• Journal of fish pathology
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.267-276
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• 2006

Seventy-five streptococci were isolated from diseased olive flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus in Jeju. Their drug susceptibility and transferable multiple drug resistance were characterized. All isolates were resistant to flumequine (AR) and oxolinic acid (OA) and 26 isolates (34.7%) showed 4～6 multiple resistance of ampicillin (ABPC), AR, doxycycline (DOXY), erythromycin (EM), norfloxacin(NOR), OA and oxytetracycline (OTC) in various combinations. pST9 of a transferable R plasmid was detected from a multiple drug resistance strain, Streptococcus sp., ST9 originated from diseased flounder in Jeju, previously. We performed DNA hybridization to know the distribution of plasmid with the same DNA structure as pST9 in streptococci. Thirteen out of 60 isolates analyzed were positive in colony DNA hybridization and the part of bacteria isolated from raw meal was also hybridized with pST9. It suggested that raw meal is one of the origin of the resistance plasmid and R plasmid with DNA structure differing from pST9 is also involving in multiple drug resistance of the streptococci. In conjugation experiment, we found transferable R plasmid carrying OTC, DOXY and/or EM resistance determinant in the 13 resistance strains. all of the streptococci carrying the transferable R plasmid were similar in RAPD patterns. However, pST -type R plasmid was rare in S. iniae most frequently appearing in flounder farm.

• International Journal of Industrial Entomology and Biomaterials
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.93-100
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• 2002

Cocoon production, which is a representative of traditional sericulture shifted into silkworm powder production in the spring of 1995. This, infect, signifies the change from the dress-centered textile business to the bio-industry and the functional resource industry. One of the most outstanding shifting is utilization of silkworm larvae for anti-diabetic agent. In Asian countries including Korea, silkworm powder derived from the domestic silkworm (Bombyx mori L.) has long been favored for anti-diabetic agent, but its efficacy was not tested until last decade by modern scientific methods. In this article, we reviewed the major researches on the silkworm powder as a blood glucose-lowering substance. After the beginning test of the efficacy of silkworm powder by a cooperative research between Department of Sericulture and Entomlogy, NIAST, RDA and Kyung Hee University, substantial data have been accumulated so far, In a serial experiment to select best condition, the fifth instar larvae prepared by freeze dry method turned out to have the best blood glucose-lowering effect. In the pharmacological experiment to understand the mechanism of silkworm powder in small intestine, the silkworm powder turned out to inhibit the activity of ${\alpha}$-glucosidase, by competitively binding to $\alpha$-type disaccharides. The animal experiment showed that the extract of silkworm powder prevents a rapid increase of blood glucose level after meal and prevents hunger and law blood glucose level during empty stomach. In the experiment to isolate the major component of silkworm powder, which exerts blood glucose-lowering effect, 1-deoxynojirimy-cin (DNJ) was eventually mass-purified, and it turned out that DNJ isolated from silkworm powder was excellent in its blood glucose-lowering effect. In the experiment to understand the personal difference of the efficacy of the silkworm powder, clinical candidates were divided on the basis of the criterion of traditional Chinese medicine: Tae-Yang, Tae-Um, So-yang, and So-Um. The result showed that silkworm powder has a tendency to reduce blood glucose level at fasting and at 2 hours after meal, and this trend was somewhat obvious in the Tae-Um body type. In summary, we reviewed scientific papers on the efficacy of silkworm powder and its purified DNJ as a blood glucose-lowering agent. These suggest that silkworm powder truly possesses blood glucose-lowering effect as documented in the traditional Chinese medicine, although further researches will be required to develop them as "medical" resource instead of functional food.

• Korean Journal of Human Ecology
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.97-110
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• 2004

This study was carried out to investigate the ity, food habits and eating behavior of the college students. The responses of 1,112 students(male 468, female 644) to the questionnaire were analyzed. The results were summarized as follows: The means of height, weight were $174.1{\pm}5.1cm$, $66.0{\pm}8.1kg$ for males, respectively and were $164.3{\pm}6.0cm$, $50.7{\pm}5.3kg$ for female, respectively. The means of relative body weight(RBW) were $99.1{\pm}11.6$ for males and $91.2{\pm}10.3$ for females. Body mass index(BMI) were $21.8{\pm}2.5$ for males and $19.3{\pm}2.0$ for females. The rate of underweight, normal and obese on the basis of BMI was 19.9%, 71.5%, 8.6% for males, respectively and 68.4%, 30.4%, 1.3% for females respectively. Among underweight subjects, 59.3% answered that they had normal weight. 37.5% of normal weight subjects regarded themselves more obese or less obese than their actual body shape. Food habit score(out of a possible 50 points) was 29.4 in male and 29.3 in female, the score of self boarding students was the lowest among groups. Self boarding students had lower scores than the home-living students on the regularity of meals, eating time, protein intake, vegetable intake, lipid intake and food balance. The average meal frequency of the students was 2.46 times a day. Breakfast was skipped most frequently. Self-boarding students missed breakfast more often than other groups. The main reason of skipping breakfast was due to lack of time. The type of favorite snack was cookies and ramyun and in terms of snack time, most of the students had snack between lunch and dinner or after dinner. The rates of smoking and alcohol drinking were 29.8%, 76.7%, respectively and 25% of subjects exercised regularly. The results of this study suggest that a comprehensive nutrition education program is needed for college student to improve their eating habits about skipping meal and to maintain their health.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.154-160
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• 1997

College women of 136 in Kyoung-Buk province were studied in order to investigate the quantity of Na intake and preference for salty taste in diet. Also the relation of family's history on hypertention and their Na intake and preference for salty taste were studied. Three type of meal with 9g NaCl, 12g NaCl, 15g NaCl and four type of beef soup with 0.2% NaCl, 0.4% NaCl, 0.6% NaCl, 0.8% NaCl were prepared. The computating value of Na according to the food composition table and the amount of Na by chemical analysis were almost equal. The meal with 12g NaCl was favored 58.8% of the subjects, hence the amount of Na intake per day was thought 13g roughly.50.7% of subjects prefered of beef soup with 0.6% NaCl and those who thought that they eat salty had tendency to like food with high amount of salt. 73 subjects(53.7%) had family's history on hypertention, then 38 subjects (52.9%) among them liked beef soup with 0.4% NaCl 63 subjects(46.3%) didn't have family's history on hypertention, then 44 subjects among thorn liked beef soup with 0.6% NaCl. The subjects with family's history on hypertention liked more salty taste than the subjects with no family.s history on hypertention.

• Korean journal of food and cookery science
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• v.30 no.5
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• pp.547-555
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• 2014

The purpose of this study is to understand consumer awareness and preference regarding rice cakes by surveying the awareness, preference, and consumption behavior of college students regarding rice cakes, and to survey their perception and usage of rice cakes, thereby using the results as basic data to establish measures to develop Korea's rice cakes. To sum up the study's results, the survey included both male (54.5%) and female (45.5%) subjects. Those aged "20 to 23" accounted for the largest share (67.9%) of total respondents, and those majoring in "humanities and social studies" comprised the largest portion (47.8%). A majority of the respondents resided in "small and medium-sized cities", and most either lived at home or lived away from their families. A majority of the subjects received monthly allowances ranging from 200,000 to 300,000 won. In order of awareness, the most well-known type of rice cake was "injeolmi (rice cake made from glutinous rice and coated with bean flour)", followed by "songpyeon (half-moon-shaped rice cake)", "garaeddeok (bar rice cake)", and "baekseolgi (steamed white rice cake)". The women were better aware of "injeolmi", "baekseolgi", and "garaeddeok" than the men, and "soemeoriddeok" was not commonly known among either gender. In terms of preferences for rice cakes, overall, the subjects liked "injeolmi" and "songpyeon" the most. However, certain differences were found in preferences for rice cakes between the men and women. The women exhibited higher levels of preference for "injeolmi" and "songpyeon" than the men. On the other hand, the men revealed higher levels of preference for "baekseolgi", "jeolpyeon", and "garaeddeok" than the women. The most common answer to important factors for popularizing rice cakes was "a diverse assortment of rice cakes", followed by "the development of creative technologies" and "the taste of rice cakes reflecting consumer needs", in order of importance. Among the important factors to popularize rice cakes, "the development of unique packaging containers for rice cakes" (p<0.05) and "the development of proper packaging materials" (p<0.05) showed statistically significant differences. In the survey of consumption of rice cakes, the most frequent answer to the question "why do you like rice cakes? was "their tastes are good" with 146 respondents, followed by "I have been eating them for long" with 115 respondents. To the question "when do you use rice cakes", the most frequent answer was "I use them in daily life" with 133 respondents, followed by "I use them at special events" with 115 respondents. The women were found to use rice cakes frequently in daily life, whereas the men used them frequently at special events. When asked whether they had the intention to use rice cakes as a meal substitute, 100 men answered that they had no intention, whereas 96 women answered that they had the intention. When asked about the type of rice cake considered suitable for a meal substitute, the most popular answer was "injeolmi" with 108 respondents, followed by "baekseolgi" with 106 respondents.

• Journal of the Korean Dietetic Association
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.205-217
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• 2004

This study was carried out to provide information on the effect of nutrition education program for diabetic patients at the Guri City's Public Health Center. Subjects of this study were 31 persons(male 7, female 24) who attended all courses of "2002 Diabetes Education Class". They were indicated as the 'education group'(EG). Eating and living habits of EG were investigated before the education. EG's weight and blood glucose (post prandial 2 hours, PP2) were examined as well. EG's PP2 reduction was compared with a 'control group'(CG) who didn't join any course in that class. All of the subjects were non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus(NIDDM) patients. EG's average age was 62.4$\pm$8.8. Before taking the course, EG's PP2 was 251.5$\pm$29.6mg/dl, and body mass index(BMI) was 26.3$\pm$2.3 on average. Most of them were stressed out from their daily lives and usually had no exercise. Most people of EG ate meals rapidly and liked sweet and fatty foods. After the course of training, EG's weight and BMI before the training were not decreased significantly. However, all of the EG's PP2s, which were measured 4 times(before the meal at the special lunch session, after 2 hours at this meal, after 2 weeks and 4 weeks dietary assembly), were decreased in comparison with the PP2 which was checked prior to joining the training. EG's average PP2 was more reduced than CG's one. In addition, all groups' PP2s were decreased for 8 weeks. After all, this nutritional education at the public health center was effective in glycemic control for diabetes mellitus patients. Especially, when the dietary assembly as practical training was included in the educational process, the patient's dietary intake and PP2 was improved more effectively. Therefore, this study suggests that nutrition work at public health centers is necessary for the Health Promotion Policy.

• Journal of Medicine and Life Science
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.47-52
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• 2020

Glucagon regulates glucose and fat metabolism as well as being involved in the production of ketone bodies. The new antidiabetic drug, a sodium-glucose co-transporter-2 inhibitor, increases glucagon, and reduces the risk of cardiovascular death and hospitalization due to heart failure. The presence of metabolic syndrome is an important risk factor for cardiovascular diseases(CVD) in type 2 diabetes(T2DM) patients. We, thus, investigated the association between glucagon levels and metabolic syndrome in T2DM patients. This cross-sectional study involved 317 T2DM patients. Fasting and postprandial (30 min after ingestion of a standard mixed meal) glucagon levels were measured. Metabolic syndrome was defined according to the criteria of the International Diabetes Federation. A multiple regression logistic analysis was employed for statistical evaluation. A total of 219 (69%) subjects had metabolic syndrome. The fasting and postprandial glucagon levels did not differ between the group with metabolic syndrome and the group without. Postprandial glucagon levels increased significantly with the increase in the number of metabolic syndrome components, but the fasting levels did not. However, a hierarchical logistic regression analysis revealed that the postprandial glucagon levels did not contribute significantly to metabolic syndrome even after adjusting for other covariates. Fasting and postprandial glucagon levels are not associated with metabolic syndrome in T2DM patients. However, further studies are needed to investigate the relationship between glucagon and cardiovascular risk in patients with T2DM.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.381-395
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• 2007

For the purposes of participation in research projects, living in a laboratory has become popular among male university students who tend to have less opportunity for nutrition education and overestimate their own health, suggesting possibilities of many undesirable practices of lifestyle and dietary habits. Therefore, this study was conducted to investigate and compare health-related lifestyle practices, dietary habits, nutrition knowledge, food preference and dietary behaviors of the male university students according to residence type. The subjects were 260 (34, 15, 44, and 167, respectively for lab-living, self-boarding, dormitory and commuting) male engineering majors in the Gyeonggi area. Self-administered questionnaires consisted of general characteristics, health-related lifestyle practices, dietary habits, fast food consumption, nutrition knowledge, preference for foods and tastes, and self-examination of dietary behaviors. Lab-living subjects showed many undesirable practices, particularly with more smokers (p < 0.05), irregular eating (p < 0.01), overeating (p < 0.05) and skipping breakfast (p < 0.01), compared to the dormitory students and more time in computer/TV usage (p < 0.05), overeating (p < 0.05), more frequent use of fast-food (p < 0.05), less nutrition knowledge (p < 0.01) and less intake of milk/dairy products (p < 0.01) and fruits (p < 0.01), compared to commuting subjects. More smokers (p < 0.05) and irregular (p < 0.01) and unrelaxed meal times (p < 0.05), compared to the dormitory group, and less intake of fruits (p < 0.01) and dietary fiber (p < 0.01), compared to the commuting group were shown as undesirable practices of the self-boarding group. Therefore, continuous effort should be made to correct undesirable health- and diet-related practices found in this study in order to improve nutritional status as well as general health by developing a nutrition education program and contents of lectures focusing on more specific problems according to each subgroup such as lab-living and self-boarding male university students.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.9 no.6
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• pp.658-666
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• 2015

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: The current study examined trends in adherence to dietary recommendations and compared the levels of adherence between diagnosed and undiagnosed subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in Korea over the past 14 years. SUBJECTS/METHODS: Data were collected from the 1998-2012 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (KNHANES). Diagnosed diabetes was defined as giving a positive response to questions about awareness of the disease, a physician's diagnosis of diabetes, or medical treatment for diabetes, whereas undiagnosed diabetes was defined as having a fasting glucose level ${\geq}126mg/dl$. Assessment of adherence level was based on 6 components of dietary guidelines, considering meal patterns and intake levels of calories, carbohydrates, vegetable/seaweed, sodium, and alcohol. The participants received 1 point if they met the criteria for each of the 6 components, and the total possible score ranged from 0 to 6 points. Multivariate generalized linear regression was performed, taking into account the complex survey design. RESULTS: Among all diabetic patients aged 30 years or older, the proportion of diagnosed diabetes increased dramatically, from 40.9% in 1998 to 75.9% in 2012 (P for trend < 0.001). The overall adherence levels to dietary recommendations were low and did not significantly differ between diagnosed and undiagnosed subjects with T2DM for all survey years. Several improvements were observed, including increased adherence to maintaining sufficient vegetable/seaweed consumption (increased from 0.12 to 0.16 points) and limiting sodium intake (increased from 0.12-0.13 points to 0.19-0.24 points; P for trend < 0.001), while adherence to maintaining moderate alcohol consumption decreased. CONCLUSIONS: Analysis of data collected by the KNHANES indicates that Korean T2DM patients have poor adherence to dietary recommendations and maintenance of a healthy lifestyle, regardless of disease awareness. This finding suggests that development of practical, evidence-based guidelines is necessary and that provision and expansion of educational programs for T2DM patients is critical after diagnosis.

• Journal of Sasang Constitutional Medicine
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.96-106
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• 2009

1. Objectives : The aim of this study was to survey the ordinary symptoms of TE type(Tae-eumin) and to compare the tendency of their symptoms according to the Exterior- or Interior- disease. 2. Methods : We recruited 659 TE type(Tae-eumin)-subjects in multi-oriental hospitals and researched their ordinary symptoms. Subjects were diagnosed by the Sasang Constitutional specialists in oriental hospitals, and had remarkable improvement in the chief complains after Sasang Constitutional Medication. Subjects were divided two groups. One group had the Exterior-cold disease and they took the prescription for the Exerior-cold disease(such as Taeumjowi-tang, Jowiseungcheong-tang, Nocyongdaebo-tang etc.). The other group had the Interior-febrile disease and they took the prescription for the Interior-febrile disease(such as Galgunhaegui-tang, Yeoldahanso-tang, Cheongsimyeonja-tang, Gongjinhugwon-dan etc.). All subjects answered the questionnaire about their symptoms. We found the differences of answers using the Chi-square test between-group comparisons. We analyzed using SPSS 12.0 for Korean. 3. Results and Conclusions : In symptoms, Quantity of meal(p=.009), Perspiration of head and face(p=.001), Aspect of Excrement(p=.027), Presence of pain after excrement(p=.001), Frequency of urination at night(p=.003), Clarity of urine(p=.041), Sleep during the day(p=.049), Warm or cold feeling on abdomen(p=.007), etc. are different according to the Exterior- or Interior- disease. We found the differences of symptoms between not only the constitutional types but also the types of disease.