• Investigative Magnetic Resonance Imaging
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• 제23권2호
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• pp.125-135
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• 2019

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to evaluate dynamic contrast-enhanced breast magnetic resonance imaging (DCE-MRI), and diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) variables, for axillary lymph node (ALN) metastasis in the early stage of breast cancer. Materials and Methods: January 2011-April 2015, 787 patients with early stage of breast cancer were retrospectively reviewed. Only cases of invasive ductal carcinoma, were included in the patient population. Among them, 240 patients who underwent 3.0-T DCE-MRI, including DWI with b value 0 and $800s/mm^2$ were enrolled. MRI variables (adjacent vessel sign, whole-breast vascularity, initial enhancement pattern, quantitative kinetic parameters, signal enhancement ratio (SER), tumor apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC), peritumoral ADC, and peritumor-tumor ADC ratio) clinico-pathologic variables (age, T stage, multifocality, extensive intraductal carcinoma component (EIC), estrogen receptor, progesterone receptor, HER-2 status, Ki-67, molecular subtype, histologic grade, and nuclear grade) were compared between patients with axillary lymph node metastasis and those with no lymph node metastasis. Multivariate regression analysis was performed, to determine independent variables associated with ALN metastasis, and the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC), for predicting ALN metastasis was analyzed, for those variables. Results: On breast MRI, moderate or prominent ipsilateral whole-breast vascularity (moderate, odds ratio [OR] 3.45, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.28-9.51 vs. prominent, OR = 15.59, 95% CI 2.52-96.46), SER (OR = 1.68, 95% CI 1.09-2.59), and peritumor-tumor ADC ratio (OR = 6.77, 95% CI 2.41-18.99), were independently associated with ALN metastasis. Among clinico-pathologic variables, HER-2 positivity was independently associated, with ALN metastasis (OR = 23.71, 95% CI 10.50-53.54). The AUC for combining selected MRI variables and clinico-pathologic variables, was higher than that of clinico-pathologic variables (P < 0.05). Conclusion: SER, moderate or prominent increased whole breast vascularity, and peritumor-tumor ADC ratio on breast MRI, are valuable in predicting ALN metastasis, in patients with early stage of breast cancer.

• 대한수의학회지
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• 제31권4호
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• pp.381-387
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• 1991

Deer hemal nodes were studied by gross anatomy and light microscopy. Hemal nodes were scattered in the periphery of thoracic and abdominal aortae, and spherical or avoid in shape. A hemal node consisted of a thin capsule and a hilum, and had numerous small subcapsular and deep sinuses distended by a great number of erythrocytes. Although a few lymphatic nodules and tissues were seen in the parenchyma, no typical cortex and medulla was defined. Blood vessels occurred, but lymph vessel was not observed in nodes. The parenchyma of the hemal node consisted of many erythrocytes and lymphocytes, and a few granulocytes, plasma cells megakaryocytes and macrophages. The stroma was composed of reticular cells and fibers. The capsule and trabecula was a collagenous connective tissue with smooth myofibers. The above findings suggest that the hemal nodes are involved in blood storage, blood filtration and immune reaction.

• 대한수의학회지
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• 제34권2호
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• pp.229-235
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• 1994

The hemal nodes of the Korean native cattle were studied by gross anatomy and light microscopy. Hemal nodes were spherical or ovoid in shape, and red or black in colors. A hemal node consisted of a thick capsule and a hilum, and had extensive subcapsular and deep sinuses distended by a great number of erythrocytes. Although a few lymphatic nodules and tissues were seen in the parenchyma, no typical cortex and medulla was defined. Blood vessels occurred, but lymph vessel was not observed in nodes. The stroma of the hemal node was composed of reticular cells and fibers. The parenchyma consisted of many erythrocytes and lymphocytes, and a few macrophages and megakaryocytes. The capsule and trabecula was a collagenous connective tissue with smooth muscle cells. B-lymphocytes were principally located in the lymphatic nodules of the hemal node. T-lymphocytes were scattered in the diffuse lymphatic tissues of the hemal node.

• Journal of Magnetics
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• 제18권2호
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• pp.188-191
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• 2013

The magnetic properties for sanal's mobility inside of the lymphatic primo vascular system, the so-called Kyungrak (or meridian) system, are investigated under a low static magnetic field with the anatomy technology and optical microscope. One sanal with a size of 1 ${\mu}m$ under microscope selected and separated from the primo vessels of the primo vascular system are observed in rabbits' lymphatic vessels around abdominal aorta and placed in PBS solution with petridish. The moving displacement of sanal versus the measuring time of 20 Oe below a magnetic field of 80 Oe is stronger in dominanting dependence according to the x-direction than y-direction.

• Advances in pediatric surgery
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• 제20권2호
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• pp.58-61
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• 2014

Palpable inguinal mass in children should be differentiated from inguinal hernia, hydrocele, lymph node, and tumor. Though using ultrasonography, fatty tumor would be misdiagnosed as incarcerated inguinal hernia containing fatty component. We experienced the huge inguinal lipoblastoma in 5-year-old girl mimicking recurrent incarcerated hernia. Laparoscopic exploration revealed it was not incarcerated hernia but well demarcated bulging mass from abdominal wall. Mass was about $10{\times}4{\times}3cm$ and extended from internal inguinal ring to saphenous opening. It was near total excised because of right external iliac vein injury. Pathologically, it was proven as lipoblastoma containing mature adipocyte with lipoblast and fibrous septa. Postoperatively, we noticed a segmental thrombotic occlusion of external iliac vein. After 1 year, she has no symptom related to occluded vessel. The remained lipoblastoma showed no interval change. Even lipoblastoma has a good prognosis with low recurrence rate, we need careful follow-up.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• 제12권3호
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• pp.369-376
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• 1994

This is a retrospective analysis of 64 patients who was treated with postoperative radiation therapy after radical hysterectomy and bilateral pelvic lymphadenectomy (53 patients) or total abdominal hysterectomy(11 patients) for uterine cervix cancer between May 1980 and September 1991 at the Department of Radiation Oncology, Kyung Hee University Hospital. Most patients were FIGO IB (31 Patients) and IIA (25 patients), and median period of follow-up was 5.1 years. Of these patients,24 received adjuvant whole pelvis irradiation of 6000 cGy and 40 received 5000-5500 cGy whole pelvis irradiation and/or intracavitary radiation (7 Patients). The actuarial overall and relapse free 5 year survival rate were $71.0\%$, $68.3\%$ respectively. The survival rates by stage were $79.1\%$ in stage I, and $61.2\%$ in stage II. Treatment failure was noted in 18 of 64 patients ($28.1\%$), Iocoregional failure in 8 ($12.5\%$), distant metastasis in 8 ($12.5\%$), paraaortic node metastasis in 1 and one patient and concurrent locoregional and distant metastasis. The univariate analysis of prognostic factors affecting to overall survival rate represented lymph node status, the number and site of metastatic lymph node, parametrial invasion, the thichness of cervical wall invasion, and size of cancer mass. Histology, vessel invasion, endometrial extension, hemoglobin level. resection margin status, age, radiation dose were not significant prognostic factors. Complication relating to operation and postoperative radiation were variable according to radiation therapy method: 6000 cGy RT group 8/24($33.3\%$), 5000-5500 cGy+ICR 3/7 ($42.9\%$), 5000-5500 cGy external RT only group 3/33 ($9.1\%$). In conclusion, the results suggest that postoperative radiotherapy is necessary in high risk patients for locoregional control and improving survival rate, and higher dose does not improve results but only increases complication.

• 대한수의학회지
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• 제39권5호
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• pp.855-864
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• 1999

Hemal nodes and hemolymph nodes are lymphoid organs that share morphologic and functional characteristics of lymph nodes and spleens. The aim of the present study was to obtain new informations on the distinct morphological structures of hemal nodes and hemolymph nodes according to ages, and to get the basic data for their functions in Korean native goats. Goats were divided into 5 groups, consisting of 3 animals aged 1, 3, 6, 10 and 12 months, respectively. Ultrastructural features of the organs were observed by transmission and scanning electron microscopes. The sinuses of hemal nodes and hemolymph nodes were lined by endothelial-like reticular cells which had euchromatin-rich nuclei and many cytoplasmic processes, surrounding collagen fibrils. Macrophages containing phagocytosed erythrocytes were often noted in the diffuse lymphatic tissues of hemal nodes and hemolymph nodes. Some mast cells were in contact with the plasma cells near the blood vessel. Hemal nodes and hemolymph nodes had venous sinusal-like vessels which were different from the deep sinus. The lymph vessels with valves were observed in the capsule of the hemolymph node. There were no ultrastructural differences of the organs in the age different groups of the animals. These results suggest that hemal nodes and hemolymph nodes may take part in hemopoiesis, blood filtration and immune reaction in Korean native goats.

• 대한수의학회지
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• 제37권3호
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• pp.463-469
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• 1997

This study was performed to investigate the gross anatomical features and microscopical structures of the hemal nodes and the hemolymph nodes in the water deer (Hydropotes inermis) found in Kangwon-do, Korea. The hemal nodes and hemolymph nodes were observed mainly in the periphery of the thoracic and abdominal aortae of the animals. The size of hemal nodes was generally smaller than that of the hemolymph nodes, and the shape of the both organs was spherical or ovoid. The color of the hemal nodes was red or black while that of the hemolymph nodes was gray with red bands. The hemal nodes were surrounded by a thin connective tissue capsule and there were extensive subcapsular and deep sinuses distended by a great number of erythrocytes. Although a few number of lymphatic nodules and small areas of diffuse lymphatic tissues were observed in the parenchyma, no typical cortex and medulla were defined in the hemal node. Small numbers of blood vessels were found at the connective tissue capsule but lymph vessel was not observed microscopically in this organ. The hemolymph nodes were covered by a relatively thick connective tissue capsule and there was a hilus in each node. The parenchyma was divided into cortex and medulla. The cortex was composed of a few numbers of lymphatic nodules and some diffuse lymphatic tissues. The medulla comprised medullary sinus and cords. Afferent and efferent lymph vessels were observed at the periphery of the capsule and the hilus, respectively. The subcapsular and medullary sinuses were not extensive but filled with small numbers of erythrocytes. The stroma of hemal node and hemolymph node was composed of reticular cells and fibers, and the capsule and trabecula consisted of collagenous fibers with smooth muscle fibers.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제14권4호
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• pp.2401-2406
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• 2013

From January 1, 2008 to March 31, 2010, 101 patients with stage II-III breast cancer were enrolled in this study and subjected to an anthracycline-based neoadjuvant chemotherapy regimen with or without docetaxel. Surgery was performed after 2-6 cycles of chemotherapy, and the clinical response was determined by pathological and histochemical assessments. The clinical response rate, as indicated by complete response (CR), partial response (PR), stable disease (SD), and progressive disease (PD), were 6.9, 52.5, 36.6, and 4.0%, respectively. A multivariable correlation analysis indicated that the overall clinical response rate correlated with the number of metastatic lymph nodes, number of chemotherapy cycles, and vessel invasion status. Importantly, the CR rate was only associated with the number of chemotherapy cycles. Nonparametric tests failed to detect a correlation between HER2 or Topo $II{\alpha}$ status and clinical response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy in these patients. When they were stratified by HER2 or HR status, for HER2-positive patients the CR rate was associated with vessel invasion and Topo $II{\alpha}$ status. Based on our findings, we propose that HR, HER-2 and Topo $II{\alpha}$ are not putative predictive biomarkers of chemotherapy outcome for breast cancer patients. Topo $II{\alpha}$ expression level was only inversely correlated with CR rate among HR-positive patients. Importantly, the achievement of CR was largely related to the number of chemotherapy cycles.

• 한국한의학연구원논문집
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• 제18권2호
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• pp.131-137
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• 2012

Objectives : Primo vascular system is known to new circulatory system and suggested as a anatomical structure of meridian system. Primo-vessels are present throughout the whole body. The purpose of this study is to identify primo tissues taken from falciform ligament and to compare with organ surface primo tissue, blood vessel and lymph vessel. Methods : Male Sprague-Dawley rats (8weeks old, 250~320g) used for this study. The medial line of the abdomen was dissected and searched for primo tissues in falciform ligament and on the internal organs using stereomicroscope. We performed serial cross section and histological investigations. The tissues were stained with hematoxylin-eosin and Masson's trichrome. Results : 1. The primo tissues attached on the falciform ligament had white color and length of 5~8mm. 2. We could observe primo tissues are classified with ligament tissues. 3. Histologically, primo tissue on falciform ligament and organ surface primo tissue could be considered same tissue. Conclusions : In this study, we observed primo tissue discovered on the falciform ligament. And we also histologically compared such discovered primo tissue with organ surface primo tissue. Consequently, we could consider that two tissues have histological similarity and possibility of connection in one network system.