• Toxicological Research
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• 제22권2호
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• pp.75-85
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• 2006

This study was designed to evaluate the possible DNA damaging effects of T-2 toxin using an alkaline single cell gel electrophoresis (SCGE) comet assay and also to investigate toxic effects in chickens. A total of 20 chickens were used in these experiments. Graded concentrations of dietary T-2 toxin (0, 4, 8, and $16{\mu}g/g$ of diet) were given to groups of 5 broiler chickens. In comet assay, The DNA damage was analysed by the tail extent moment (TEM) and tail length (TL), which were used as markers of DNA strand breaks in SCGE. A significant dose-dependent increase in the extent of DNA migration as well as in the percentage of cells with tails was observed after treatment with T-2 toxin (P<0.05). Treatment with the low T-2 toxin ($4{\mu}/g$ of diet) induced a relatively low level of DNA damage in comparison with the high T-2 toxin ($16{\mu}/g$ of diet) group. The growth rate was significantly reduced by concentrations of 8, and $16{\mu}/g$ of diet (P < 0.05). The feed conversion ratio were significantly affected by any concentrations (P < 0.05). The relative weight of the spleen, and lung was decreased by the growth inhibitory concentrations. The bursa of Fabricius, thymus, and kid- ney were decreased in relative weight by concentrations of $16{\mu}/g$ of diet. The relative weight of the liver and heart were unaffected. The hemoglobin (Hb), hematocrit (HCT), and mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH) were decreased at concentration of $16{\mu}/g$ of diet. As compared with control chickens, there was no marked change in serum components except uric acid in T-2 treated chickens. All lymphoid tissues retained atrophic and lymphoid cell depletion throughout the three weeks trial.

• 한국임상수의학회지
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• 제18권1호
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• pp.55-60
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• 2001

Immunohistochemical and Electron Microscopical Studies on the Initial Skin Lesions Induced Experimentally by Very Virulent Strain of Marek\`s Disease Virus in Chickens Marek\`s disease virus (MDV), which is an avian herpesvirus, causes malignant CD3+CD4+CD8-T cell lymphomas at many sites including visceral organs, muscles, peripheral nerves and skin. In the early skin lesions induced by MDV, corelationship between the translational activity of MDV early gene, pp38 and demonstration of MDV particles in the lymphoid cells are not well studied. Therefore, skin biopsies taken at weekly intervals for 2 weeks from the same specific-pathogen free chicknes inoculated with Md/5 MDV were examined immunohistochemically and electron microscopically. In the skin biopsies sampled at 1 week and 2 weeks post inoculation (PI), feather follicle epithelium (FFE) exhibited usually strong positive reaction for pp38, whereas only few lymphoblasts, which were infiltrated around FFE revealed positive reaction. Electron microscopically, small lymphocytes were detectable in the dermis and subcutaneous skin tissues sampled at 1 week PI. The number of small lymphocytes was increased and pleomorphic lymphoblasts, which were medium to large in size were scattered among the small lymphocytes at 2 weeks PI. Some of lymphoblasts revealed degenerative and necrotic changes. FFE contained a lot of MDV particles in the nucleus including mature and immature ones. Infrequently, immature virus particles were observed not only in the degenerative and necrotic lymphoblasts, but also rarely in the health lymphoblasts. From the present results, spontaneous MDV activation including translational activity of MDV pp38 gene and formation of MDV particles was occurred in the lymphoblasts of early MD skin lesions.

• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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• 제20권2호
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• pp.97-100
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• 1998

Systemic lupus erythematosus is a severe cutaneous-systemic disorder of unknown etiology, It is represented with erythematous patches on the face in a so-called butterfly distribution, and characteristically classified as an autoimmune disease with antinuclear antibodies. The autoimmune diseases such as systemic lupus erythematosus, $Sj{\ddot{o}}gren$ syndrome, rheumatoid arthritis have been associated with lymphoid malignancy - leukemia, malignant lymphoma - which could involve various organs(spleen, liver, brain, mediastinal lymph node, supraclavicular lymph node, inguinal lymph node, cervical lymph node etc.). Many authors have studied about the association of systemic lupus erythematosus and malignant lymphoma, but exact etiology is still unknown. A common viral etioloty for systemic lupus erythematosus has been suggested since virus-like particles have been found in the glomerular endothelium of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. These oncogenic viruses may be responsible for the higher frequency of malignant lymphoma in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. In the other theory, the causes of malignant lymphoma are the defect of immune system due to systemic lupus erythematosus and the long-term use of therapeutics for treatment of systemic lupus erythematosus. When the cellular immune system(delayed hypersensitivity) is impaired by immunosuppressive drugs, it is likely that the body is no longer able to recognize and reject malignant cells as they arise; they continue to grow and divide unhindered. The impairment of the cellular immune system may allow growth of oncogenic virus or the survival of neoplatic tissues. 47-year old female patient treated systemic lupus erythematosus with steroid and immunosuppressive drugs for 5 years visited to our hospital due to elevated mass on left upper anterior maxilla area. By performing biopsy, we diagnosed this lesion as malignant lymphoma and referred to oncologist for chemotherapy. So we report a case of malignant lymphoma due to systemic lupus erythematosus with review of literatures.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제10권2호
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• pp.215-220
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• 2000

Abstract White spot disease (WSD), resulting in more than 90% mortality of aquacultured penaeid shrimp, has been reported off the southern and western coasts of Korea since 1993. The pafuogen of WSD has been identified as being a virion wifu an envelope around a central nucleocapsid, and with an average size of 167 nm in diameter and 375 nm in length. In the present study, an in situ hybridization technique was developed as a rapid. sensitive, and specific diagnostic assay for the WSD viros infection in shrimp. Furthermore. the pathological changes ofWSD, in shrimp experimentally infected with WSD viroses. were investigated. Using a biotinylated 643 bp probe obtained from a peR using primers specific to the rod-shaped virus of Penaeus japonicus (RV-PJ), positive signals were detected in both naturally and experimentally infected shrimps. The in situ hybridization revealed positive reactions in the nuclei of the stromal matrix cells in the lymphoid organ, epithelia of the gills, foregut. epidermis, and hematopoietic cells of the interstitial tissues, suggesting the presence of WSD virus. Tills result indicates that the in situ hybridization method can be useful for a rapid and sensitive detection of WSD viruses in shrimp.shrimp.

• 한국동물위생학회지
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• 제29권3호
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• pp.309-316
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• 2006

This is a case report on the occurrence of caprine arthritis-encephalitis (CAE) disease among dairy goats in a local farm located in Yeongdong-gun, Chungbuk. Previously, it was reported that the farm experienced intermittent deaths numbering 15 of the 97 goats raised for 5 months. Most of the goats less than 6 months of age were suffering from ataxia and posterior paresis, body tremor and abnormal head posterior. Affected animals frequently had stunted growth and had a rough coat. Goats more than 6 months of age were affected with an insidious, chronic arthritis characterized by articular swelling ('big knee') of the carpal, hock, and stifle joints. Necropsy revealed severely swollen mesenteric lymph nodes, under- flow of 2-3ml synovial fluid in the articular space and fibrous proliferation of synovial membrane. Histopathological examination showed perivascular accumulations of mononuclear inflammatory cells in the white matter of the brain, proliferative synovitis characterized by villous hypertrophy, synovial cell hyperplasia and infiltration by mononuclear inflammatory cells. Pulmonary lesions consists of patchy interstitial pneumonia with hyperplasia of lymphoid tissues and an extensive mononuclear inflammatory cell infiltration into the alveolar septa. Confirmation by nested PCR involves amplification of a 296 bp (lst PCR) and 184 bp (2nd PCR) fragments corresponding to the gag region of the CAE virus. This is the first time CAE has been reported in a local farm in Korea and emphasizes the importances of developing preventive measures against CAE.

• 한국가금학회지
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• 제35권1호
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• pp.39-55
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• 2008

Like the other herpesviruses, the virion of MDV consists of an envelope, which surrounds an amorphous tegument. Within the tegument, and icosahedral capsid encloses a linear double-stranded DNA core. Although the genome structure of MDV indicates that it is an ${\alpha}-herpesvirus$ like herpes simplex and varicella-zoster viruses, biological properties indicate MDV is more akin to the ${\gamma}-herpesvirus$ group, which includes Epstein-Barr and Kaposi's sarcoma herpesviruses. These herpesviruses replicate lytically in lymphocytes, epithelial and fibroblastic cells, and persist in lymphoblastoid cells. MDV has a complex life cycle and uses two means of replication, productive and non-productive, to exist and propagate. The method of reproduction changes according to a defined pattern depending on changes in virus-cell interactions at different stages of the disease, and in different tissues. Productive (lytic) interactions involve active invasion and take-over of the host cell, resulting in the production of infectious progeny virions. However, some herpesviruses, including MDV, can also establish a non-productive (abortive) infection in certain cell types, resulting in production of cell-associated progeny virus. Non-productive interactions represent persistent infection, in which the viral genome is present but gene expression is limited, there is no structural or regulatory gene translation, no replication, no release of progeny virions and no cell death. Reactivation of the virus is rare, and usually the infectious virus can be re-isolated only after cultivation in vitro. MDV establishes latency in lymphoid cells, some of which are subsequently transformed. In this review article, recent knowledges of the pathogenesis mechanisms followed by MDV infection to sensitive cells and chickens are discussed precisely.

• 대한수의학회지
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• 제39권5호
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• pp.865-877
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• 1999

Hemal nodes and hemolymph nodes are lymphoid organs which share morphologic and functional characteristics of lymph nodes and spleens. Hemal nodes and hemolymph nodes are normally present in Korean native goats. Hemal nodes bad extensive subcapsular and deep sinuses distended by a great number of erythrocytes, and no typical cortex and medulla were observed. Blood vessels commonly occurred, but lymph vessel was not observed in the hemal node. Hemolymph nodes had distinct cortex and medulla, and also had afferent and efferent lymph vessels. The aim of the present study was to obtain new information on the distinct morphological structures of hemal nodes and hemolymph nodes according to ages, and have the basic data for their functions. Goats are divided into 5 groups, consisting of 3 animals aged 1, 3, 6, 10, and 12 months. The morphological studies of the organs were carried out by gross anatomy, light microscopy and immunohistochemistry. During aging, there was an increase in the size of the organs, while there were no significant changes of their numbers, locations and colors. As the goat got older, the lymphatic nodules of hemal nodes were more developed, and the number of macrophage containing phagocytosed erythrocytes was more increased. As the goat was younger, the lymphatic tissues of hemolymph nodes were less developed. There was no difference in distribution of T- and B- lymphocytes according to ages.

• 대한수의학회지
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• 제39권5호
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• pp.855-864
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• 1999

Hemal nodes and hemolymph nodes are lymphoid organs that share morphologic and functional characteristics of lymph nodes and spleens. The aim of the present study was to obtain new informations on the distinct morphological structures of hemal nodes and hemolymph nodes according to ages, and to get the basic data for their functions in Korean native goats. Goats were divided into 5 groups, consisting of 3 animals aged 1, 3, 6, 10 and 12 months, respectively. Ultrastructural features of the organs were observed by transmission and scanning electron microscopes. The sinuses of hemal nodes and hemolymph nodes were lined by endothelial-like reticular cells which had euchromatin-rich nuclei and many cytoplasmic processes, surrounding collagen fibrils. Macrophages containing phagocytosed erythrocytes were often noted in the diffuse lymphatic tissues of hemal nodes and hemolymph nodes. Some mast cells were in contact with the plasma cells near the blood vessel. Hemal nodes and hemolymph nodes had venous sinusal-like vessels which were different from the deep sinus. The lymph vessels with valves were observed in the capsule of the hemolymph node. There were no ultrastructural differences of the organs in the age different groups of the animals. These results suggest that hemal nodes and hemolymph nodes may take part in hemopoiesis, blood filtration and immune reaction in Korean native goats.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• 제34권3호
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• pp.392-394
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• 2007

Purpose: Inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor(IMT) is characterized by clonal proliferation of myofibroblastic spindle cells and accompanied by lymphoplasmacytic infiltration. IMT is an uncommon lesion reported to arise in various organs, and is believed to be a reactive inflammatory condition. IMT forms a spectrum of lesions ranging from benign, infection-related lesions to low-grade malignancies, capable of local recurrences and rarely distant metastasis. IMT occurs mostly in the lung, but rarely in the craniofacial region. Methods: A 28-year-old male with painless swelling in the medial canthal area was referred to our department for the last 2 months. A 2cm sized mass was palpated. He was treated with complete local excision. Results: In the study by computerized tomography, a $2.0{\times}0.8{\times}1.0cm$ mass was found in the subcutaneous tissue layer. Grossly, the mass was well-circumscribed, smooth-surfaced, flesh colored, and hard. The tumor was well demarcated from the other tissues. Histopathologic examinations showed bland spindle-shaped cells loosely arranged with scattered lymphoid cells. Immunohistochemical examinations demonstrated a positive reactivity for alpha-SMA and a negative reactivity for desmin and CD34. No recurrence was noted 12 months after surgery. Conclusion: Emphasis is given to complete resection of the tumor for both diagnostic and therapeutic purposes. Further evaluation to find other lesions in different sites should be considered. Continued follow-up is recommended.

• IMMUNE NETWORK
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• 제14권6호
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• pp.296-306
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• 2014

There is growing evidence that crosstalk between mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) cells and stromal microenvironments, such as bone marrow and secondary lymphoid tissues, promotes tumor progression by enhancing survival and growth as well as drug resistance of MCL cells. Recent advances in the understanding of lymphoma microenvironment have led to the identification of crucial factors involved in the crosstalk and subsequent generation of their targeted agents. In the present study, we evaluated the combinatory effect of blocking antibodies (Ab) targeting CXCR4 and VLA-4, both of which were known to play significant roles in the induction of environment-mediated drug resistance (EMDR) in MCL cell line, Jeko-1. Simultaneous treatment with anti-CXCR4 and anti-VLA-4 Ab not only reduced the migration of Jeko-1 cells into the protective stromal cells, but also enhanced sensitivity of Jeko-1 to a chemotherapeutic agent to a greater degree than with either Ab alone. These combinatorial effects were associated with decreased phosphorylation of ERK1/2, AKT and NF-${\kappa}B$. Importantly, drug resistance could not be overcome once the adhesion of Jeko-1 to the stromal occurred despite the combined use of Abs, suggesting that the efforts to mitigate migration of MCLs should be attempted as much as possible. Our results provide a basis for a future development of therapeutic strategies targeting both CXCR4 and VLA-4, such as Ab combinations or bispecific antibodies, to improve treatment outcomes of MCL with grave prognosis.