• Journal of Welding and Joining
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.27-39
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• 1990

The effect of silicon and manganese, in the ranges of 0.3% to 1.0wt% Si and 0.7 to 2.6wt%Mn, on the microstructure and mechanical properties of flux cored arc welded deposits have been investigated for the purpose of improving mechanical properties. Microstructure of weld metals was mainly influenced by manganese content, and manganese increased the volum fraction of acicular ferrite and refined the microstructure. Also, tensile properties were governed by manganese content, ultimate tensile strength and yield strength were increased by approximately 82MPa and 58MPa per 1% Mn addition to the deposit. Toughness was improved by increasing Mn content and lowering Si content. Optimal impact properties were obtained at above 1.8wt% Mn and below 0.5wt% Si. Acicular ferrite was predominant factor in improving mechanical properties. Formation of acicular ferrite was promoted by manganese and no direct relationship between AF(acicular ferrite) proportion and oxygen in weld metal was found.

• Journal of Welding and Joining
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.78-84
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• 2004

Effects of manganese and carbon on the HAZ microstructural evolution in 500㎫ grade titanium oxide steels were investigated. Microstructural evolution primarily depends on supercooling. When cooled at 3$^{\circ}C$/s in 0.15%C-1.5%Mn steel, grain boundary and Widmanst tten ferrite formed at 640 and 62$0^{\circ}C$, respectively, followed by competitive formation of acicular ferrite and upper bainite inside of grain at 58$0^{\circ}C$. With an increase of manganese, degree of supercooling increased while critical cooling rate for the formation of gain boundary ferrite decreased. Consequently, the amount of acicular ferrite in HAZ was decreased in 2.0%Mn after initial increase in 1.0 and 1.5%Mn. Therefore, optimum supercooling should be maintained to accelerate acicular ferrite formation in titanium oxide steels. Low carbon steel, 0.11%C-1.5%Mn, showed larger amount of acicular ferrite than higher carbon steel because of effectiveness of diffusionless transformation in low carbon steel.

• Resources Recycling
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.66-72
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• 2008

Fundamental studies for the synthesis of Mn-Zn ferrite powder were investigated using a series of leaching and coprecipitation processes from spent alkaline manganese batteries. Zinc and Manganese dissolution rates obtained at the reaction conditions of 100g/L pulp density, 3.0M $H_2SO_4$, $60^{\circ}C$ and 200 rpm with 30 ml $H_2O_2$ as a reducing agent were more than 97.9% and 93.9% and coprecipitation of Mn-Zn ferrite powder was performed according to various reaction conditions such as temperature, time and amount of $O_2$ gas injection using the leaching solution. As a result of coprecipitation, Mn-Zn ferrite could be synthesized directly at low temperature in the reaction condition pH 12, $80^{\circ}C$, $O_2$ 1.3 L/min. and 400 rpm. The synthesized Mn-Zn ferrite powder was spherical powder of $0.143{\mu}m$ particle size and had a saturation magnetization about 80 emu/g.

• Journal of the Korean Ceramic Society
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• v.34 no.4
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• pp.351-356
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• 1997

The origin of the variation of initial permeability in manganese-zinc ferrite polycrystals with a content of hematite was investigated. Initial permeability showed maximum with hematite content while there was no significant change in microstructure. Saturation magnetization increased with hematite content. So the variation of initial permeability was not explained on the basis of microstructural change or saturation magnetization. Temperature dependence of initial permeability revealed magnetocrystalline anisotropy was the origin of the variation of initial permeability. The change in magnetocrystalline anisotropy was ascribed to the variation in ferrous ion concentration. Therefore the variation of initial permeability in manganese-zinc ferrite polycrystals with a content of hematite was due to ferrous ion concentration via magnetocrystalline anisotropy.

• Journal of the Korean institute of surface engineering
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.1-7
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• 1992

The formation of manganese ferrite has been performed to investigate some properties according to the variation of compositions, pH, current density by electrolysis. It has been found that the amount of oxidized weight of anode were increased with increasing current density. The amount of oxidized weight of anode were most in pH 10. As the result of X-ray diffraction Mn Fe₂O₄ crystal composition in pH13. When the particles of Mn/sub x/ Fe/sub 3-x/O₄ were heated at 300℃, it has been shown typical Mn Fe₂O₄(JCPDS Card No. 10-319) in X=1 composition. As the result of SEM observation, the size of MnFe₂O₄ particles were about 0.1㎛, the shape of particles were spherical type. According to the above mentioned experimental condition, 0.1-0.5㎛ sub-micron particles of manganese ferrite were formed from the wasted manganese dry cell, through washing → reduction → electrloysis.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Heat Treatment
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.176-180
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• 2016

In this study, a microstructural investigation was conducted on the cracking phenonmenon occurring during hot rolling of Fe-23Mn high-manganese steels with different aluminium and carbon contents. Particular emphasis was placed on the phase stability of austenite and ferrite dependent on the chemical composition. An increase in the aluminum content promoted the formation of ferrite band structures which were easily deformed or cracked. In the steels containing high carbon contents of 0.4 wt.% or higher, on the other hand, the volume fraction and thickness of ferrite bands decreased and thus the cracking frequency was significantly reduced. Based on these findings, it is said that the microstructural evolution occurring during hot rolling of high-manganese steels with different aluminium and carbon contents plays an important role in the cracking phenomenon. To prevent the cracking, therefore, the formation of second phases such as ferrite should be minimized during the hot rolling by the appropriate control of the chemical composition and process parameters

• Transactions on Electrical and Electronic Materials
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• v.14 no.6
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• pp.295-298
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• 2013

Nano-size manganese ferrite reinforced conductive polypyrrole composites reveal a core-shell structure by in situ polymerization, in the presence of dodecyl benzene sulfonic acid as the surfactant and dopant, and iron chloride as the oxidant. The structure and magnetic properties of manganese ferrite nano-fillers were measured, by using X-ray diffraction and vibrating sample magnetometer. The morphology, microstructure, and conductivity of the composite were characterized by transmission electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and four-wire technique. The microwave-absorbing properties of composites reinforcement dispersed in resin coating with the coating thickness of 1.2 nm were investigated, by using vector network analyzers, in the frequency range of 8~12 GHz. A reflection loss of -8 dB was observed at 10.5 GHz.

• Journal of Magnetics
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.159-164
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• 2010

The Zn, Co and Ni substituted manganese ferrite powders, $Mn_{1-x}$(Zn, Co, Ni)$_xFe_2O_4$, were fabricated by the solgel method, and their crystallographic and magnetic properties were studied. The Zn substituted manganese ferrite, $Zn_{0.2}Mn_{0.8}Fe_2O_4$, had a single spinel structure above $400^{\circ}C$, and the size of the particles of the ferrite powder increased when the annealing temperature was increased. Above $500^{\circ}C$, all the $Mn_{1-x}$(Zn, Co, Ni)$_xFe_2O_4$ ferrite had a single spinel structure and the lattice constants decreased with an increasing substitution of Zn, Co, and Ni in $Mn_{1-x}$(Zn, Co, Ni)$_xFe_2O_4$. The Mossbauer spectra of $Mn_{1-x}Zn_xFe_2O_4$ (0.0$\leq$x$\leq$0.4) could be fitted as the superposition of two Zeeman sextets due to the tetrahedral and octahedral sites of the $Fe^{3+}$ ions. For x = 0.6 and 0.8 they showed two Zeeman sextets and a single quadrupole doublet, which indicated they were ferrimagnetic and paramagnetic. And for x = 1.0 spectrum showed a doublet due to a paramagnetic phase. For the Co and Ni substituted manganese ferrite powders, all the Mossbauer spectra could be fitted as the superposition of two Zeeman sextets due to the tetrahedral and octahedral sites of the $Fe^{3+}$ ions. The variation of the Mossbauer parameters are also discussed with substituted Zn, Co and Ni ions. The increment of the saturation magnetization up to x = 0.6 in $Mn_{1-x}Co_xFe_2O_4$ could be qualitatively explained using the site distribution and the spin magnetic moment of substituted ions. The saturation magnetization and coercivity of the $Mn_{1-x}$(Zn, Co, Ni)$_xFe_2O_4$ (x = 0.4) ferrite powders were also compared with pure $MnFe_2O_4$.

• Journal of the Korean institute of surface engineering
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.1.2-1.2
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• 1991

The formation of managanese ferrite has been performed to investigate some properties according to the variation of compositions, pH, current density by electrolysis. It has been found that the amount of oxidized weight of anode were increased with increasing current density. The amount of oxidized weight of anode were most in pH10. As the result of X-ray diffraction Mn Fe2O4 crystal composition in pH13. When the particles of Mnx Fe3-x O4 were heated at 30$0^{\circ}C$, it has been shown typical MnFe2O4(JCPDS Card No. 10-319) in X-1 composition. As the result of SEM observation, the size of MnFe2O4 particles were about 0.1$\mu\textrm{m}$, the shape of particles were spherical type. According to the above mentioned experimental condition, 0.1-0.5$\mu\textrm{m}$ sub-micron particles of manganese ferrite were formed from the wasted manganese dry cell, through washing longrightarrow reduction longrightarrow electrloysis.

• Korean Journal of Materials Research
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.8-13
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• 2020

Effect of heat treatment on microstructure and mechanical properties of an Fe-6.5Mn-0.08C medium-manganese steel is investigated in this study. Three kinds of medium-manganese steel specimens are fabricated by varying heat treatments of intermediate quenching (IQ), step quenching (SQ), and intercritical annealing (IA). Hardness and tensile tests are performed to examine the correlation of microstructure and mechanical properties for the Fe-6.5Mn-0.08C medium-manganese steel specimens. The IQ and SQ specimens have microstructures of martensite matrix with ferrite, whereas IA specimen exhibits microstructure of acicular ferrite matrix with martensite. The tensile test results show that the SQ specimen with martensite matrix has the highest yield strength and the lowest elongation. On the other hand, the SQ specimen has the highest hardness due to the relatively lower reduction of carbon content in martensite during intercritical annealing. According to the fractography of tensile tested specimens, the SQ specimen exhibits a dimple and quasi-cleavage fracture appearance while the IQ and IA specimens have fully ductile fracture appearance with fine-sized dimples caused by microvoid coalescence at ferrite and martensite interface.