• Analytical Science and Technology
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• v.16 no.5
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• pp.358-367
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• 2003

In this research, first of all, the analytical methods for the determination of major elements in sediment have been developed with ICP-MS (Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry). The analytical results of major elements (Al, Ca, K, Fe, Mg) with Cool ICP-MS were much better than those with normal ICP-MS. The analytical results were compared with those of NAA (Neutron Activation Analysis). NAA were a little superior to ICP-MS for the determination of major elements in sediment as a non-destructive trace analytical method. The analytical methods for the determination of minor elements (Cr, Ce, U, Co, Pb, As, Se) have been also developed with ICP-MS. The analytical results by standard calibration curve with ICP-MS were not accurate due to the matrix interferences. Thus, the internal standard method was applied, then the analytical results for minor elements with ICP-MS were greatly improved. The analytical results obtained by ICP-MS were compared with those obtained by NAA. It showed that the two analytical methods have great capabilities for the determination of minor elements in sediments. Accordingly, the NAA will play an important role in analysis of environment sample with complex matrix. ICP-MS also will play an important role because it has a great capability for the determination of Pb that could not be determined by NAA.

• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.16 s.16
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• pp.89-103
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• 2004

Provenance discrimination of sixty four obsidian artifacts found in the Korean Peninsular has been carried out using major elements, minor elements and magnetic properties. Most of obsidians in this study were classified into the subalkaline series based on the contents of $Al_2O_3,\;CaO,\;and\;Na_2O+K_2O$ in samples. Provenance & obsidians were classified into three major groups using major elements and minor elements analyse. This result suggests that there are no correlations among the three groups whose provenances are different. Although the magnetic properties of obsidians do not yield clear groupings according to the archaeological site, the bivariate plot for the magnetic susceptibility and the saturation isothermal remanent magnetization shows a rough correlation with the results of major and minor elements analyses.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.30 no.6
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• pp.553-566
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• 1997

Origin, behavior and enrichment of environmental toxic elements from the Deokpyeong area were investigated on the basis of major, trace and rare earth element geochemistry. Coaly metapelites of the Deokpyeong area are subdivided into grey phyllite, dark grey phyllite, coaly slate and black slate, which are interbedded along the Ogcheon Supergroup. The coaly slate had been mined for coal, but mining is closed. The coaly and black slates are lower contents of $SiO_2$ and $Al_2O_3$, and higher contents of LOI, CaO, $Na_2O$ and BaO as compared with the phyllitic rocks. Rare earth elements are highly enriched in the coaly and black slate. Average compositions (ppm) of minor and/or environmental toxic elements in the coaly and black slate are revealed as As=127, Ba=30,163, Cd=18, Cr=740, Cu=84, Mo=378, Pb=43, Sb=12, Se=44, U=144, V=8,147 and Zn=292, which are extremely high concentrations than those in the NASC compositions. Major elements (average enrichment index; 5.34) in the coaly metapelites are mostly depleted, excepting $P_2O_5$ and BaO, normalized by NASC. Rare earth elements (average enrichment index; 1.48) are enriched in the coaly slate. On the basis of NASC, minor and/or environmental toxic elements in the coaly metapelites were strongly enriched of all the elements with the exception of Co, Cs, Ni and Sr. Average enrichment index of trace elements in coaly metapelite is 31.51 (coaly slate; 51.94 and black slate; 15.46). Especially, enrichment index of potentially toxic elements (As, Ba, Cr, Cu, Mo, Ni, Sb, Se, U, V and Zn) of the rock is 46.10 (grey phyllite; 7.15, dark grey phyllite; 4.77, coaly slate; 88.96 and black slate; 22.11). These coal formations were deposited in basin of boundary between terrestrial and marine environments deduced to carbon, sulfur (C/S=2.2 to 275.7), trace and rare earth elements characteristics. Irregular behavior and dispersion between major, minor and rare earth elements of those metapelites indicates a variable source materials, incomplete mixing of differential source and/or reequilibrium of diagenesis and metamorphism.

• Journal of Korea Technology Innovation Society
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• v.8 no.3
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• pp.1175-1198
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• 2005

The objective of the study is to verify the relationship between technology valuation indexes and corporate's performance in ventures by business operating periods. The result of the study is expected to be useful in loan evaluation, investment decision, internal management decision making and business improvement. The results of study is as follows. First, in early stage ventures, we find that three major valuation index(technology feasibility, economic efficiency, productivity) are significant ex-ante variables which are discriminating between firms' going concern and firms' failure. Second, in growth stage ventures, we find that three major valuation index(business feasibility, general marketability, technology marketability) are significant ex-ante variables which are discriminating between firms' going concern and firms' failure. Third, in early stage ventures, we find that at least thirty-eight minor valuation index elements are significant ex-ante variables which are discriminating between firms' going concern and firms' failure and in growth stage ventures, thirty-one minor valuation index elements are significant in various analysis' results.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.111-125
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• 1998

Dispersion, migration and enrichment of environmental toxic elements from the Samkwang Au-Ag mine area were investigated based upon major, minor and rare earth element geochemistry. The Samkwang mine area composed mainly of Precambrian granitic gneiss. The mine had been mined for gold and silver, but closed in 1996. According to the X-ray powder diffraction, mineral composition of stream sediments and soils were partly variable mineralogy, which are composed of quartz, orthoclase, plagioclase, amphibole, muscovite, biotite and chlorite, respectively. Major element variations of the host granitic gneiss, stream sediments and soils of mining and non-mining drainage, indicate that those compositions are decrese $Al_2O_3$, $Fe_2O_3$, MgO, $TiO_2$, $P_2O_5$ and LOI with increasing $SiO_2$ respectively. Average compositional ranges (ppm) of minor and/or environmental toxic elements within those samples are revealed as As=<2-4500, Cd=<1-24, Cu=6-117, Sb=1-29, Pb=17-1377 and Zn=32-938, which are extremely high concentrations of sediments from the mining drainage (As=2006, Cd=l1, Cu=71, Pb=587 and Zn=481 ppm, respectively) than concentrations of the other samples and host granitic gneiss. Major elements (average enrichment index=6.53) in all samples are mostly enriched, excepting $SiO_2$, $Na_2O$ and $K_2O$, normalized by composition of host granitic gneiss. Rare earth element (average enrichment index=2.34) are enriched with the sediments from the mining drainage. Minor and/or environmental toxic elements within all samples on the basis of host rock were strongly enriched of all elements (especially As, Br, Cu, Pb and Zn), excepting Ba, Cr, Rb and Sr. Average enrichment index of trace elements in all samples is 15.55 (sediments of mining drainage=37.33). Potentially toxic elements (As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn) of the samples revealed that average enrichment index is 46.10 (sediments of mining drainage=80.20, sediments of nonmining drainage=5.35, sediments of confluent drainage=20.22, subsurface soils of mining drainage=7.97 and subsurface soils of non-mining drainage=4.15). Sediments and soils of highly concentrated toxic elements are contained some pyrite, arsenopyrite, sphalerite, galena and goethite.

• 한국문화재보존과학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2005.11a
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• pp.268-271
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• 2005

Sixty-four obsidian artifacts found in the Korean Peninsula have been characterised by a study of their minor elements and Sr isotope ratio. The artifacts are from the following locations: Yondaedo Island; Yokjido Island; Sangnodaedo Island, Tongyeong, Gyeongnam; Dongsamdong, Busan; Songdo Island, Yeosu, Jeonnam; Suyanggae, Danyang, Chungbuk; Sangmuyongri, Yanggu, Gangwondo; Paektusan Mountain; Kyushu region, Japan. The study of minor elements and Sr isotope ratio recognised three distinct major groups. This result suggests that there are no correlations among the three groups whose provenances are different. But as a result of classification using Sr isotope ratio, obsidian artifacts found in the southern part of the Korean Peninsula classified two groups within C group. This research will furnish scientific datum to be able to mutual comparison of obsidians excavated from other site.

• Asian Journal of Atmospheric Environment
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• v.6 no.3
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• pp.234-243
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• 2012

The wintertime high loading for atmospheric pollutants is certainly expected in the Byunsan Peninsula of Korea because of a great-scale reclamation project having construction of 33 km tidal sea dike impounding an area of over 40,000 ha and long-range transport. The goal of this study is to trace the origin of this wintertime burden for ambient particulate matter (hereafter called "PM") in the Byunsan Peninsula of Korea. The size-segregated (i.e., cutoff size from 0.01 ${\mu}m$ to 4.7 ${\mu}m$) PM sampling was conducted at a ground-based site of Byunsan Peninsula located in the west coast of Korean Peninsula during the height of dike constructing. Data archived in this study are the mass concentrations of ionic, elemental, and carbonic components in size-fractioned PM. The elemental mass of individual submicrometer particles was also analyzed. The sum of 5-source (i.e., elemental carbon, organic materials, inorganic secondary pollutants, crustal matter, and sea-salts) concentrations shows the bimodal distribution (major and minor peaks formed around $D_p$, 0.65 ${\mu}m$ and $D_p$, 4.7 ${\mu}m$, respectively) by border with 0.19 ${\mu}m$ of cutoff size. The concentrations of EC in $PM_{1.1-0.01}$ in winter and spring times were 4.62 ${\mu}g\;m^{-3}$ and 3.74 ${\mu}g\;m^{-3}$, respectively. Elemental masses of submicron individual particles are classified into two groups, i.e., the major elements (Cl, Al, Si, S, and P) and the minor trace elements. Cluster analysis differentiated the elements in submicron individual particles into 4-cluster. Among them, three clusters are in agreement with the major (Al, Si, S, and P), minor (Fe, Ca, and K), and trace compositions of coal burning. Meanwhile, Cl classified as an independent cluster has different source profile which was mainly due to the Saemangeum seawall project. Some highly toxic elements (e.g., Cr, Mn, and As (and/or Pb)) were also detected in some part of submicron individual PM. As a consequence, the combination of the Saemangeum project and winter monsoon played a considerable part in the double aggravation of wintertime air pollution in the Byunsan Peninsular.

• Advances in nano research
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.77-88
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• 2014

Solvothermal treatment of late transition metal acetylacetonates in a novel medium composed either of pure acetophenone or acetophenone mixtures with amino alcohols offers a general approach to uniform hydrophilic metal nanoparticles with high crystallinity and low degree of aggregation. Both pure metal and mixed-metal particles can be accesses by this approach. The produced materials have been characterized by SEM-EDS, TEM, FTIR in the solid state and by Nanoparticle Tracking Analysis in solutions. The chemical mechanisms of the reactions producing nanoparticles has been followed by NMR. Carrying out the process in pure acetophenone produces palladium metal, copper metal with minor impurity of $Cu_2O$, and NiO. The synthesis starting from the mixtures of Pd and Ni acetylacetonates with up to 20 mol% of Pd, renders in minor yield the palladium-based metal alloy along with nickel oxide as the major phase. Even the synthesis starting from a mixed solution of $Cu(acac)_2$ and $Ni(acac)_2$ produces oxides as major products. The situation is improved when aminoalcohols such as 2-aminoethanol or 2-dimethylamino propanol are added to the synthesis medium. The particles in this case contain metallic elements and pairs of individual metals (not metal alloys) when produced from mixed precursor solutions in this case.

• Proceedings of the KWS Conference
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• 2002.10a
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• pp.752-756
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• 2002

Variable weld bead penetrations related to the base metal chemistry of stainless steels in GTA welding have been under constant investigations due to their industrial implications. It has been proposed that among other elements, the sulfur content of steels determines the weld pool geometry, particularly its penetration. It is suggested that the surface tension temperature gradient of steels becomes positive with appropriate dosing in sulfur and results in inward melt flow, propitious for deeper welds. However, the chemistry of industrial steels is complex due to the presence of multiple minor elements either deliberately added or remnant impurity traces. With this in view, investigations on 41 austenitic and nine martensitic stainless steels were carried to see if there existed any possible relation between the weld profile and some of the designated elements. The results suggest no direct correlation between sulfur or any other major or trace element and weld penetration. At first glance the results are contradictory to what is often asserted.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.297-310
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• 1998

Geochemical characteristics of environmental toxic elements at the Narim mine area were investigated on the basis of major, minor, rare earth element geochemistry and mineralogy. Ratios of $Al_2O_3/Na_2O$ and $K_2O/Na_2O$ in soils and sediments range from 11.57 to 22.21 and from 1.86 to 3.93, and are partly negative and positive correlation against $SiO_2/Al_2O_3$ (3.41 to 4.78), respectively. These suggested that sediment source of host granitic gneiss could be due to rocks of high grade metamorphism originated by sedimentary rocks. Characteristics of some trace and rare earth elements of V/Ni (0.33 to 1.95), Ni/Co (2.00 to 6.50), Zr/Hf (11.27 to 53.10), La/Ce (0.44 to 0.55), Th/Yb (4.07 to 7.14), La/Th (2.35 to 3.93), $La_N/Yb_N$ (6.58 to 13.67), Co/Th (0.63 to 2.68), La/Sc (3.29 to 5.94) and Sc/Th (0.49 to 1.00) are revealed a narrow range and homogeneous compositions may be explained by simple source lithology. Major elements in all samples are enriched $Al_2O_3$, MgO, $TiO_2$ and LOI, especially $Fe_2O_3$ (mean=7.36 wt.%) in sediments than the composition of host granitic gneiss. The average enrichment indices of major and rare earth elements from the mining drainage are 2.05 and 2.91 of the sediments and are 2.02 and 2.60 of the soils, normalizing by composition of host granitic gneiss, respectively. Average composition (ppm) of minor and/or environmental toxic elements in sediments and soils are Ag=14 and 1, As=199 and 14, Cd=22 and 1, Cu=215 and 42, Pb=1770 and 65, Sb=18 and 3, Zn=3333 and 170, respectively, and extremely high concentrations are found in the subsurface sediments near the ore dump. Environmental toxic elements were strongly enriched in all samples, especially As, Cd, Cu, Pb, Sb and Zn. The level of enrichment was very severe in mining drainage sediments, while it was not so great in the soils. Based on the EPA value, enrichment index of toxic elements is 8.63 of mining drainage sediments and 0.54 of soils on the mining drainage. Mineral composition of soils and sediments near the mining area were partly variable being composed of quartz, mica, feldspar, amphibole, chlorite and clay minerals. From the gravity separated mineralogy, soils and sediments are composed of some pyrite, arsenopyrite, chalcopyrite, sphalerite, galena, goethite and various hydroxide minerals.