• Clean Technology
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.22-32
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• 2015

In this study, we studied the characteristics of ion exchange for treatment of HSS (heat stable salts) which cause performance reduction in CO₂ gas capture amine solution using anion exchange resins. The optimum HSS removal efficiency, 96.1% was obtained when using strong base anion exchange resin SAR10 at dosage 0.05 g/mL, 316 K, pH 12 and the best resin regeneration efficiency, 78.8% was obtained using NaOH solution of 3 M at 316 K. The adsorption data were described well by the Freundlich model and the sorption intensity(n) was 2.0951 lying within the range of favorable adsorption. The adsorption selectivity coefficients were increased by increasing valences and size of ion and desorption selectivity coefficients showed a contradictory tendency to adsorption selectivity coefficients. By continuous HSS removal experiments, 13.3 BV of HSS contaminated solution was effectively treated and the optimum NaOH solution consumption was 5.2 BV to regenerate resins.

• Journal of IKEEE
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• v.7 no.2 s.13
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• pp.288-298
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• 2003

We consider a window-controlled selective-repeat ARQ scheme for error control between two adjacent nodes lying on a communication path. In this scheme, each packet to be transmitted is endowed with a serial number in a cyclic and sequential fashion. In turn, the transmitting node is not allowed to transmit a packet belonging to a window before every packet in the previous window is positively acknowledged. Such postponement of packet transmission incurs a degradation in throughput and delay performance. In this paper, aiming at improving packet delay performance, we employs a supplement scheme in which a serial number is duplicated within a frame. Classifying duplication rules into fixed, random and adaptive categories, we present candidate rules in each category and evaluate the packet delay performance induced by each duplication rule. From numerical examples, we observe that duplicating serial numbers, especially ADR-T2 effectively reduces mean packet delay for the forward channel characterized by a low packet error rate. We also reveal that such delay enhancement is achieved by a high probability of hitting local optimal window size.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.57 no.2
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• pp.87-94
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• 2013

An analytical methodology based on solid-space extraction (SPE) with with Bond Elut Certify cartridge (Varian, 130 mg) has been developed for the qualification and quantitation of strychnine in blood. After the elution layer was evaporated, the residue was reconstituted with methanol for GC/MS. Internal standard was used 10 mg/l dextromethorphan. Strychnine is a potent central nervous stimulant and convulsant, and an alkaloid found in seeds of Strychnos nux-vomica. It was used therapeutically to improve circulation and muscle tone in oral or intramuscular doses of 0.05~8 mg. The fatal dose of strychnine for humans is 50~100 mg. A man was found dead lying curled up the corner of the large room in a roof house after the fire fighter opened a locked door inside to put out the fire. The postmortem blood and gastric contents were analyzed for toxicological testing. Strychnine and brucine were detected using GC/MS first in gastric contents extracts. The contents of strychnine was 0.083 mg/l in heart blood, 0.088 mg/l in peripheral blood and 4.0 mg/kg in gastric contents, respectively. Method validation was carried out in terms of linearity, accuracy, precision (intraday, interday) in blood. The assay is linear over 0.05~10 mg/l ($r^2$=0.999). Limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantitation (LOQ) in blood were determined 0.02 mg/l (S/N=3) and 0.07 mg/l (S/N=10), respectively. Accuracy (bias%) of strychnine with 0.1, 1 and 10 mg/l was 12.0% (n=6), 9.3% (n=6) and 6.9% (n=6), respectively. Intraday precision (CV%) of strychnine with, 0.1, 1 and 10 mg/l were 6.4%, 10.4%, 1.2% (n=6), respectively. Interday precision (CV%) of strychnine with 0.1, 1 and 10 mg/l over three days were 24.0%, 18.5%, 13.8% (n=18), respectively. Relative recovery with 0.1, 1 and 10 mg/l (in blood) were 114.9%, 99.3% and 87.4% (n=6), respectively. The described method can be applied in forensic toxicology to determine strychnine in blood samples.

• Physical Therapy Korea
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.60-67
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• 2011

Ultrasonography (US) is a recent technique that has proven to be useful for assessing muscle thickness and guiding the rehabilitation decision-making of clinicians and researchers. The purpose of this study was to determine the inter-rater reliability of the US measurement of transversus abdominis (TrA), internal oblique (IO), and external oblique (EO) thicknesses for different probe locations and measurement techniques. Twenty healthy volunteers were recruited in this study. Muscle thicknesses of the transversus TrA, IO, and EO were measured three times in the hook-lying position. The three different probe locations were as follows: 1) Probe location 1 (PL1) was below the rib cage in direct vertical alignment with the anterior superior iliac spine (ASIS). 2) Probe location 2 (PL2) was halfway between the ASIS and the ribcage along the mid-axillary line. 3) Probe location 3 (PL3) was halfway between the iliac crest and the inferior angle of the rib cage, with adjustment to ensure the medial edge of the TrA. The two different techniques of thickness measurement from the captured images were as follows: 1) Muscle thickness was measured in the middle of the muscle belly, which was centered within the captured image (technique A; TA). 2) Muscle thickness was measured along a horizontal reference line located 2 cm apart from the medial edge of the TrA in the captured image (technique B; TB). The intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC [3,k]) was used to calculate the inter-rater reliability of the thickness measurement of TrA, IO and EO using the values from both the first and second examiner. In all three muscles, moderate to excellent reliability was found for all conditions (probe locations and measurement techniques) (ICC=.70~.97). In the PL1-TA condition, inter-rater reliability in the three muscle thicknesses was good to excellent (ICC=.85~.96). The reliability of all measurement conditions was excellent in IO (ICC=.95~.97). Therefore, the findings of this study suggest that TA can be applied to PL1 by clinicians and researchers in order to measure the thickness of abdominal muscles.

• Physical Therapy Korea
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.9-15
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• 2009

The purpose of this study was to examine contraction of abdominal muscles on surface electromyographic (EMG) activity of superficial cervical flexors, rib cage elevation and angle of craniocervical flexion during deep cervical flexion exercise in supine position. Fifteen healthy subjects were participated for this study. All subjects performed deer cervical flexion exercise with two methods. The positions of two methods were no volitional contraction of abdominal muscles in hook-lying position with 45 degree hip flexion (method 1) and 90 degrees hip and knee flexion with feet off floor for inducing abdominal muscle contraction (method 2). Surface EMG activities were recorded from five muscles (sternocleidmastoid, anterior scaleneus, recuts abdominis, external oblique, internal oblique). And distance of rib cage elevation and angle of craniocervical flexion were measured using a three dimensional motion analysis system. The EMG activity of each muscle was normalized to the value of reference voluntary contraction (%RVC). The EMG activities, distance of rib cage elevation. and angle of craniocervical were compared using a paired t-test between two methods. The results showed that the EMG activities of sternocleidmastoid and anterior scaleneus during deep cervical flexion exercise in method 2 were significantly decreased compared to method 1 (p<.05). Distance of rib cage elevation and angle of craniocervical flexion were significantly decreased in method 2 (p<.05). The findings of this study indicated that deep cervical flexion exercise with contraction of abdominal muscles could be an effective method to prevent substitute motion for rib cage elevation and contraction of superficial neck flexor muscles.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Navigation and Port Research Conference
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• v.1
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• pp.495-500
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• 2006

Satellite systems for objects positioning appeared indispensable for performing basic tasks of maritime navigation. Navigation, understood as safe and effective conducting a vehicle from one point to another, within a specific physical-geographical environment. [Kopacz, $Urba{\acute{n}}ski$, 1998]. However, the systems have not solved the problem of accessibility to reliable and highly accurate information about a position of an object, especially if surveyed toward on-shore navigational signs or in sea depth. And it's of considerable significance for many navigational tasks, carried out within the frameworks of special works performance and submarine navigation. In addition, positioning precisely the objects other than vessels, while executing hydrographical works, is not always possible with a use of any satellite system. Difficulties with GPS application show up also while positioning such off-lying dangers as wrecks, underwater and aquatic rocks also other naturaland artificial obstacles. It is caused by impossibility of surveyors approaching directly any such object while its positioning. Moreover, determination of vessels positions mutually (mutual geometrical relations) by teams carrying out one common tasks at sea, demands applying the navigational techniques other than the satellite ones. Vessels'staying precisely on specified positions is of special importance in, among the others, the cases as follows: - surveying vessels while carrying out bathymetric works, wire dragging; - special tasks watercraft in course of carrying out scientific research, sea bottom exploration etc. The problems are essential for maritime economy and the Country defence readiness. Resolving them requires applying not only the satellite navigation methods, but also the terrestrial ones. The condition for implementation of the geo-navigation methods is at present the methods development both: in aspects of their techniques and technologies as well as survey data evaluation. Now, the classical geo-navigation comprises procedures, which meet out-of-date accuracy standards. To enable meeting the present-day requirements, the methods should refer to well-recognised and still developed methods of contemporary geodesy. Moreover, in a time of computerization and automation of calculating, it is feasible to create also such software, which could be applied in the integrated navigational systems, allowing carrying out navigation, provided with combinatory systems as well as with the new positioning methods. Whereas, as regards data evaluation, there should be applied the most advanced achievements in that subject; first of all the newest, although theoretically well-recognised estimation methods, including estimation [Hampel et al. 1986; $Wi{\acute{s}}niewski$ 2005; Yang 1997; Yang et al. 1999]. Such approach to the problem consisting in positioning a vehicle in motion and solid objects under observation enables an opportunity of creating dynamic and interactive navigational structures. The main subject of the theoretical suggested in this paper is the Interactive Navigational Structure. In this paper, the Structure will stand for the existing navigational signs systems, any observed solid objects and also vehicles, carrying out navigation (submarines inclusive), which, owing to mutual dependencies, (geometrical and physical) allow to determine coordinates of this new Structure's elements and to correct the already known coordinates of other elements.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.22 no.5
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• pp.413-425
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• 2017

Objectives: Accurate assessment of energy expenditure is important for estimation of energy requirements in athletic children. The objective of this study was to evaluate the accuracy of accelerometer for prediction of selected activities' energy expenditure and intensity in athletic elementary school children. Methods: The present study involved 31 soccer players (16 males and 15 females) from an elementary school (9-12 years). During the measurements, children performed eight selected activities while simultaneously wearing the accelerometer and carrying the portable indirect calorimeter. Five equations (Freedson/Trost, Treuth, Pate, Puyau, Mattocks) were assessed for the prediction of energy expenditure from accelerometer counts, while Evenson equation was added for prediction of activity intensity, making six equations in total. The accuracy of accelerometer for energy prediction was assessed by comparing measured and predicted values, using the paired t-test. The intensity classification accuracy was evaluated with kappa statistics and ROC-Curve. Results: For activities of lying down, television viewing and reading, Freedson/Trost, Treuth were accurate in predicting energy expenditure. Regarding Pate, it was accurate for vacuuming and slow treadmill walking energy prediction. Mattocks was accurate in treadmill running activities. Concerning activity intensity classification accuracy, Pate (kappa=0.72) had the best performance across the four intensities (sedentary, light, moderate, vigorous). In case of the sedentary activities, all equations had a good prediction accuracy, while with light activities and Vigorous activities, Pate had an excellent accuracy (ROC-AUC=0.91, 0.94). For Moderate activities, all equations showed a poor performance. Conclusions: In conclusion, none of the assessed equations was accurate in predicting energy expenditure across all assessed activities in athletic children. For activity intensity classification, Pate had the best prediction accuracy.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Agricultural Engineers
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• v.60 no.5
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• pp.135-147
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• 2018

The objective of this study was to analyze the characteristics of combined 1D/2D inundation simulation of riverside farmland using the Hydrologic Engineering Center - River Analysis System (HEC-RAS). We compared and analyzed inundation simulation results between 1D and combined 1D/2D hydraulic simulation using HEC-RAS. Calibration and validation of stream stage were performed using three rainfall events. The coefficient of determination ($R^2$) and root mean square error (RMSE) between simulated and observed stream stage were 0.935 - 0.957 and 0.250 m - 0.283 m in calibration and validation, respectively. The inundation area showed no significant difference in 1D and combined 1D/2D simulation ($8.48km^2$ in 1D simulation, $8.75km^2$ in combined 1D/2D simulation). The average inundation depth by 1D simulation was 1.4 m deeper than combined 1D/2D simulation. In the lower inundation depth, the inundation area by combined 1D/2D simulation was larger than inundation area by 1D simulation. As the inundation depth increased, the inundation area by 1D simulation became wider. In the case of the 1D/2D combined simulation, low elevation areas along the river bank were inundated widely. Compared to 1D/2D combined simulation, the flood radius in some sections was longer in 1D simulation. In the 1D analysis, because the low altitude riverside farmlands are also assumed to stream, it is calculated that riverside farmlands have the same stage as the mainstream when the stream is overflowed. Therefore, the inundation area seems to be overestimated in those sections. In other regions, the inundation areas tend to be broken depending on overflow by each stream cross-section. In the case of river flooding, the overflow is expected to flow to the lower area depending on the terrain, such as the results of the combined 1D/2D simulation. It is concluded that the results of combined 1D/2D inundation simulation reflected the topographical characteristics of low-lying farmland.

• The Journal of Korean Orthopaedic Ultrasound Society
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.28-32
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• 2014

Purpose: We aim to determine sciatic nerve bifurcation location and depth at the level of the popliteal fossa in Korean female. Materials and Methods: Thirty three subjects were enrolled in Korean female. M-turbo ultrasound system (SonoSite, bothell, WA, USA)with 38 mm high frequency linear array transducer, 13-6 MHz probe was used for ultrasound measurements. With subject lying prone, the location of the sciatic nerve in relation to the popliteal crease and skin to nerve distance were assessed via ultrasound. Analyses were performed with SAS version 9.3 using multiple linear regression. Results: Thirty three subjects were enrolled. Distance from the popliteal crease to the sciatic nerve was 4.5-7.5 (mean 5.7 cm), and the depth of the sciatic nerve from the skin was 1.8-3.2 (mean 2.4 cm). Multiple linear regression for the usefulness of the model has a p value of 0.036, shows between weight and depth. Conclusion: We show that variability exists for sciatic nerve bifurcation location in Korean female, The success rate is creased if consider the relations between weight and depth when performs sciatic nerve block in Korean female. In our study, a sciatic nerve block is recommend that performed 7.5 cm proximal to the crease in the popliteal fossa.

• KIPS Transactions on Software and Data Engineering
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• v.5 no.7
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• pp.319-326
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• 2016

Given the attributes of mobile apps that shorten the time to make purchase decisions while enabling easy purchase cancellations, usability can be regarded to be a highly prioritized quality attribute among the diverse quality attributes that must be provided by mobile apps. With that backdrop, mobile app developers have been making great effort to minimize usability hampering elements that degrade the merchantability of apps in many ways. Most elements that hamper the convenience in use of mobile apps stem from those potential errors that occur when GUIs are designed. In our previous study, we have proposed a technique to analyze the usability of mobile apps using user behavior logs. We proposes a technique to detect usability hampering elements lying dormant in mobile apps' GUI models by expressing user behavior logs with finite state models, combining user behavior models extracted from multiple users, and comparing the combined user behavior model with the expected behavior model on which the designer's intention is reflected. In addition, to reduce the burden of the repeated test operations that have been conducted by existing developers to detect usability errors, the present paper also proposes a mobile usability error detection automation tool that enables automatic application of the proposed technique. The utility of the proposed technique and tool is being discussed through comparison between the GUI issue reports presented by actual open source app developers and the symptoms detected by the proposed technique.