• 한국약용작물학회지
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• 제23권5호
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• pp.370-378
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• 2015

Background : Aruncus dioicus var. kamtschaticus, functional wild vegetable, is perennial herb and young leaves with soft texture are generally used as edible food. So the demand for the vegetable has increased recently. This study was carried out to determine the effects of temperature and shading on germination characteristics of A. dioicus. Methods and Results : The experiment was performed by temperature and shading treatments. Seed pre-treatment before the germination experiment was carried out by the storage in low temperature ($4^{\circ}C$) under wet condition (LTW) for 0, 15, 30, 45 and 60 days and shading treatment were 35%, 50%, and 75% under control, BA (6-benzyladenine) and $GA_3$ (gibberellic acid) condition for 24 hours. Increasing the length of the storage periods led to increases seed germination percent in low temperature ($4^{\circ}C$) under wet condition (LTW), germination rate of A. dioicus seed was the highest at $15^{\circ}C$ with 60 days of seed pre-treatment. In the case of seeds pre-treatment with LTW, the more temperature went up, the more days to 50% of Germination of Final Germination Rate ($T_{50}$) went down. As a result of surveying shading treatment, germination rate was the highest in control of 35% shading and the next higher was in control of 50% shading. Conclusions : It is concluded that the temperature and shading are important factors to produce A. dioicus. Also, We suggest these results as basic data of A. dioicus for sexual propagation.

• 한국약용작물학회지
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• 제21권5호
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• pp.394-400
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• 2013

This study was carried out in order to examine the germination characteristics of Atractylodes japonica seeds, and it was to develop the more efficient pre-treatment and production system of the seeds. Experiment was performed by two ways-temperature control (10, 15, 20, $25^{\circ}C$) and shading treatment (full sunlight, 35, 50, 75, 95% of full sunlight). Seed pre-treatment before the each experiment was carried out by temperature (with low temperature and wetting treatment (LTW) for 0, 15, 30, 45 and 60 days) and shading treatment (with drying at room temperature (DRT), drying at low temperature (DLT) and water soaking (WS) for 48 hours). Seeds of A. japonica were germinated well under temperature control (overall 85.3~100%), especially high temperature. And, the seeds pre-treated with LTW for 45 days germinated with a 100% success rate. Under the surveying shading treatment, the highest germination rate was 95.8% with DRT and overall 63.2~95.8%. Germination rate under seeds with WS was 63.2~7.8%. As a result of surveying the whole experiment, A. japonica seeds don't need to pre-treat cause of high germination, but if it is performed with LTW for a certain period of time, it would be more productive.

• 한국물환경학회지
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• 제35권4호
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• pp.299-307
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• 2019

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of low temperature thermal pre-treatment on biodegradation of waste activated sludge for anaerobic digestion as a countermeasure for increasing sludge generation. The experimental condition was accomplished in 2 %, 4 %, and 6 % TS concentration, and $70^{\circ}C$, $80^{\circ}C$, $90^{\circ}C$ of temperature for a maximum of 120 minutes retention time. Then, it was followed by analysis of physical/chemical properties, BMP test and composition of biogas. The biogas characteristic was evaluated by applying the modified Gomperz model. As a result, solubility of dissolved substrate, such as $SCOD_{Cr}$, soluble carbohydrate, and soluble protein, and biogas production increased as temperature increased. Solubilization efficiency at $90^{\circ}C$ was 18.4 %, 17.03 % and 16.88% in 2 %, 4 %, and 6 % TS concentration respectively. Also, solubilization rates of carbohydrate and protein similarly increased. BMP test results also showed that methane production in excess sludge increased to 0.194, 0.187 and $0.182m^3/kg$ VS. respectively, and lag phase decreased to 0.145, 0.220, 0.351 day due to acceleration of the hydrolysis step. Consequently, low-temperature thermal pre-treatment could increase biodegradability of sludge, positively affecting biogas production and sludge reduction.

• 한국포장학회지
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• 제11권2호
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• pp.87-90
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• 2005

The dried persimmons is produced fungi and develop browning, hardening in circulation at normal temperature. To resolve such problem in commercial value preservation, the research was conducted to measure the quality changes of dreid persimmons depending on pre-treatments and packagings at low temperature ($0^{\circ}C$) during 6 month storage. The rate of weigh loss, fungi, browning, hardening, surface chromaticity were changed a little in the "Cinnamon" pre-treatment and N/LDPE.

• 생물환경조절학회지
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• 제22권3호
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• pp.262-269
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• 2013

본 연구는 임산물 중 수요가 확대되고 있는 곰취 종자의 발아 특성을 구명하고자 실시되었으며, 이를 통하여 효율적인 종자 전처리 및 증식기술을 개발하고자 하였다. 실험은 두 종류로 진행되었는데, 온도(10, 15, 20, $25^{\circ}C$) 및 차광수준(전광, 35, 50, 75, 95%)에 따른 발아력을 조사하였다. 각 실험에 앞서 종자는 전처리를 받았는데, 온도실험에서는 0, 15, 30, 45 및 60일의 저온습윤 처리를, 차광수준 실험에서는 2일 동안 상온건조, 저온건조 및 수침처리를 실시하였다. 곰취 종자는 전처리에 관계없이 상대적으로 낮은 온도인 $10^{\circ}C$일 때 가장 발아가 잘 되었고, 온도가 높아질수록 발아율은 낮아지는 경향을 보였다. 차광수준 실험에서는 전체 처리 중 75% 차광 내 상온건조 처리에서 발아율이 68.1%로 가장 높았으며, 95% 차광 내 수침처리에서 48.6%로 발아율이 가장 낮은 것으로 조사되었다. 한편, 차광수준 실험에서 95%에서는 발아 후 웃자라는 현상을 보였으며, 전광에서는 고사 피해가 관찰되었다. 따라서 본 실험의 결과를 종합하면, 곰취 종자는 전처리로 15일 정도의 저온습윤 저장을 하여 $10^{\circ}C$ 정도의 낮은 온도(시기)에 파종을 하고, 50~75% 정도의 차광처리를 하였을 때 가장 좋은 발아율 및 초기생장을 보일 것으로 판단된다.

• 복식문화연구
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• 제11권1호
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• pp.66-74
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• 2003

This study is to improve the worst lightfastness of a natural dye. To modify the fiber surface, low temperature oxygen plasma was carried out on silk fabric. The result is followed below after the examination of surface shape, dyeability, color change, UV absorbent influence and lightfastness. 1. When electric discharge outputs are 60W, 80W and 100w, and processing times are 10minutes, 20minutes and 40minutes, the etching effect of surface increased as electric discharge outputs and processing times increased. 2. When examined UV absorbent for 5hours, 10hours, 20hours, 40hours and 80hours, the value changes of E are 1.47, 2.51, 2.91, 3.71, 4.51 and 5.31 in case of Al pre-mordanting/ prasma 80W, 20min./ UVabsorbent 5% (100:1), 2.31, 2.47, 3.84, 3.90, 3.61 and 4.42 in case of Al pre-mordanting/prasma 80W, 20min.1 UV absorbent 5% (o.w.f.). The lightfastness decreased when UV absorbent increased. 3. Dyeability of the samples pre-treated with five different methods was in the following order: plasma processing for 20minutes at 60W/Al pre-mordanting > Al pre-mordanting > plasma processing for 20minutes at 60W > Al after-mordanting. non mordanting Plasma treatment had superior effect on dyeability. 4. When UV absorbent was applied in fabric, the sample under higher electric discharge out puts showed more effective in improving lightfastness.

• 대한치과기공학회지
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• 제33권3호
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• pp.193-202
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• 2011

Purpose: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of pre-treatment of core and hydrothermal treatment on the bond strength and flexural strength of ceramic veneered zirconia. Methods: 3Y-TZP specimens(KaVo Zr, $25mm{\times}3mm{\times}1mm$)were prepared by five pre-treatment methods and divided into seven groups including control two groups, subsequently the specimens veneered with the E-MAX ceram according to manufacturer's information(total specimen thickness 1.5mm). Two groups from ceramic-zirconia specimens(n=105, n=15 per group)were assigned into two experimental fatigue conditions, namely storage in an autoclave at $134^{\circ}C$ for 5h, thermo-cycling(3,000cycles, between 5 and $55^{\circ}C$, dwell time 45s, transfer time 2s). A flexural strength test was performed in a universal testing machine(crosshead speed: 0.5mm/min). Data were statistically analyzed using one-way ANOVA and Tukey's test(${\alpha}$=0.05). Results: The ceramic-zirconia bond strength value for liner application group(LLW, $27.3{\pm}3.8$) were significantly lower than those of the pre-treatment groups($30.72{\pm}5.3$). The ceramic-zirconia bond strength and zirconia flexural strength was not affected by thermo-cycling(p>0.05), whereas it was affected by storage in an autoclave at $134^{\circ}C$ for 5h(p<0.05). Conclusion: The results indicated that the ceramic-zirconia bond strength and zirconia flexural strength was affected by low temperature degradation.

• 한국초전도ㆍ저온공학회논문지
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• 제5권1호
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• pp.31-34
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• 2003

Bi-2223 superconducting wires with 55 filaments were fabricated by stacking, drawing process with different heat-treatment histories. Two kinds of powders were prepared. One was pre-annealed at 760-820 $^{\circ}C$ and low oxygen partial pressure, and the other was only calcined state. Before rolling process, round wires were pre-annealed at 760 -820 $^{\circ}C$ and in a low oxygen partial pressure. We confirmed that pre-annealing step was to transform Bi-2212 orthorhombic structure from Bi-2212 tetragonal structure and to reduce the formation of second phases at superconducting wire. However Bi-2223 phases were formed at higher pre-annealing temperature. Bi-2223 conductor was needed frequently annealing at low temperature because pre-annealing at precursor powder brought about decrease in workability. We could achieve highest Je of 6500 A/$\textrm{cm}^2$ at the tape using Bi-2212 orthorhombic phase by introduced slightly overheating at the 1st sintering process.

• KSBB Journal
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• 제23권6호
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• pp.504-508
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• 2008

국내산 라이밀을 이용한 바이오에탄올 생산을 위해 저온 전처리 공정을 도입하여 에탄올 생산성을 비교하였다. 라이밀의 경우 원료 특성상 증자 공정에서 점도 문제가 발생하는데, 이를 해결하기 위해 최적 전처리 조건을 탐색하였으며 이에 따른 에탄올 생산성을 비교하였다. 저온 조건과 점도 저하 효소를 사용함으로서 점도에 따른 발효 저해 현상 해결하였고 전처리 공정에 소요되는 전처리 공정비를 절감할 수 있었다. 또한 pH 조절(pH 4.5) 후 살균 처리 없이 바로 발효가 가능함을 확인할 수 있었다. 발효 초기 총당 함량은 $48{\pm}2.0\;g/L$이었으며, 발효 72시간 이후 에탄올 생성 농도는 $67.4{\pm}1.4\;g/L$, 톤당 에탄올 생산량은 410.9 L (dry base)로 효소 무첨가구보다 에탄올 농도와 톤당 수득량이 각각 15%, 20% 이상 증가하였다. 이와 같은 결과는 기존의 에탄올생산 공정과 비교하여 전처리 공정에 소요되는 시간을 30-50% 이상 줄일 수 있으며, 저온 공정에 따른 에너지 사용 절감 및 초기 시설 투자비를 줄일 수 있어 바이오에탄올 생산을 위한 대체 원료로 충분한 가능성을 보여 주었다.

• 한국염색가공학회지
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• 제28권3호
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• pp.208-218
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• 2016

This study investigated the effects of the working mechanisms of proteins, mordants, and dyes, as well as the mordanting order, on dye uptake by silk fabric pre-treated with proteins and dyed with freeze-dried sappan wood water extract. Soybean protein and sodium caseinate were used as the proteins. 1. When Al mordants were not used, the dyeability of the fabrics increased upon protein pre-treatment as compared to the case without treatment. 2. Dyeing with protein pre-treatment, followed by mordanting, led to the highest dye uptake, and the optimal protein concentration was 5%. 3. The K/S values slightly decreased with an increase in the dyeing temperature, and the fabric turned dark red in color when dyeing was carried out at increasing temperature. Fabrics showed the highest dye uptake at $40^{\circ}C$. 4. Regarding the effect of time, the K/S values of the fabrics with and without protein treatment showed almost no increase after the initial dyeing time of 10min; further, there was hardly any difference in the cases with and without protein pre-treatment. 5. In case of protein pre-treatment fabrics, the washing fastness was level 2. The dry cleaning fastness showed very excellent result with level 4-5. The rubbing fastness was better in dry rubbing than in wet rubbing of the fabrics. For the light fastness, all dyed fabrics showed low fastness.