• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• 제32권4호
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• pp.290-299
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• 2016

Strawberry bacterial angular leaf spot (ALS) disease, caused by Xanthomonas fragariae has become increasingly problematic in the strawberry agro-industry. ALS causes small angular water-soaked lesions to develop on the abaxial leaf surface. Studies reported optimum temperature conditions for X. fragariae are $20^{\circ}C$ and the pathogen suffers mortality above $32^{\circ}C$. However, at the nursery stage, disease symptoms have been observed under high temperature conditions. In the present study, results showed X. fragariae transmission was via infected maternal plants, precipitation, and sprinkler irrigation systems. Systemic infections were detected using X. fragariae specific primers 245A/B and 295A/B, where 300-bp and 615-bp were respectively amplified. During the nursery stage (from May to August), the pathogen was PCR detected only in maternal plants, but not in soil or irrigation water through the nursery stage. During the cultivation period, from September to March, the pathogen was detected in maternal plants, progeny, and soil, but not in water. Additionally, un-infected plants, when planted with infected plants were positive for X. fragariae via PCR at the late cultivation stage. Chemical control for X. fragariae with oxolinic acid showed 87% control effects against the disease during the nursery period, in contrast to validamycin-A, which exhibited increased efficacy against the disease during the cultivation stage (control effect 95%). To our knowledge, this is the first epidemiological study of X. fragariae in Korean strawberry fields.

• 대한한방부인과학회지
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• 제23권3호
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• pp.173-183
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• 2010

Purpose: To estimate the effect of oriental treatment on recurrent pregnancy loss, a retrospective analysis was done. Methods: Sixty-eight pregnant women at the $\bigcirc\bigcirc$ oriental clinic, Korea, from January 2005 to May 2009 diagnosed as recurrent pregnancy loss were included in this study. The sixty-eight patients received oriental treatment such as acupuncture, moxibution, herbal acupuncture and herbal prescriptions, divided into two groups: Group A- live birth(N=58) and Group B- abortion(N=10). The maternal age, parity, menstrual history, gynecological history and period of treatment were compared. To find out factors affecting the success of birth, we performed binary logistic regression analysis(SPSS ver. 14.0 for windows). Results: The live birth rate was 85.3%. The maternal age, parity, menstrual history, gynecological history and period of treatment were not different between two groups. Logistic regression analysis showed that the significant factors predicting the occurrence of miscarriage were advanced maternal age(${\geq}35$)(P=0.005, Odds Ratio[OR]=3.809, 95% Confidence Interval[95%CI]: 1.514-9.585) and suffering from gynecological problems(P=0.044, OR=4.048, 95%CI: 1.037-15.801). Conclusions: The results suggest that oriental treatment has effectiveness on recurrent pregnancy loss. Further study will be needed.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제46권2호
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• pp.147-155
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• 2013

Higher bone mineral density (BMD) at a young age, calcium intake, and exercise are important for prevention of osteoporosis later in life. We examined familial effects of BMD between mothers and children and adolescents aged 8-19 in Cheonan, Korea and the relationships between BMD and lifestyle parameters, including: food and nutrient intake and exercise. For daughters and sons, significant differences in BMD were observed at the three bone sites (total femur, femur neck, and lumbar spine) according to age, gender, body mass index, exercise, and milk consumption, compared to the reference value for each classification category. Mean differences in children's BMD were observed according to maternal BMD. Energy and calcium intake were lower in both children and mothers in comparison to the estimated daily energy requirement; however, their protein intake was much greater than the daily recommended intake. After adjusting for age and gender and for mother's age, body mass index, and total calorie intake, results of the food frequency test showed an association of a higher intake of meat, meat products, milk and milk products with greater BMD of total femur, femur neck, and lumbar spine of children. In addition, exercise was positively associated with higher BMD. Regression analysis showed a positive association of BMD with age, male gender, exercise, and mother's BMD. In conclusion, after adjustment for environmental parameters, maternal BMD had a positive influence on BMD in daughters and sons. This finding suggests that parents need to check their BMD in order to determine whether their children are at increased risk of low BMD.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• 제7권4호
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• pp.281-286
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• 2013

We examined the effect of parental folate deficiency on the folate content, global DNA methylation, folate receptor-alpha (FR${\alpha}$), insulin-like-growth factor-2 (IGF-2) and -1 receptor (IGF-1R) in the liver and plasma homocysteine in the postnatal rat. Male and female rats were randomly fed a folic acid-deficient (paternal folate-deficient, PD and maternal folate-deficient, MD), or folic acid-supplemented diet (paternal folate-supplemented, PS and maternal-folate-supplemented, MS) for four weeks. They were mated and grouped accordingly: $PS{\times}MS$, $PS{\times}MD$, $PD{\times}MS$, and $PD{\times}MD$. Pups were killed on day 21 of lactation. The hepatic folate content was markedly reduced in the $PD{\times}MD$ and $PS{\times}MD$ and $PD{\times}MS$ as compared with the $PS{\times}MS$ group. The hepatic global DNA methylation was decreased in the $PD{\times}MS$ and $PS{\times}MD$ groups as much as in the $PD{\times}MD$ group, and all the three groups were significantly lower as compared to the $PS{\times}MS$ group. There were no significant differences in the hepatic FR${\alpha}$, IGF-2 and IGF-1R expressions among the groups. Positive correlations were found between the hepatic folate content and global DNA methylation and protein expressions of FR${\alpha}$, IGF-2 and IGF-1R, whereas an inverse correlation was found between hepatic folate content and plasma homocysteine level in the 3-week-old rat pup. The results of this study show that both paternal and maternal folate deficiency at mating can influence the folate content and global DNA methylation in the postnatal rat liver.

• Child Health Nursing Research
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• 제10권2호
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• pp.153-164
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• 2004

The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect on mother-fetus attachment through mother-fetus interaction promotion program of talking and tactual stimulation aimed at enhancing sensitivity of primipara Non-equivalent control group posttest design was used. Fifty primiparas (26 mothers for intervention group and 24 mothers for control group) were recruited from three general hospital and an OBGY clinic located in Gang Nung city. Data was collected from January 30th to December 20th in 2001. For the intervention group, programed education which focused on mother-fetus interaction promotion of talking and tactile stimulation in the 1st trimester. Telephone counselling was provided with interval of two weeks. For two groups, home visiting for data collection of mother-fetus attachment was conducted at 36 to 38 weeks of gestational age. The data were analyzed using chi-square test and Fisher' Exact test to test the equivalence of two groups, and the effect of intervention program was determined with t- test. The result was as follow: The significant difference was found in mother-fetus attachment between two groups(t= 2.772, P= 0.0079). It indicated that intervention program was effective in improving mother-fetus attachment. In conclusion, this study has shown that the applied nursing intervention aimed at enhancing sensitivity of primiparas to fetus's movement promoted mother-fetus attachment. Therefore, this study suggests that this nursing intervention to increase maternal sensitivity to the fetus's movement should be broadly applied to primiparas, which can be beneficial for formation of mother-infant relationship, and for promotion of the social, affective, and cognitive developments of their children.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• 제15권1호
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• pp.91-100
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• 2004

목 적：발달 초기에 영아에서 모성의 결핍이나 박탈은 영아가 경험할 수 있는 스트레스의 극심한 형태로서 이는 뇌의 신경생화학적인 변화를 비롯해 신체적, 생리적인 기능에 변화를 초래하며, 성장하면서 감정, 행동, 인지, 사회화에 어려움을 유발한다. Glucocorticoid는 스트레스의 신경내분비학적인 매개물질이며, COX-2 는 신경전달이나 신경 가소성, 특히 신경세포의 소멸과 퇴행에 관여하며, 스트레스나 염증반응에 의해 유도되는 뇌기능의 조절인자로 주목받고 있다. 또한 glucocorticoid는 COX-2를 조절하는 작용을 가지고 있다. 본 연구는 젖을 떼기 이전의 어린 흰쥐를 대상으로, 반복해서 모성을 박탈시켜 대뇌 해마에서 COX-2와 GR의 발현정도를 알아보고자 하였다. 방 법：동일한 배(胚)에서 출생한 8마리의 Sprague-Dawley 백서 중 4마리는 대조군으로 어미와 함께 사육하고, 4마리는 실험군으로 생후 4일째부터 10일간 하루 4시간씩 어미와 분리하여 사육하였다. 사육 14일째에 뇌조직을 얻어 고정 후 COX-2와 GR에 대한 면역조직화학법을 시행하였다. 각 군에서 해마부위에 발현된 COX-2와 GR의 면역반응된 세포수를 비교하였다. 결 과：GR은 면역반응된 세포수가 DG(대조군 $785.75{\pm}65.11$, 실험군 $1183.63{\pm}111.00$)에서 현저히 증가되었다. COX-2의 면역반응된 세포수는 CA1(대조군 $32.25{\pm}2.85$, 실험군 $81.75{\pm}12.05$), CA3(대조군 $27.25{\pm}3.48$, 실험군 $41.62{\pm}3.36$)에서 대조군에 비해 실험군에서 유의하게 발현이 증가되었으며, DG(대조군 $104.38{\pm}11.98$, 실험군 $167.25{\pm}22.72$)에서는 통계적 유의성은 없었으나 실험군에서 현저히 증가한 소견을 보였다. 결 론：이러한 결과는 어린시절 발달과정에서 경험하는 스트레스가 대뇌에서 COX-2와 GR을 유도하며, 이들이 스트레스 후에 일어나는 신경세포기능의 변화를 매개할 가능성이 있음을 시사하는 것이다. 특히 DG에서 GR과 COX-2가 모두 증가된 것으로 보아, 특히 DG가 스트레스 후 뇌세포의 변화에 주요 부위인 것으로 추정된다.

• 대한미생물학회지
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• 제20권1호
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• pp.103-107
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• 1985

Female ICR mice were vaccinated against Toxoplasma gondii(RH strain), infected 2 weeks later and after recovery mated to normal ICR males. Control matings were with normal ICR females. The progeny of the above matings were weaned at 1 week, vaccinated at 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5 weeks of age and infected 2 weeks later with lethal Toxoplasma tachyzoites. As assessed by survival, the effectiveness of vaccination among offspring of vaccinated-recovered mothers was greatly impaired than that of control mice, with respective of age : where mice did survive, recovery was greatly delayed relative to the controls. The protective effect of vaccination among infants born to control mothers was also blocked by maternal specific antibodies, by administration of high-titered specific antibodies or by transfer of nylon wool adherent immune-spleen cells, but was augmented by transfer of nylon wool passed immune-spleen cells. These results indicate that this impairment of vaccination may be due to the transmission of maternal specific antibodies to the offspring which acts to suppress both priming by the vaccine and the generation of parasite-specific helper T cells.

• 보건행정학회지
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• 제14권1호
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• pp.148-168
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• 2004

To investigate the effect of parents' social class on birthweight in Korea during the period of transition to a market economy, 1995-2001. Methods: All births resulting from pregnacies reported in 1995-22001(n=4,298,374) were studied with respect to social variation in birthweight. The results were adjusted for maternal age, parity, parents' education, gestational age, total births, the dead births among total births, the number of births in one delivery. Results: Between 1995 and 2001, mean birth weight was 3271g and low birth rate was 3.41%. Maternal education, faternal education, parents' occupation, the number of birth in one delivery, total births, gestational age, and the number of deaths among. total births were all independently related to the birthweight. Parents with lower education showed higher low-birthweight rates compared with parents with university level of education(OR: 2.16 for mother and 1.68 for father). Especially, mother's education showed stronger relationship with birthweight than fathers' education. The differences in birth weight by parents' social class, especially parents' educational level became stronger between 1995 and 2001. Discussion: This study suggests that the social differences of birth weight were increasing in order 1995 to 2001. Especially, this increasing tendency in variation in birth weight by social class was shown after economic crisis, 1998.

• 한국가축번식학회지
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• 제23권4호
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• pp.365-369
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• 1999

Interferon tau (IFN$\tau$), the pregnancy recognition signal in ruminants, suppresses transcription of the estrogen receptor (ER) gene in the endometrial luminal (LE) and superficial glandular epithelium (sGE) to prevent oxytocin receptor (OTR) expression and pulsatile release of luteolytic prostaglandin $F_{2{\alpha}}$ (PGF), Interferon regulatory factors one (IRF-l) and two (IRF-2) are transcription factors induced by IFN$\tau$ that activate and silence gene expression, respectively. Available results suggest that IFN$\tau$ acts directly on LE and sGE during pregnancy to induce sequentially IRF-l and then IRF-2 gene expression to silence transcription of ER and OTR genes, block the luteolytic mechanism to maintenance a functional corpus luteum (CL) and, signal maternal recognition of pregnancy. The theory for maternal recognition of pregnancy in pigs is that the uterine endometrium of cyclic gilts secretes PGF in an endocrine direction, toward the uterine vasculature for transport to the CL to exert its luteolytic effect. However, in pregnant pigs, estrogens secreted by the conceptuses are responsible, perhaps in concert with effects of prolactin and calcium, for exocrine secretion of PGF into the uterine lumen where it is sequestered to exert biological effects and / or be metabolized to prevent luteolysis.

• 아동학회지
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• 제31권1호
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• pp.65-82
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• 2010

This study investigated the longitudinal effects of family risk factors, parent-child relationships, and language abilities of children in low-income families in terms of both school adjustment and academic performance. The subjects were 176 children aged 5 to 7 and their mothers. They participated in follow up studies over the next 3 years. The children were tested using the Wechsler Intelligence Scales and language tests; and classroom teachers rated their levels of both school adjustment and academic performance. Mothers reported parent-child relationships, maternal depression, and family economic resources. Data were analyzed using Pearson's correlation, and structural equation modeling (SEM). Our results indicated that there were direct effects of language abilities, and indirect effects of parent-child relationships and maternal depression upon children's school adjustment and academic performance. It was also revealed that language abilities had a mediating effect between parent-child relationship and school adjustment/ academic performance.