• 한국토양비료학회지
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• 제40권4호
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• pp.311-325
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• 2007

오늘날 중금속으로 오염된 토양의 위해도 평가 및 오염토양 복원을 위한 기술의 적용에 있어서 점차 중금속의 생물유효도(bioavailability)가 총함량보다 중요하게 생각되고 있다. 그 결과 많은 연구자들은 토양과 토양수 내의 생물에 유효한 중금속의 함량을 조사함과 더불어 이 유효도에 영향을 미치는 주요 토양환경인자를 연구하고 있다. 따라서 본 총설은 일반적으로 유효도 평가에 이용되는 기존의 여러 방법들을 비교평가하고 중금속 유효도의 중요성을 이에 영향을 미치는 토양 인자와 함께기술하였다. 현재까지 다양한 유효도 측정 방법이 개발되어 많은 연구에 적용되고 있는데, 이에는 화학적 침출 방법 (chemical based extraction)과 이온 선택성 전극 (ion selective electrode, ISE) 및 확산구배막(diffusive gradient in the thin film, DGT)을 이용한 중금속 화학종 분리방법 등을 들 수 있다. 그러나 이와 같이 개발된 다양한 기술이 유효도 측정에 있어서 괄목할 만한 성과를 내고 있음에도 아직 국제적으로 인증되고 있는 기술이 있는 것은 아니다. 게다가 토양 중 중금속의 유효도는 토양의 종류 및 특성 그리고 측정 대상인 중금속의 종류에 따라 매우 다양한 양상을 보여준다. 토양 중 중금속의 유효도 변화는 주로 토양과 토양수 사이에서 일어나는 이온교환 반응을 통한 중금속 흡착(adsorption)과 탈착(desorption)에 의하여 일어나며 이 반응은 토양 pH, 유기물, 토양수 중 유기탄소(dissolved organic carbon, DOC), 유기산(low-molecular weight organic acids, LMWOAs) 및 주요 양이온과 같은 토양환경인자의 변화에 영향을 받는다. 예를들어 토양 pH의 증가는 탈수소화(deprotonation) 작용을 통해서 토양표면의 중금속 흡착능력을 높여 결과적으로 유효도를 감소시킨다. 토양중 유기물은 중금속 유효도를 감소시킴과 동시에 유기탄소 및 유기산의 원천으로서 유효도를 증가시키기도 한다. 즉, 유기물은 주로 음으로 하전된 표면을 가지고 있어 중금속을 고상으로 흡착시켜 유효도를 감소시킨다. 반면에 유기물에서 녹아 나온 토양수중 유기탄소 및 유기산은 강한 킬레이트(chelate)로서 토양표면으로부터 중금속을 떨어져 나오게 하여 유효한 중금속 함량을 높여준다. 이와 같은 중금속 이온과 토양인자 사이의 상호반응은 토양의 종류 및 중금속의 종류에 따라 매우 다양하다.

• 대한지하수환경학회지
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• 제4권2호
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• pp.85-94
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• 1997

연구 지역은 제주도의 해안 용천수를 수원지로 하고 있는 삼양 3수원지로서 1996년 1월부터 원수의 염소이온농도가 먹는 물 수질기준치인 150 mg/ι를 훨씬 초과하여 그 원인을 수리지질학적으로 규명하기 위하여 연구를 수행하였다. 연구결과 그 원인은 다음과 같은 매우 복잡한 자연 및 인위적인 현상에 의해 발생하였다. 1996년 1월~9월 동안 내린 강수량은 그 이전 36년간 제주시에서 발생한 연평균 강수량의 41.7%에 해당하는 극심한 한발기로서 이러한 강수량의 감소는 결국 용천 유출량의 감소와 용천수위 강하의 원인이 되었고, 이로 인해 만조시 매 주기 별로 2~3.8시간 동안 해수면이 수원지내 지하수위보다 4.4~12.4cm 높게 되어 기존 차수벽 하부의 투수대 구간을 통해 해수가 역동수구배를 따라 수원지내 유입되어 지하수의 염소이온농도 증가원인이 되었다. 또한 주기적인 조석간만의 영향으로 인해 발생한 두께가 얇아진 담수체의 수축 팽창현상이 점이대의 확장을 촉진시켜 염소이온농도를 증가시켰으며, 뿐만 아니라 강수량 감소에 따른 지하함양량 감소로 점이대에서 지하수 흐름의 역전현상이 발생하였고, 이에 부가하여 강우누적결핍시기 동안 해안지하수체의 수축현상이 가장 심하게 발생한 간조시에 일평균 2790$\pm$450 ㎥의 지하수를 반복채수함으로 인해 추가적인 지하수위의 하강을 초래하여 점이대의 확장과 염수의 역상승 현상을 유발하였다. 수원지 주변 용천에서 염소이온농도가 150 mg/l이하로 유출되는 순수지하수 유출지속 시간은 하루 약 2시간 정도였으며 유출량은 532 ㎥/일 이였고 만조시 C $l^{－}$ 이온의 농도는 1900 mg/1 이상이다.

• 한국식생활문화학회지
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• 제18권1호
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• pp.56-68
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• 2003

The objects of this study are to find out (1) real situation of the food supply in prison under Imperial Government of Japan more cleary (historical meaning) and (2) which might help in understanding wrong present food consumption patterns in Korea which causes environmental as well as health problems. It is generally known that the length of the Japanese occupation for Korea is 36 years. However, it is concluded in this study that it was longer (70 years ; from 1875 to 1945 from when Japanese Army attacked and occupied Yungjongdo and Kanghwado island to e time when they were defeated on World War II.) Korea was annexed by Japan in 1910 then the Imperial Government of Japan dismissed the Korea Army, controlled the Office of Justice and the management of prison by force. Since then about 50% of all land was fell into Japanese Government ownership and 80% of Korean farmers became as tenant. After this change, Korea farmers were forced to pay extremely high rent (up to 80% of its harvest). Forced immigration, low price procurement of grain by Japanese government up to more than 30%of their production, was practiced. Accordingly, the food situation of Korean farmers became miserable, which may caused more violations of Imperial Japanese Law. Malnutrition, epidemic diseases, mortality rate of infants soared and average life expectancy shortened to 20-30 years old. This was the period of World Economic Crises and Food Crises in Japan. It was said then that if one Japanese comes to Korea then 200 Koreans will starved to death. Meanwhile, Proconsul Bureau of Chosun requested to the Department of Medicine, the Imperial University of Kyungsung to survey food supply situation of Koreans in prison throughout Korea. Objectives of the survey then was not only to find out scientifically whether it is agreeable in maintaining prisoner's health and also find out the possibility to save food during food crisis. Survey was started from 1923 and ended in 1945, and it focussed on prisoners in the Seodaemoon Prison. This report is the outcome of the first survey. They concluded that the food supplied was nutritionally (had) no problem, in compare with those of workers in the factory, students in the dormitory in Japan and with those of prisoners in Taiwan, France and Germany. Amount of grain supplied were different according to their work lord and was divided into 9 different levels. Total grain was consisted of 50% millet, 30% soybean and 20% indica rice(variety). However, there were no difference in the amount of supply of side dishes between work groups. For the highest working group, 3280g of boiled grain per day was supplied to make stomach full but as a side dishes, salty fermented bean paste, fermented fish and salty soups, etc. was supplied. Deficiency of animal protein were observed, however, high intake of soybean may possibly caused animal protein deficiency problem. On the contrary, the intake of water soluble vitamins were insufficient but the level of calcium and iron intake seems to be sufficient, however, imbalance of intake of nutrition may caused low absorbtion rate which might caused malnutrition. High intake of dietary fiber and low intake of cholesterol may possibly prohibited them from so called modem disease but may caused the defect in disease resistancy againist epidemics and other traditional disease. Over intake of salt(20-30g per day) was observed. Surveyors who attended in this survey, mentioned that the amount of food intake may nutritionally be sufficient enough but the quality of food(and possibly, the taste of food) were like that of animal feed. For the officials who received this report might consider that considering the war situation and food crisis, the supply situation of food in the prison may considered to be good enough(because they are not starving). But as a Korean who studied this report, one feel extremely pity about those situation because (situation of) those period were very harsh under the Imperial Law and keeping the Law by Koreans were almost impossible, therefore, about one third adult violated the Law and were put into jail. And they were treated like animals.

• 대한화학회지
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• 제54권5호
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• pp.556-566
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• 2010

새로운 동적 분광 광도 측정법은 천연의 물 샘플에서 망간(II)의 측정을 위해 개발되었다. 그 방법은 620 nm에서 활성화제로서 nitrilotriacetic acid (NTA)를 사용하면서 $KIO_4$에 의한 갈로시아닌(Gallocyanin)의 산화와 함께 망간(II)의 촉매 효과에 기초했다. 최적조건은 갈로시아닌(Gallocyanin) $4.00{\times}1^{-5}\;M$, $KIO_4$ $1.00{\times}10^{-4}\;M$, NTA $1.00{\times}10^{-4}\;M$, pH = 3.50인 0.1 M HAc/NaAc 완충용액, 5분의 반응시간 그리고 $30^{\circ}C$의 온도에서 얻어졌다. 최적조건 하에서 제안된 방법은 $0.1\;-\;4.0\;ng\;mL^{-1}$의 범위에서 망간(II)의 측정을 허용했고 $0.025\;ng\;mL^{-1}$이하의 검출한계를 가지고 있다. 표준 망간(II) 용액을 측정하는 것에서 회수율은 98.5 - 102% 범위에 있다. 그리고 상대표준편차(RSD)는 0.76 - 1.25%의 범위에 있다. 새롭게 개발된 동적 방법은 약간의 주위의 물과 만족할 만한 결과를 갖는 JAC-0031의 공인된 표준 기준 강물 샘플 둘 다에서 망간(II)의 측정에 성공적으로 응용되었다. 또한, 얼마 안 되는 양이온과 음이온은 망간(II)의 측정을 방해한다. 다른 촉매-동적 방법과 기기적 방법과 비교했을 때, 제안된 동적 방법은 상당히 좋은 선택성과 감도, 낮은 가격, 저렴함, 낮은 검출한계와 신속함을 보인다. 상대적으로 낮은 염분을 갖는 진짜 물 샘플과 병으로 된 마시는 물, 차갑고 뜨거운 용천수, 호수, 강물 샘플 같은 복잡한 모체들에 적용하는 것은 쉽고 성공적으로 적용될 수 있다.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제10권1호
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• pp.11-20
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• 1986

인삼 saponin의 첨가가 Aspergillus parasiticus R-716 공시균의 PH, 균체량의 변화, chloroform 추출액의 색상, 포자형성능, 그리고 saponin의 첨가량에 따른 aflatoxin의 생성 및 억제효과등을 조사한 결과를 다음과 같다. 1. 공시균의 배지인 sucrose low salt의 PH변화는 crude saponin(CS)의 경우 PH3인 0.5% 첨가구에서 가장 낮은 aflatoxin 생성량을 보였으며, PH 2.2인 protopanaxatriol(PPT) 0.05% 첨가구에서 가장 많은 생성량을 보였다. 2. 인삼 saponin첨가량에 따른 균체량의 변화는 PPT 0.01% 첨가구에서 대조구에 비하여 119%까지 증가하였으나 다른 saponin의 첨가농도가 증가할 수록 감소하였고 CS 0.5% 첨가구에서 대조구에 비하여 25.8%의 감소율을 보였다. 3. aflatoxin의 chloroforn 추출시 생성된 색상은 밝은 황색일수록 aflatoxin의 생성량이 많았다. 4. 포자형성은 각 인삼 saponin 농도가 0.02%까지는 변화가 없었으나 0.05%첨가구부터 형성이 줄어들어 0.5% 첨가구에서는 형성되지 않았다. 5. aflatoxin총생성량은 PPD와 PPT 0.005%~0.02% 첨가구에서는 105%까지 증가하였으나 그 이상의 농도에서는 감소를 보였으며, CS의 0.5% 첨가구에서는 91.7%의 높은 억제효과를 보였고 B1, B2, G1 및 G2에 대햐여는 90%이상의 억제효과를 나타내었다. PS에 대하여는 0.5% 첨가구에서 B1에 55.9%의 억제효과가 있는 반면에 B2는 8.1%의 낮은 억제효과밖에 없었고, PPT 0.005% 및 0.5% 첨가구는 오히려 B2가 증가하였다. PPD에 대하여는 0.005%~0.02% 첨가구에서는 G1의 경우 오히려 증가하였다.

• 대한지역사회영양학회지
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• 제20권6호
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• pp.433-446
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• 2015

Objectives: This study was performed to evaluate the consumer education program for reducing sodium intake based on social cognitive theory (SCT) and investigate consumer perceptions of environmental, cognitive and behavioral factors. Methods: Consumers (n=4,439) were recruited nationwide in Korea to participate in a nutrition education program for reducing sodium intake which was targeted on senior housewives (SH), parents (P), and office workers (OW). Questions regarding main factors of SCT were asked both before and after the education program. Results: SH and P recognized external social efforts and information to reduce sodium including nutrition labeling more than OW. The main barriers to practice reducing sodium intake were limited choice of low sodium food and menu, interference with social relationship when dining with others, and limited information, knowledge and skills. SH had lower barriers to practice reducing sodium intake and OW perceived 'preference to soup or stew' and 'preference to Kimchi, salted fish and fermented sauces' as barriers more than other groups at the baseline. Less than 50% of participants knew the relationship between sodium and salt, sodium in nutrition labeling, and recommended sodium intake. In addition, OW had little knowledge for capability to reduce sodium intake and lower self-efficacy to practice compared with SH and P. After education, positive outcome expectations such as lowering blood pressure, prevention of cardiovascular disease and osteoporosis were increased and barriers to practice reducing sodium intake were decreased in all groups (p < 0.05). The knowledge for behavioral capability and self-efficacy to reduce sodium intake were also improved but OW had still lower scores compared with other groups. Conclusions: These results suggested that nutrition education programs could be an effective tool to impact general population by facilitating awareness and increased capability to reduce sodium intake.

• 대한지역사회영양학회지
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• 제17권5호
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• pp.555-578
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• 2012

This study was conducted to investigate which food items are perceived as HANSIK (Korean food) in Korea. 562 males and females aged 20-70 were surveyed on 512 most frequently consumed dish items from 4th Korean National Health and Nutrition Survey if they perceive it as HANSIK. Dish items in kimchi, namul sukchae (cooked and seasoned vegetable) and jeotgal (salt-fermented food) category showed high response rate to be perceived as HANSIK. The response rate of twigim (frying foods) as HANSIK was low showing less than 70%. The response rate as HANSIK for foreign origin foods such as ramen and jjajangmyeon (black bean paste noodle) were lower than 25%. In jang yangnyum (seasoning) category, doenjang (soybean paste) and gochujang (red pepper paste) showed high response rate as HANSIK more than 90%. Females showed a higher response rate as HANSIK than males for most food items except several items of myen mandu (noodle and dumpling). The younger age group had higher HANSIK perception on many items of recently consumed foods, especially budae-jjigae (spicy sausage stew) (p < 0.001) and jwipo-jorim (braised dried filefish) (p < 0.001), implying that they already accept the common foods as HANSIK regardless of the origin. These results provide an information on the foods perceived as HANSIK among currently consumed common foods in Korea and these results can be utilized for establishment of HANSIK concept reflecting transition of dietary life in Korea.

• 대한간호학회지
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• 제25권2호
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• pp.351-361
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• 1995

The main purpose of the study is to identify critical risk factors for development of a family assessment tool to screen high risk family. This study used a conceptual framework of family diagnosis developed by Eui-sook Kim's (1993) and analyzed risk factors to identify the high risk family. As employing a explorative and methodological study design, this study has four stages. 1. In the first stage, 34 family risk factors were identified by doing intensive literature review on conceptual framework of family diagnoses. 2. In the second stage, above risk factors were tested for content validity by consultation with 29 persons in community health nursing, nursing education, family theory, and social work. 3. In the third stage, existing survey data was used for actual application of the identified risk factors. The survey data used for this purpose was previously collected for the community diagnosis in a region of Seoul. At the final stage, through the comparison between high risk and low risk families, initially identified 34 risk factors decreased to 25 risk factors. Among 34 risk factors, six factors did not agree with content of questionnaries sand two factors were not significant in differentiating the high risk family Also, two risk factors showed high correlation between themselves, so only one of those two factors was chosen. As a result, twenty-five risk factors chosen to identify the high risk family are following ; 1. A single parent family due to divorce or death of a partner, or unweded single mother 2. A family with an unrelated household members 3. A family with a working mother with a young child 4. A family with no regular income 5. A family with no rule in family or too strict rules 6. A family with little or no support from other lam-ily members 7. A family with little or no support from friends or relatives 8. A family with little or no time to share with each other 9. A family with family history of hypertension, diabetus, cancer 10. A family with a sick person 11. A family with a mentally ill person 12. A family with a disabled person 13. A family with an alcoholic person 14. A family with a excessive smoker who smokes more than 1 pack / day 15. A family with too much salt intake in their diet. 16. A family with inappropriate management skills for family health 17. A family with high utilization of drug store than hospital to solve the health problems of the family 18. A family with disharmony between husband and wife 19. A family with conflicts among the family members 20. A family with unequal division of labor among family members 21. An authoritative family structure 22. A socially isolated family 23. The location of house is not residential area 24. A family with high risk of accidents 25. The drinking water and sewage systems are not hygienic. The main implication of the results of this study is clinical use. The high risk factors can be used to identify the high risk family effectively and efficiently. The use of high risk factors woule contribute to develop a conceptual framework of family diagnosis in Korea and the list of risk factors need to be revised continuously. Further researches are needed to develop an index of weight of each risk factor and to validate the risk factors.

• 대한영양사협회학술지
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• 제4권1호
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• pp.20-29
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• 1998

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of food habits on blood components level(blood glucose, uric acid, hemoglobin, some lipids levels) and health condition in Taejon. The study was conducted with 250 subjects (male 130, female120) who visited in a general hospital from May to June in 1997. Questionaires were used for food habits. The data were analyzed by using $x^2$-test, t-test, ANOVA and multiple range test. Results were summerized s follow : mean of Broca Index were 110.0 $\pm$13.7% in male, 110.6$\pm$16.6% in female. Mean values of systolic blood pressure and diastolic blood pressure were 130.9$\pm$17.6mmHg, 76.2$\pm$12.6mmHg, respectively. The systolic blood pressure was significantly higher in man than woman, Mean serum total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, and HDL-cholesterol and triglyceride levels were 202.8$\pm$40.2, 121.1$\pm$35.5, 50.3$\pm$12.9, 157.1$\pm$112.6mg/dl, respectively. Triglyceride level was significantly higher in man than woman. But HDL-cholesterol was significantly lower in man than woman. And also, the value of LPH and AI were higher in man. So Man has more risk of atherogenesis than woman. Mean values of blood sugar, uric acid and hemoglobin was 102.7$\pm$1.36mg/dl and 14.1$\pm$1.56g/dl were higher in man than woman except blood sugar. Food habit of woman were better than it of man. The levels of education and income did not affect to food habit score. The most problem of habits were intake of salty food and lack of exercise. The intake of nutrients were higher as food habit score was higher. Intakes of energy, Ca, vitamin A and vitamin $B^1$ were lower than RDA's of nutrients in bad food habit group. This result did not show that blood components level and health condition were significantly different by food habits. But Broca Index and triglyceride levels were higher in bad food habit group than other groups, but not statistically significant. By this result, it is more needed food habit education to man and young people. The education of food habits will include the real methods of weight control, low intake of salt and exercise to bad food habit group.

• 한국어류학회지
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• 제27권1호
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• pp.21-25
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• 2015

본 연구는 해상가두리에서 사육한 능성어의 수정란을 가지고 난 발생 및 자어에 미치는 수온과 염분의 영향에 대하여 연구하였다. 수정란은 유백색의 구형으로 분리부성란이었고, 1개의 유구를 가지고 있었으며, 난 발생 과정 동안의 수온은 $21.5{\sim}23.5^{\circ}C$(평균 $22.0{\pm}0.05^{\circ}C$), 염분은 32.0~33.0 psu (평균 $32.5{\pm}0.05psu$) 범위였다. 각 수온조건별로 부화에 소요된 시간은 $15^{\circ}C$에서 29시간, $20^{\circ}C$에서 27시간, $25^{\circ}C$에서 24시간, $30^{\circ}C$에서 17시간, $35^{\circ}C$에서 15시간이 소요되었다. 염분별 부화율은 15 psu에서 80.0%, 20 psu에서 81.8%, 25 psu에서 86.4%, 30 psu에서 89.1%, 35 psu에서 79.1%로 25~30 psu에서 가장 부화율이 높은 것으로 나타났다. 기형율은 저염분 구간인 15 psu (20.0%)와 20 psu (18.2%)보다 35 psu에서 기형율이 20.9%로 가장 높았다. 각 발생 단계별 소요시간 (t:hour)과 수온($T:^{\circ}C$)과의 관계는 직선함수식의 관계를 가지는 것으로 나타났다. 초기발생에 있어 난 발생이 진행되지 않는 생물학적 영도는 평균 $5.4^{\circ}C$로 추정되었다.