• International Journal of Human Ecology
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• 제6권1호
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• pp.103-115
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• 2005

This study utilized data (a sample of 18,553 people born in 1958 in England, Scotland, and Wales) from the National Child Development Study of 1968 and 1991 to explore the influence of familial difficulties on the internalizing behavioral patterns during the early adolescent period and late life outcomes periods. In this paper, internalizing behavioral problems include 'depression', 'anxiety', 'hostility to adults', 'hostility to children', and 'withdrawal'. Late outcomes were analyzed in two different variables and one marital management domain: 'unemployment', 'seen doctors about emotional problems', 'divorce or separation; never lived as a couple; arguments end in violent behavior' The results indicate that young adolescents who had experienced familial difficulties also have internalizing behavioral problems giving them emotional and behavioral instability. The findings also show that familial difficulties during childhood positively contribute to late life outcomes such as unemployment, emotional problems, and marital management. This study suggests that in order to effectively respond to the needs of children and adolescents who have experienced various familial difficulties, counselors and educators must guide parents.

• 품질경영학회지
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• 제17권1호
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• pp.11-18
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• 1989

A one-upper level warehouse n-Iower level retailer inventory distribution model is discussed. This paper presents the parallel-type inventory structure using an order-up-to-level invertory control system for analyzing the approximation of the expected units back ordered and the measure of service. We find that the total expected backorder units in system can substitute the expected back orders in the last two periods for the expected back orders in total periods. The rate of total expected back orders which is the measure of disservice, is given by dividing the improved units of total expected backorder into the total demand during an order cycle. The average annual total cost in system is obtained by considering the results, but from the viewpoint of this study the cost analysis is not described.

• Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition
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• 제19권1호
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• pp.1-11
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• 2016

Cholestasis results from impairment in the excretion of bile, which may be due to mechanical obstruction of bile flow or impairment of excretion of bile components into the bile canaliculus. When present, cholestasis warrants prompt diagnosis and treatment. The differential diagnosis of cholestasis beyond the neonatal period is broad and includes congenital and acquired etiologies. It is imperative that the clinician differentiates between intrahepatic and extrahepatic origin of cholestasis. Treatment may be supportive or curative and depends on the etiology. Recent literature shows that optimal nutritional and medical support also plays an integral role in the management of pediatric patients with chronic cholestasis. This review will provide a broad overview of the pathophysiology, diagnostic approach, and management of cholestasis beyond the neonatal and infancy periods.

• 보건행정학회지
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• 제3권2호
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• pp.130-158
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• 1993

This study was written to discover the changes that may exist in the contents of medical services after introduction of health insurance system, and to identify the net-effect of health insurance system on medical services. Uncomplicated nornmal delivery and appendectomy patients were divided into 4 groups, the non-insured in pre-NHI periods(group A), the insured of health insurance for employees in pre-NHI periods(group B), the insured of regional health insurance for city residents in post-NHI periods(group C) and the insured of health insurance for employees in post-NHI periods(group D). The mehtod of matching was applied to control for major demographic differences among these 4 groups of each disease. In pre-NHI period, the medical services and the variation of medical services of the non-insured were compared with those of the insured. The difference between the change of medical services from group A to those of group C, and the change of medical services from group B to those group D is defined as the net-effect of health insurance. The results are as follows. First, in length of stay after delivery or operation, total length of stay, some laboratory examination, amount of several drugs used in appendectomy patients, frequency of sitz bath in delivery patients, there was net-effect of health insurance in increasing direction. Second, length of stay after delivery or operation, total length of stay, some laboratory examination, amount of several drugs used in appendectomy patients and frequency of sitz bath in delivery patients were significantly more in the insured than in the non-insured group in pre-NHI period. Third, the variation of medical services of post-NHI period was not less then those of pre-NHI period. Fourth, antenatal care on which the third party does not pay and the patient pays for all, was diffrerent by socioeconomic and educational level of patients.

• 한국식생활문화학회지
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• 제34권3호
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• pp.343-352
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• 2019

The aim of this study was to optimize the best recipe to make acorn bread containing milk as a functional food. The color value, textural, and sensory properties of the acorn bread added with 10~40% ratio of milk were measured to develop the best recipe. As a result, the L-value of color increased with the amount of milk added, but the a- and b-values decreased. As the textural measurement, the hardness increased with increasing milk added. Cohesiveness and springiness decreased, but the gumminess and brittleness increased with the addition of 20% milk, and decreased with further addition. The sensory evaluation revealed color, taste, and overall acceptances to have high scores at 20% addition of milk. Softness and chewiness were good at 10% addition. During the storage periods at room temperature, the L- and b-values increased with the addition of milk, whereas a-value decreased. In freezer storage, the L-value increased with milk content added, but the a- and b-values decreased during the storage periods. The textural properties increased during the storage at room temperature. The addition of milk decreased the cohesiveness and springiness, but the gumminess and brittleness increased significantly after one day storage. In freezer storage, all textural properties increased significantly during the storage periods, but the hardness decreased after two days storage. With the increasing amount of milk added increased the cohesiveness, springiness, and the gumminess except for four days, but decreased hardness and brittleness after two days storage. Therefore the addition of milk in acorn bread improved the textural properties significantly.

• 한국안전학회지
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• 제25권4호
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• pp.61-67
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• 2010

Though "Zero Accident Campaign" is a desirable campaign for industrial accident prevention and reducing victims, the number of industrial enterprises has been decreasing abruptly in recent years. One of the reasons for this phenomenon may be attributed to irrationality of 'target accident-free time periods' established by related organizations. This study was carried out to develop a new rational scheme for the campaign. Therefore, for a numerical basis, Poisson process was introduced, and problems induced by current target periods were analyzed mathematically one by one. As a result, it was verified that current target periods were uneven since the probability that manufacturing plants get them would be different form industry to industry. To develop countermeasures, a brand new method were suggested in this research. The first characteristic was that group classification should be based upon average accident rates resulted from past several years, and the second was that adjustment probability which can make the target acquisition probability even. About the suggested method, a questionnaire survey was conducted. To make a conclusion, most manufacturing plants agreed with the suggested method such high affirmative portion that the suggested method would be expected to help promote the campaign again.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제13권5호
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• pp.698-701
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• 2000

To prevent surface and underground water pollution, wastewater treatment is essential. Four bench-scale activated sludge units (10 L operational volumes) were operated at 5, 10 and $20^{\circ}C$ for evaluation of treatment efficiencies with typical wastewater from swine housing. The units were set for a 24-hour cycle. As compared to the conventional process, high removal efficiencies for organic substances, nitrogen and phosphorus in swine wastewater were obtained simultaneously with an intermittent aeration process (lAP). The NOx-N produced during an aeration period was immediately reduced to nitrogen gas (e.g. $N_2$ or $N_2O$) in the subsequent non-aeration periods, and nitrification in aeration periods occurred smoothly. Under these conditions, phosphorus removal occurred with the release of phosphorus during the non-aeration periods followed by the excess uptake of phosphorus in the activated sludge during aeration periods. It was confirmed that the lAP had a better ability to remove pollutants under both low temperatures and high nitrogen loading conditions than the ordinary method did. In addition to that, the total emission of $N_2O$ from lAP was reduced to approximately 1/50 of the conventional process for the same loading. By adopting an adequate aeration programme for individual swine wastewater treatment, this system will provide a promising means for nitrogen and phosphorus control without pH control or addition of methanol.

• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
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• 제9권4호
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• pp.239-250
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• 2022

This study examined the level of capital structure and its determinants of publicly traded companies in Malaysia before and after the COVID-19 pandemic. The data for this study was examined using Python Programming Language and time-series financial data from 2,784 quarterly observations in 2019 and 2020. The maximum debt is larger before the COVID-19 period, according to the findings. During the COVID-19 period, short-term debts and total debts have both decreased slightly. However, long-term debts have increased marginally. As a result, this research demonstrates that the capital structure has changed slightly during the COVID-19 period. The findings imply that independent of the capital structure proxies, tangibility, liquidity, and business size had an impact on capital structure in both periods. It was found that profitability had a significant impact on total debts both before and after the COVID-19 crisis. While higher-profit enterprises appear to have lesser short-term debts before the COVID-19 periods, they are also more likely to have lower long-term debts during the COVID-19 periods. Even though growing companies tend to have higher short-term debts and thus total debts during those periods, longterm debts are unaffected by potential growth.

• 한국항만학회지
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• 제11권1호
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• pp.13-28
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• 1997

Today the congestion problem is a problem for the most of the cities to solve. Especially, traffic congestion in the big cities is occurring regardless of the rush-hours. Because the transportation facilities secured in the big cities are very low, and the financial resources and sites for the expansion of new transportation facilities are also limited. Therefore the appropriate Transportation system Management(TSM) techniques which could improve the transportation system are absolutely required to solve the transportation problems instead of the expansion of the transportation facilities in the big cities. The purpose in this study was to review the travel characteristics on the Pretimed Signalized - Intersections under the study in Pusan area, construct the travel systems during the different time-periods based upon the travel characteristics reviewed, and finally suggest the optimal travel systems which could reduce the traffic delay and fuel consumption of the Pretimed Signalized - Intersections based upon the travel system constructed. Based upon the results, it could be concluded that the pretimed signal system based upon the on-peak periods should not be applied to all the different time-periods on the Pretimed Signalized - Intersections(PSI) to reduce traffic delay and fuel consumption, and increase the travel capacity on the intersections in Pusan area.

• 한국병원경영학회지
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• 제3권1호
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• pp.121-133
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• 1998

We analyzed volume changes in the computerized tomography(CT) and the magnetic resonance imaging(MRI) utilizations. These two volumes are comparative because CT has been covered by the Medical Insurance from the beginning of 1996, however, MRI has not been covered up to now. We investigated 80 hospitals which afforded a facility of CT by the end of 1994. For the comparison of CT utilization, we selected two periods. The first period was from January to June of 1995, in which CT had not been covered by the Medical Insurance and the second period was from January to June of 1966, in which CT had been covered. The information we obtained were characteristics of hospitals, patients numbers per month, monthly uses of CT and MRI, and payments of CT claims, etc. After the Medical Insurance coverage, the number of CT uses per 1,000 patients were increased from January to March, however, was decreased from April to June in 1996 compared to the same periods of 1995. the number of CT uses in clinics were large than those in tertiary hospitals. The number of CT uses in small cities were larger than those in big cities. On the other hand, the number of MRI uses per 1,000 patients did not changed from January to May and was increased from June in 1996 compared to the same periods of 1995. These results showed the substitutional relationship of CT and MRI uses. After the insurance coverage for CT, the utilization of CT was increased because patients payed less than before. However, insurers restricted the payments to the CT claims. This impact might explain the substitutional relationship between CT and MRI.