• Asian Journal of Turfgrass Science
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.77-83
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• 1990

The effect of bio-fertilizer, which was manufactured poultry manure, on the fall performance of Korean lawngrass was determined on a clay loam soil. Plant length was characterized by increasing the amount of bio-fertilizer applied. This trend was also true in dry matter yield of tops during the experimental period from August 31 through October 30. Both tiller numbers and stolon length steadily increased with increasing amount of bio-fertilizer applied, and 40m/t application of bio-fertilizer was found to be most effective on both components. performance shown on November 5 was prominent for both green leaf and root weights when the increased amount of bio-fertilizer was applied. Korean lawngrass had three times as much green leaf weight with 40m/t application of bio-fertilizer as with other treatments. Several functions of increment of above- ground part components caused by increasing root weight, which is greatly affected by bio-fertilizer application, was discussed. Turf quality was much improved by applying bio-fertilizer, indicating that this fertilizer might play an improtant role in respect of soil structure, water retention etc.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.227-232
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• 2006

This experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of liquid manure source, application rate and time on the agronomic characteristics and forage yield of winter rye. The experimental design was a randomized complete block design. The treatments were : CFB150=chemical fertilizer(CF) 150 N as basal, CFS150=CF 150 N as split application (75+75), SLB150=swine liquid (SL) 150 N as basal, SLS150=SL 150 N as split application (75+75), SLB300=SL 300 N as basal, SLS150=SL 300 N as split application(150+150), CLB150=cattle liquid (CL) 150 N as basal, CLS150=CL 150 N as split awlication(75+75), CLB300=CL 300 N as basal, CLS150=CL 300 N as split application(150+150). Heading date of the plant was observed on the 17th of April fur both chemical fertilizer and swine liquid, and on the 16th of April for cattle liquid. Stay green of chemical fertilizer was higher than others because of high crude protein content. Leaf was darker in high nitrogen fertilizer treatments than low N treatments. However lodging resistance was poor as nitrogen fertilizer was increased. Dry matter (DM) content of rye at chemical fertilizer was lower than liquid manure. DM yield of chemical fertilizer treatments were highest among the fertilizer source. However, DM yield of rye with application was all most same at different N application methods. The crude protein (CP) content and yield for chemical fertilizer was significantly higher than liquid manure. CP yield using split application was higher by 16% and 28%, compared to basal application. Based on the results of this study, forage production of liquid manure was lower, compared to chemical fertilizer. And split application was superior to basal application forage and protein yields, and high protein.

• Journal of Animal Environmental Science
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• v.18 no.sup
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• pp.13-20
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• 2012

This research investigated the effect of $SCOD_{Mn}$ concentrations and pH adjustment at the stage before land application, namely 2nd-aeration treatment stage of liquid fertilizer in the liquid fertilizer treatment process of swine manure on the physicochemical compositions of 2nd-aeration treated liquid fertilizer. The liquid fertilizer used in this research is the alkaline fermented liquid fertilizer of swine manure more than pH 9.0 through aeration treatment (Alkaline fermentation treatment group). About the alkaline liquid fertilizer, phosphate neutralization treatment was conducted with phosphoric acid and it was a phosphate neutralization treatment group. In 2nd-aeration treatment of liquid fertilizer for 30 days, each group was divided into alkaline treatment groups (T-1, T-2, and T-3) and phosphate neutralization treatment groups (T-4, T-5, and T-6) according to early $SCOD_{Mn}$ concentrations. The research results are as follows. 1. As for $SCOD_{Mn}$ reduction rate, the average 29.9% in alkaline treatment groups and the average 36.9% in phosphate neutralization treatment groups were shown and so the relatively high reduction rate was shown in phosphate neutralization treatment groups. 2. After finishing the experiment, the group of the lowest $SCOD_{Mn}$ concentrations was the phosphate neutralization treatment group, T-6 with the lowest inflow concentrations. In case the final goal level of 2nd-aeration treated liquid fertilizer is assumed as concentrations less than $SCOD_{Mn}$ 3,000 ppm, it would be desired that inflow concentrations of 2nd-aeration treatment groups are adjusted less than $SCOD_{Mn}$ 5,500 ppm. 3. As for the persistence rate of nitrogen, the average 29.3% in alkaline treatment groups and the average 38.9% in phosphate neutralization treatment groups were shown and so phosphate neutralization treatment groups showed the relatively low loss rate of nitrogen, meanwhile, in the case of T-P, phosphate neutralization treatment groups maintained high concentrations (average 1,473 ppm). 4. In the event of 2nd-aeration treatment of liquid fertilizer, "alkaline fermentation treatment" condition in 'low phosphate-low nitrogen' type and "phosphate neutralization treatment" condition in 'high phosphate-high nitrogen' type are expected to be favorable.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Crop Science Conference
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• 2017.06a
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• pp.314-314
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• 2017

Anthropogenic activities have increased the concentrations of greenhouse gases, such as $CO_2$, $CH_4$, $N_2O$, HFCs, $SF_6$, and PFCs, in the atmosphere. Among others, $N_2O$ is well known as an important greenhouse gas accounting for 7.9% of the total greenhouse effect and the effect of its emission is 310 times greater than that of $CO_2$. Agricultural $N_2O$ emissions are now thought to contribute to about 60% of the global anthropogenic $N_2O$ emission, which have been increased primarily due to fertilizer N consumption and manure management. Therefore, the reduction of $N_2O$ emissions in agriculture is being required. This study was conducted to determine the variation of $N_2O$ emissions by no-tillage (NT) and conventional tillage (CT) practices in the cultivation of soybean from the sandy loam soils under the different kinds of fertilizer treatments June through September 2016 in Cheong-ju, Republic of Korea. An experimental plot, located in the temperate climate zone, was composed of two main plots that were NT and CT, and were divided into four plots, respectively, in accordance with types of fertilizers (chemical fertilizer, liquid pig manure, hairy vetch and non-fertilizer). Among all the treatments, $N_2O$ emission was the highest in August and the lowest in June. When $N_2O$ emissions were evaluated during the growing season (June to September) in all fertilizer treatments, NT with hairy vetch treatment emitted the highest $N_2O$ emission in August, whereas, $N_2O$ emissions was the lowest in NT with non-fertilizer treatment in June, respectively (p = 0.05). Based on the cumulative amount of $N_2O$ emissions during the growing season of soybean, NT had lower $N_2O$ emission than CT by 0.01 - 0.02 kg $N_2O$, although NT had higher $N_2O$ emission than CT by 0.03 kg $N_2O$ in only the chemical fertilizer treatments. As a result, it seems that the applications of liquid pig manure and hairy vetch rather than chemical fertilizer could decrease the $N_2O$ emission in NT, compared to CT.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.46 no.6
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• pp.563-569
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• 2013

This experiment was carried out to investigate the effect of liquid-pig-manure application method (Tr.1: surface appl. LPM 150%, Tr.2: surface appl. LPM 50% + LPM 50%, Tr.3: chemical fertilizer, Tr.4: soil injection LPM 150%, Tr.5: soil injection LPM 50% + surface appl. 50%, Tr.6: no fertilizer) and the economic efficiency of yield on forage crops cultivaion. In barley cultivation experiment, Tr.5 was found to be best, showing the yield of 1,462 kg $10a^{-1}$, and followed by Tr.2(1,226 kg $10a^{-1}$), Tr.3(1,226 kg $10a^{-1}$), Tr.4(1,225 kg $10a^{-1}$) and Tr.1(1,209 kg $10a^{-1}$) in order. In maize cultivation experiment, Tr.4 was found to be best, showing the yield of 2,142 kg/10a, and followed by Tr.1(2,125 kg $10a^{-1}$), Tr.3(2,024 kg $10a^{-1}$), Tr.5(2,011 kg $10a^{-1}$) and Tr.2(1,925 kg 1$10a^{-1}$) in order. The income was showing 1,274,000 ~ 1,591,000 Won $10a^{-1}$ in barley, whereas 766,000-794,000 Won 1$10a^{-1}$ in maize. There was more economical efficiency in barley cultivation than maize cultivation. Rather than the LPM surface application, LPM soil injection was more effective.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.49 no.4
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• pp.327-334
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• 2016

In order to compare phosphorus (P) behavior of livestock manure compost (LMC) and chemical fertilizer (CF) applied to the sea-reclaimed land soils, incubation experiments were conducted for five weeks. Four soils differing textural classes, sandy loam and clay loam, and electric conductivity (EC) value, high and low, were applied with CF and LMC. LMC was applied at the level of 0, 1, 2, and 3% on the soil weight basis and CF was applied at the same levels of P as LMC. The results showed that increase of P application rate of CF and LMC led to linearly increase available $P_2O_5$ and $0.01M\;CaCl_2$ extractable P contents regardless of soil texture and EC. However, 0.01M $CaCl_2$ extractable P from soil applied with CF was significantly higher than with LMC. Correlation analysis between $0.01M-CaCl_2$ extractable P and fractionated P by different extraction methods showed that $0.01M-CaCl_2$ extractable P positively correlated with KCl-P (soluble and exchangeable P) and HCl-P (Ca and Mg bound P). However, NaOH-P (Fe and Al bound P and organic P) and residual P was adverse. The amount of NaOH-P significantly influenced to the amount of 0.01M $CaCl_2$ extractable P of CF and LMC in the soils. The application of LMC at sandy loam soil could be carried out in the consideration of nutrient leaching and crop uptake.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.46 no.3
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• pp.187-192
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• 2013

This study was carried out to investigate the incorporation effect of green manure crops (GMC) such as the hairy vetch on improvement of soil environment in reclaimed land during silage corn cultivation over the past two years. Plots consisted of conventional fertilization (CF) and incorporation of GMC were divided by addition rate of nitrogen fertilizer (100 kg $ha^{-1}$) with 30 - 100% of non nitrogen fertilization (NNF). Soil physico-chemical properties and growth and yield potential of silage corn were examined. The tested soils showed strong alkali and saline properties with low contents of organic matter and available phosphate while contents of exchangeable sodium and magnesium were high. Soil salinity increased during cultivation of summer crop. However, corn was not affected by salt content. The fresh weight of GMC at incorporation time was 18,345 kg $ha^{-1}$. Content of total nitrogen was 3.09% and the C/N ratio was 12.8 at incorporation time. Fresh and dry matter yield of silage corn were higher in the order of N30% reduction, CF, N50% reduction, N70% reduction, N100% reduction and NNF. Fresh and dry matter yield potential of silage corn for N30% reduction were comparable to those of CF. Bulk density of the soil decreased with incorporation of GMC, while porosity was increased. The soil pH decreased while content of exchangeable calcium, available phosphate, and organic matter increased. Also contents of exchangeable sodium and potassium decreased with incorporation of GMC. The data indicate that incorporation of hairy vetch can improve soil physical and chemical properties and reduce nitrogen fertilizer application especially for alkali saline reclaimed soil such as Saemangeum reclaimed land.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.48 no.6
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• pp.610-617
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• 2015

The impact of 1 pound of nitrous oxide ($N_2O$) on warming the atmosphere is almost 310 times that of 1 pound of carbon dioxide. Agricultural soil management is the largest source of $N_2O$ emissions, accounting for about 73% of total $N_2O$ emissions. This study was conducted to evaluate the nitrous oxide emission in the cultivation of soybean during the first year of No-tillage (NT) and Conventional-tillage (CT) practices, under the various conditions such as different kinds of fertilizers, soil temperature, and moisture level. In the experiment, we set CT and NT treatments into 4 different groups - control treatments (no fertilization), green manure treatments, chemical fertilizer treatments and organic manure treatments. In the case of chemical fertilizer treatments, $N_2O$ emission of NT treatment was 7.78 to 22.59% lower than CT treatment. In organic manure treatment, $N_2O$ emission of NT treatment was 6.62% higher than CT treatment in August. But In July and September, $N_2O$ emission of NT treatment was 9.50% 28.38% lower than CT treatment, respectively. Soil temperature was correlated with $N_2O$ emission positively. In the future, continued long-term research on influence of various environmental factors on the generation of $N_2O$ and the economic value of no-till farming is required.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.48 no.5
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• pp.340-350
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• 2015

This experiment was carried out to find out the mitigation of greenhouse gases (GHGs) emission and changes of soil carbon contents in the cropland. In order to minimize the soil disturbance, this study was conducted without crop cultivation at the pots treated with different biomass. Different biomass was buried in the soil for 12 months. Decomposition rates of expander rice hull, pig manure compost and carbonized rice hull were 18%, 11~11.5% and 0.5~1.2%, respectively. It was appeared that carbonized rice hull was slightly decomposed. No difference was shown between chemical fertilizer treatment plot and non-application plot. It was appeared that soil carbon content in the non chemical fertilizer application plot was high when compared to its chemical fertilizer. Its content at soil depth of 20 cm more decreased than the upper layer of soil. Accumulative emission of $CO_2$ with different treatments of biomass was highest of 829.0~876.6 g $CO_2m^{-2}$ in the application plot of PMC (Pig Manure Compost) regardless of chemical fertilizer treatment during 16 months of experiment. However, the emission for expander rice hull treatment plot was lowest of 672.3~808.1 g $CO_2m^{-2}$. For application plot of the carbonized rice hull, it was shown that non chemical fertilizer plot, 304.1 mg $N_2Om^{-2}$, was higher than the chemical fertilizer treatment, 271.6 mg $N_2Om^{-2}$. Greenhouse gas emissions in the PMC treatment were highest of 0.94 ton $CO_2eqha^{-1}yr^{-1}$. However, it was estimated to be the lowest in the expander rice hull treatment.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.297-302
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• 1996

The effect of application rate of pig or chicken manure on the seasonal change of tomato(Minicarol) rhizosphere microflora was investigated by field experiment were surface soil(16cm) mixed with manures 1 weeks before transplanting. 1. Rhizobacteria population of control plot decreased 5 weeks after transplanting(WAT) than 1 WAT and 1.5~2 times higher colony counting was found in DNB(Diluted nutrient broth medium) than NB(Nutrient broth medium) at 15 WAT. 2. Rhizobacteria population at 1 WAT inereased in NB medium with the application rate of both manures but decreased in DNB with chicken manure. Colony counting in NB of 60 and 120 mg/ha treatment was 100 times higher than that of the control. However, rhizobacteria in DNB at 15 WAT(harvest stage) was much higher than that of NB. 3. Application rate did not affect fungi population 1 WAT in pig manure but decresed in chicken manure. At 15 WAT fungi population was 2 times higher than 1 WAT with chieken manure and highest in 30 mg/ha but with pig manure decreased with rate than the control. 4. Actinomycetes population at 1WAT was not different among pig manure rates and decreased with chicken manure than control. At 15 WAT population increased in all manure rates. especially in 10 mg/ha pig manure and 30 mg/ha chicken manure 4 times that 1 WAT.