latency were assessed. Results : Compared with controls, median F-wave minimal, maximal and mean latencies, mean F-wave amplitude/M-wave amplitude, minimal, mean and maximal ulnar-median F-wave latency differences, and FCVs using minimal, maximal and mean latency were significant (P<0.05~0.001). Median F-wave minimal, maximal and mean latencies, mean ulnar-median F-wave latency difference, and FCVs using minimal, maximal and mean latency showed high sensitivity and specificity. Mean ulnar-median F-wave latency difference and FCVs using maximal and mean latency were new parameters. Conclusion : New F-wave parameter including mean ulnar- median F-wave latency difference and FCVs using maximal and mean latency may be a useful to assess the CTS. Also, median F-wave minimal, maximal and mean latencies, and FCV using minimal latency may be included in routine diagnostic tests in CTS.

• 태양에너지
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• 제6권1호
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• pp.60-69
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• 1986

Two-dimensional finite difference numerical analysis is used to study conjugate natural convection heat transfer from a horizontal conducting tube with one vertical axial fin. By increasing dimensionless fin length ($L_F$), the mean total Nusselt number of the upward fin is slightly less than that of the downward fin at $L_F\;{\le}\;0.18$ and is higher than that of the downward fin at $L_F\;>\;0.18$. However comparing the upward fin and the downward fin with the no fin, the mean total Nusselt numbers of downward fin and upward fin at $L_F=0.30$ are increased approximately 4.01% and 5.51%, respectively. As Rayleigh number, Prandtl number and Biot number increase, the mean total and the mean tube Nusselt numbers are increased, but as wall thickness increases, the mean total and the mean tube Nusselt numbers are decreased. As the fin conduction parameter increases, the mean total Nusselt number is slightly increased because of increasing the mean fin Nusselt number.

• 대한핵의학회지
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• 제19권1호
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• pp.103-111
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• 1985

Recently changes in thyroid physiology during acute and chronic medical illness were demonstrated. The serum $fT_3,\;rT_3,\;T_4,\;T_3,\;fT_4$, and TSH concentration were measured by radioimmunoassay method in 49 patients with critical illness and 10 normal subjects to assess the change of thyroid function in critical illness. The results were as follows; 1) The mean serum $fT_3$ concentration was $6.68{\pm}1.05pmol/ml$ in normal subjects while in patients with critical illness the serum $fT_3$ concentration was significantly lowered to $1.55{\pm}1.15pmol/ml$(p<0.001). 2) The mean serum $rT_3$ concentration was $0.22{\pm}0.44ng/ml$ in normal subjects and $0.42{\pm}0.37ng/ml$ in patient with critical illness. There was increment in critically ill patients as compared to normal subjects but no statistically significant difference(p>0.05). 3) The mean serum $T_3$ concentration was $1.24{\pm}0.25ng/ml$ in normal subjects and $0.56{\pm}0.56ng/ml$ in patients with criticial illness and there was significant difference in each other(p<0.005). 4) The mean serum $T_4,\;fT_4$, and TSH concentrations were $7.80{\pm}1.02{\mu}g/dl,\;1.26{\pm}0.39ng/dl,\;1.87{\pm}0.45{\mu}U/ml$ in normal subjects respectively and $6.02{\pm}3.06{\mu}g/dl,\;1.46{\pm}0.80ng/dl,\;1.74{\pm}0.79{\mu}U/ml$ in patients with critical illness and there was no significant difference between critically ill patients and normal subjects. 5) The ratio of mean serum concentration of $fT_3$ and $rT_3(fT_3/rT_3)$, $30.42{\pm}5.58$ in normal subjects was significantly higher(p<0.005) than the coresponding patients with critical illness. 6) The mean serum $fT_3$ concentration in expired cases(n=12) during admission was significant difference between expired and survived cases(p<0.005). The mean serum $rT_3$ centration was $0.67{\pm}0.58ng/ml$ in expired cases and $0.34{\pm}0.22ng/ml$ in survived cases with significant difference(p<0.005). Half of the cases who showed less than $3{\mu}g/dl$ of serum $T_4$ level were expired.

• 한국음향학회지
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• 제9권3호
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• pp.48-55
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• 1990

2차 샘플링이 도플러 신호의 평균 주파수 측정에 미치는 영향에 대해서 분석을 하였다. 아나로그/디지탈 변환기(analogue-to-digital converter)의 샘플링 주파수를 낮추기 위해 수신 신호를 $4f_0$ 대신에 $4f_0$/5나 $4f_0$/9의 낮은 주파수로 샘플링에서 도플러 신호를 얻을 수 있다. ($f_0$는 송신 신호의 중심 주파수이다.) 일반적인 도플러 시스템에서처럼 수신 신호가 협 대역이면 낮은 샘플링 주파수로 인해 발생되는 평균 주파수의 측정에 대한 오차는 무시할 정도로 작다는 것을 컴퓨터 시뮬레이션과 실험을 통해 증명하였다.

• 말소리와 음성과학
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• 제9권3호
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• pp.67-74
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• 2017

An increase in speech intelligibility has been found in Clear Speech compared to conversational speech. Clear Speech is defined by decreased articulation rates and increased frequency and length of pauses. The objective of the present study was to investigate improvement in immediate speech intelligibility in 10 patients with Parkinson's disease (age range: 46 to 75 years) using Clear Speech. This experiment has been performed using the Phonatory Aerodynamic System 6600 after the participants read the first sentence of a Sanchaek passage and the "List for Adults 1" in the Sentence Recognition Test (SRT) using casual speech and Clear Speech. Acoustic and aerodynamic parameters that affect speech intelligibility were measured, including mean F0, F0 range, intensity, speaking rate, mean airflow rate, and respiratory rate. In the Sanchaek passage, use of Clear Speech resulted in significant differences in mean F0, F0 range, speaking rate, and respiratory rate, compared with the use of casual speech. In the SRT list, significant differences were seen in mean F0, F0 range, and speaking rate. Based on these findings, it is claimed that speech intelligibility can be affected by adjusting breathing and tone in Clear Speech. Future studies should identify the benefits of Clear Speech through auditory-perceptual studies and evaluate programs that use Clear Speech to increase intelligibility.

• Journal of applied mathematics & informatics
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• 제39권3_4호
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• pp.497-506
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• 2021

Let G be a graph. Let f : V (G) → {0, 1, …, k - 1} be a function where k ∈ ℕ and k > 1. For each edge uv, assign the label $f(uv)={\lceil}{\frac{f(u)+f(v)}{2}}{\rceil}$. f is called k-total mean cordial labeling of G if ${\mid}t_{mf}(i)-t_{mf}(j){\mid}{\leq}1$, for all i, j ∈ {0, 1, …, k - 1}, where t_mf (x) denotes the total number of vertices and edges labelled with x, x ∈ {0, 1, …, k-1}. A graph with admit a k-total mean cordial labeling is called k-total mean cordial graph.

• Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science
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• 제8권1호
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• pp.154-165
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• 1991

1) 건강한 성인 2823명을 대상으로 자동혈구 계산기인 Coulter Counter Model S plus II를 이용하여 본원의 참고치를 설정하였다. 산출된 참고치는 기기의 설명서에 제시되어 임상 의사들이 사용하고 있는 참고치와 차이가 있었다. 2) 국내의 보고들과 비교해 볼 때 본원의 참고치와 대체로 비등하였고 기기의 설명서에 제시된 참고치와는 차이가 있으므로 본원의 참고치률 설정하여 사용하여야 하겠다. 3) 결과는 다음과 같다. (1) 백혈구 수는 남자 $6.800{\pm}2.680(2SD)/{\mu}l$, 여자 $5.950{\pm}2.380(2SD)/{\mu}l$ 이었다. (2) 적혈구 수는 남자 $428{\pm}60(2SD){\times}10^4/{\mu}l$, 여자 $415{\pm}56(2SD){\times}10^4/{\mu}l$ 이었다. (3) 혈색소량은 남자 $15.4{\pm}1.8(2SD)g/dL$, 여자 $13.0{\pm}1.6(2SD)g/dL$ 이었다. (4) 적혈구 용적은 남자 $45.3{\pm}5.0(2SD)%$, 여자 $38.2{\pm}4.6(2SD)%$ 이었다. (5) 평균 적혈구 용적은 남자 $93.8{\pm}5.8(2SD)fL$, 여자 $92.2{\pm}7.4(2SD)fL$ 이었다. (6) 평균 적혈구 혈색소량은 남자 $31.8{\pm}2.2(2SD)pg$, 여자 $31.4;{\pm}2.8(2SD)pg$ 이었다. (7) 평균 적혈구 혈색소농도는 남자 $34.0{\pm}1.2(2SD)%$, 여자 $33.9{\pm}1.2(2SD)%$ 이었다. (8) 적혈구 분포 폭은 남자 $12.7{\pm}1.0(2SD)%$, 여자 $12.6{\pm}1.4(2SD)%$ 이었다. (9) 혈소판 수는 남자 $242.9{\pm}87.8(2SD){\times}10^4/{\mu}l$, 여자 $242.2{\pm}89.0(2SD){\times}10^4/{\mu}l$ 이었다. (10) 혈소판 용적은 남자 $0.201{\pm}0.076(2SD)%$, 여자 $0.204{\pm}0.076(2SD)%$ 이었다. (11) 평균 혈소판 용적은 남자 $8.20{\pm}1.70(2SD)fL$, 여자 $8.36{\pm}1.82(2SD)fL$ 이었다. (12) 혈소판 분포 폭은 남자 $16.1{\pm}0.8(2SD)%$, 여자 $16.0{\pm}0.8(2SD)%$ 이었다.

• 말소리와 음성과학
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• 제5권1호
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• pp.81-90
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• 2013

During adolescence the mutational period is characterized by the changes in the laryngeal structure, the length of the vocal cords, and a tone of voice. Usually, adolescents at 15 or 16 reach the voice of adults but the mutational period is sometimes delayed. Therefore, studies on the voice of adolescents between 16 ~ 18 right after the mutational period are required. Accordingly, this paper attempted to provide basic data about the normal standard for patients with voice disorders during this period by evaluating the vocal characteristics of males and females between 16 ~ 18 with an objective device bycomparing and analyzing them by sex and age. The study was conducted on a total of 60 subjects composed of each 10 subjects of each age. The vocal analysis was conducted by MPT (Maximum Phonation Time) measurement, sustained vowels and sentence reading. As for /a/ sustained vowels, fundamental frequency, hereinafter referred to as $F_0$, jitter, shimmer, noise-to-harmonic ratio, hereinafter referred to as NHR were measured by using the Multi-dimensional voice program (MDVP) among the Multi-Speech program of Computerized Speech Lab (Kay Elemetrics). The sentence reading, mean $F_0$, maximum $F_0$ and minimum $F_0$ were measured using the Real-Time Pitch (RTP) Model 5121 among the Multi-Speech program of Computerized Speech Lab (Kay Elemetrics). As a result, according to sex, there were statistically significant differences in $F_0$, jitter, shimmer, mean $F_0$, maximum $F_0$, and minimum $F_0$; and according to age, there were statistically significant differences in MPT. In conclusion, the voice of the adolescents between 16 ~ 18 reached the maturity levels of adults but the voice quality which can be considered on the scale of voice disorders showed transition to the voice of an adult during the mutational period.