• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.223-232
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• 1998

The main experiment related to this report was undertaken to assess the effects of two rates of $Ca(OH)_2$ (0, 250 kg/10a only at establishment) and five rates of $N-P_20_5-K_20$ (0-0-0, 0-10-10, 6-15-15, 12-20-20, 24-25-20 kg/10a/year) on the pasture establishment, forage yield and quality, and vegetation etc. After this 10-year main e experiment pasture had been used to assess the effects of the above treaments on the soil characteristics in oversown hilly pasture of a grass-clover sward. soil properties of mutual ratios of exchangeable cations at d different soil depth, and the visible characteristics of soil conservation obtained are summarized as follows; 1. Compared with the properties of soil fertility and the level for the likelihood grass tetany, the mutual ratios of exchangeable cations in soils; Ca:Mg:K(% of CEC), Ca:Mg:K(K=I), $K/\sqrt{Ca+Mg}$, Mg/K, K/Mg, and Ca/Mg, were discussed at different soil depth. Before and after experiment, these ratios were generally unbalance and unsuitable, and were rather worsened in the order of Mg>Ca>K under the conditions of liming and NPK fertilization without Mg. 2. The ratios of Ca and Ca/Mg were increaby liming, whereas it of $K/\sqrt{Ca+Mg}$ was redused. The ratios of K and $K/\sqrt{Ca+Mg}$ in control and the heavy fertillization of NPK(especially N) were rather lowered than those in the low and medium fertilizations of NPK. 3. The prperties of consevation were closely related with the forage productivity/vegetation rates, as affected by liming and the application rates of NPK. In control of NPK, It was shown to be the worst soil conservation; severly eroded(3rd grade), exporsure of subsoil, redish brown in soil colour, and 18.8% of cobble and stony in covering rate. 4. The improvement of soil conservation was greatly enhanced by increasing the NPK rate. In the medium and heavy fertilizations of NPK, it was shown to be the favorable improvement of soil conservation; slightly eroded(lst grade), covered with humus layer/grass residues in surface soil, dark brown in surface soil colour, under 1% of cobble and stony in covering rate. The increasing of legume yield/vegetation rate by liming rather enhanced the soil conservation of grassland.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.40 no.10
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• pp.1474-1481
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• 2011

This study investigated the physicochemical characteristics of Korean wheat flour substituted for 0%, 15%, 30%, 45%, and 60% durum rimachinata wheat in order to develop a Korean wheat pasta suitable for consumer-preferred soft textures. The particles of Korean wheat that were less than 250 ${\mu}M$ were 87.03% of all particles, while 68.7% of durum rimachinata had particles more than 250 ${\mu}M$ in size. Durum rimachinata had more protein (13.84${\pm}$0.03) and ash (0.70${\pm}$0.02) than Korean wheat. In farinograph characteristics, water absorption, development time, stability, and weakness increased as the amounts of substituted Korean wheat flour increased. Also, the gelatinization characteristics of the amylograph exhibited an increase of gelatinization temperature and decrease in maximum viscosity. However, maximum viscosity was shown to be more than 550 B.U. until 30% of the substitution level of Korean wheat flour to durum rimachinata wheat. Also, it did not affect the texture of the noodle product. We could make pasta with softness and springiness with less than a 15% substitution level of Korean wheat flour due to similar characteristics in cooking properties such as weight, volume, water absorption, turbidity, and cooking loss when compared to the control. L and a values increased, and the b value decreased in color as substitution amounts of Korean wheat flour increased. The hardness and adhesiveness of cooking noodles was shown to be a low value at more than a 30% substitution level of Korean wheat flour, and springiness, gumminess, and chewiness all exhibited high values. In a sensory evaluation, overall acceptability was shown to have the highest score in control. More than 30% of substitution of Korean wheat flour showed high preferences. Therefore, 15% of the substitution level of Korean wheat flour could be adapted in dough and cooking properties for making pasta-substituted Korean wheat. However, a texture analyzer and sensory evaluation of cooked pasta was shown to have a good quality at more than 30% substitution level of Korean wheat flour.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.1-6
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• 2018

Also, t-cincreaseisdecreasein order In hydroponics, the accumulation of inorganic ions in the root zone are closely related to the irrigation volume. Therefore, the effects of irrigation volume on the growth and yield of tomatoes are very signigicant. This study was conducted to investigate the effect of irrigation volume on inorganic ions of root zone in hydroponic culture using coir substrate. The irrigation volume was adjusted to 4 levels depending on the integrated solar radiation for each growth period. The drainage ratio was calculated by daily amount of irrigation and drainage. The higher irrigation volume is, drainage ratio and water absorption tended to increase. But, the water absorption in the treatment of high irrigation volume was decreased in February and March compared to the treatment of medium high irrigation volume. By calculating monthly average irrigation volume and the drainage ratio, 120 to 1$40J/cm^2$ in January, 100 to $120J/cm^2$ in February, 80 to $100J/cm^2$ in March, 70 to $90J/cm^2$ in April and 60 to $75J/cm^2$ in May was detected as appropriate irrigation volume ranges which drainage ratio was 20-30%. The higher irrigation volume, the lower the concentration of ions decrease, which could prevent the accumulation of nutrients in the root zone. However, due to the characteristics of the coir substrate that absorbs ions, concentration of ions was significantly high when the drainage ratio was 20-30%. However, concentrations of P and K were sometimes lower in the drainage than that of irrigation water regardless of the treatment. Mg and S were the most highly accumulated ions even in the treatment of high irrigation volume. In low radiation season, there was no difference in the ion concentration in the drainage depending on the irrigation volume. In high radiation season, the lower irrigation volume, resulted to the higher ion concentration in the drainage. After March, it was difficult to prevent the increase of ions concetration in the drainage by only adjusting irrigation volume. Thus, it is necessary to decrease the EC of irrigation solution to prevent the accumulation of nutrients in the root zone.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.240-246
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• 2007

To evaluated the effect of low temperature storage on quality of fresh shoot of Sedum sermentosum, weight loss, Hunter L, a and b value, chlorophyll, water content, and general appearance were investigated during storage at 20, 10, and $5^{\circ}C$. Just after harvesting, fresh shoots ($10{\pm}2cm$ length) were stored with wrap film (linear LDPE)-packaged condition using the Styrofoam dish ($20{\times}10cm$, which 40 fresh shoots per dish). The fresh weight of 40 shoots was gradually decreased according to days after storage and higher storage temperature. The weight loss of fresh shoots showed significant difference (8.7-25.3%) between just before storage and 10 days after storage, and the degree of weight loss was more severer in higher storage temperature. Wanju local strain showed the lowest weight loss, and the most severe case was Pohang local strain. SPAD value related to chlorophyll content was rapidly decreased after 4 and 6 days at 20 and $10^{\circ}C$ storage, respectively. It was slowly decreased according to days after storage at $5^{\circ}C$. Yellowish color in bottom leaves of shoot appeared after 4, 6 and 8 days at 20, 10, and $5^{\circ}C$ storages, respectively. Hunter L and a values were gradually increased after storage, and it showed significant difference between just before storage and 10 days after storage. The total rate of discoloration over 50% or decay shoot was largely increased as higher temperature. It was significantly correlated to the water content of fresh shoot among local strains $(P{\leq}0.01)$. The freshness of shoot after storage was maintained in order of Wanji, Gunsan, Wando and Pohang local strain. The results indicated that the freshness was maintained for 8 days after $5^{\circ}C$ storage, when the fresh shoot was stored with wrap film-packaged condition.

• Journal of Sericultural and Entomological Science
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.9-14
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• 1973

In order to find out effects of the generative power of silk worm moth which have been brought up in the high temperature accommodation at their pupa stage. For this specific study, 9 different kinds of male silk worms have been selected as specimen. All those specimen were brought up in the normal temperature at their larvae stage and after the pupation period they have been accommodated in the condition of high temperature for a certain length in accordance with the study programme. Afterwards, those mlae specimen were copulated with Suwon jam 103${\times}$104 which were all brought up in normal conditions. This study was carried out to find the copulation function as well as the ratio of unfertilized eggs(male sterility test). Results of study have been revealed as follows: 1) Although some differences were observed, male pura which have been brought up in the condition of high temperature shown the low rate of unfertilized eggs rather than those were brought up in the normal conpition. 2) In this group the eclosion(emergency) has been found to be poor rather, than those specimen brought up in normal conditions. 3) The copulation function of Moran, Daedong, J124 and C108 specimen were found to be poor than those of Suwon jam. 4) Fertility rate of Moran, Daedong, J124 and C108 was found to be around 65%. This figure is rather lower than what we normally expect. 5) Unfertilized egg ratio of Moran, Daedong and C108 were found to be around 20% if they were brought up in the condition of high temperature for one day from the time of pupation: 40% at 2 days, and 70% at 3 days duration. More than 3 days treatment has shown no progress in the unfertilized egg ratio. 6) One day's treatment for the pupa at the later stage has shown the unfertilized egg ratio of about 10%; 20% at 2 day's treatment, 35% at 3 day's treatment, 40-60% at 4 day's treatment, more than 60% at 5 day's treatment, and the 70% of fertilized egg ratio was only observed when the treatment days come to 7 days. It was understood that the unfertilized egg ratio was high at the antepupa stage rather than that of post-pupa stage. 7) According to the result of observation the sperm in copulatory pouch and seminal receptacle out of the normal female silk worm which have been copulated with the male brought up in the condition of high temperature at their moth stage. The reproduction system found in the control zone has been found to be normal and the sperm is amountful and active in motion while the sperm found in the treatment to be limited in amount and slow in motion. The observation was made within 5 hours from the copulation. 8) According to the result of observation of sperm of seminal receptacles of the female silkworm moth, and according to that observation of sperm in the seminal receptacle in female silkworm moth, the amount of sperm and mobility in the female moth brought up in high temperature were poor comparing that were brought up in normal temperature zone. Some of them are even found to be no trace of such. 9) Appearance and mosle of the copulatory organ of the male silkworm moth was found to be no anatomical change. 10) Testis of the later pupa stage which was brought up in the high temperature was found to be almost net developed to anucleate sperm and they are degenerated at stage of between maturation division and sperm abnormal stage. Mean time at control zone, the formation of anucleate sperm was already observed.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.167-174
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• 2013

Six kinds of sprout vegetables were applied three and six types of non-perforated breathable propylene films (NPB film) for individual and mixed modified atmosphere (MA) package condition at $10^{\circ}C$ on this study. As a tah tasai, kohlrabi, rape, chinese cabbage, red radish, broccoli sprouts were packaged by 20,000, 60,000, and 100,000 $cc{\cdot}m^{-2}{\cdot}day{\cdot}atm$ non-perforated breathable films for seven days storage. Mixed sprout vegetables were used 20,000 cc, 40,000 cc, 60,000 cc, 80,000 cc, and 100,000 $cc{\cdot}m^{-2}{\cdot}day{\cdot}atm$ non-perforated breathable films for seven days storage. Loss rate of fresh weight, changes of carbon dioxide, oxygen, and ethylene gas concentration were measured during the storage. Visual quality and off-flavor were rated by panel tests after seven days storage. Each sprout vegetable storage with film tests had been shown under the 0.5% fresh weight loss in every packaged films, and the 20,000cc NPB film package had been suitable atmosphere condition in the carbon dioxide and oxygen gas concentration. Appearance and off-odor of sprouts packaged with 20,000cc NPB film were shown better than other films because of the proper gas movement through the film to outside during the storage. Fresh weight loss of the mixed sprout vegetables had no difference among the NPB films for seven days storage. The 20,000 cc film had been resulted in that exchange rate of carbon dioxide and oxygen was highest cause of low film permeability than sprouts respiration. But the film is not good for storage because it has been made poor value of off-order even showed high visual quality from panel test after storage. 40,000 cc and 60,000 cc non-perforated breathable films were more suitable for mixed sprout vegetable storage at $10^{\circ}C$. These result suggested that 20,000 cc NPB film was good for single packaged sprout vegetable and 40,000 cc and 60,000 cc non-perforated breathable films were good for mixed packaged sprout vegetable.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.36 no.8
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• pp.1048-1054
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• 2007

The quality characteristics of cookies, prepared with the freeze dried fresh garlic (FGP) and steamed ($100^{\circ}C$, 20 min) garlic (SGP) powders, were investigated. The cookie samples in the present study were made by adding the garlic powders at different levels (0, 0.5, 1, 2, 4, and 6%). The highest spread ratio, $8.48{\pm}0.31$ and $8.62{\pm}0.21$, were obtained by mixing 6% FGP and 0.5% SGP with the cookies. Among the surface color of the cookies, the L-value decreased with increasing garlic powder contents compared to that of the control group, but the difference in the surface color among the kinds of garlic powders was insignificant. Although increases in the garlic powder content resulted in no noticeable difference among the a-value of the test group, the b-value was decreased significantly, particularly with increasing SGP contents. Hardness was also increased along with the garlic powder contents and was highest at its 2% content. When viewed from the sensor properties, the measured color tended to become brown at the garlic powder contents greater than 2%. The surface crack of the cookies also increased as the SGP content increased. Its garlic taste and flavor were slightly low at SGP added with 6% garlic powder content than FGP. The overall acceptability was higher in $0.5{\sim}4%$ added test samples than those in control group sample; it was highest for 1%, 2% and 0.5%, in decreasing order. In the sensor evaluation, the overall acceptability of the cookies was considerably different in the comparison of FGP added cookies with SGP added ones. Therefore, the optimal ratio investigated for making the garlic added cookies was shown to be 1 %, and its acceptability was relatively high for SGP added cookies.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.102 no.2
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• pp.272-280
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• 2013

This study aims to develop a standard diagnostic table for management and administration that oak mushroom cultivators of forestry households can utilize. By diagnosing their current level of management with the table, the cultivators themselves will be able to grasp and address their operational challenges better. The table is composed of; questions on the status of forestry households; columns for a series of management performance indices, and; questionnaire with 4 categories and 20 subcategories to check the current level of management and administration by the households. In order to prepare the standard diagnostic table for oak mushroom management, 196 forestry households throughout 10 areas - Cheong-yang, Gong-ju, Bu-yeo and Seocheon in Chungcheongnam-do, Mun-kyung and Ye-cheon in Gyeongsangbuk-do, Jin-an in Jeollabuk-do, Jangheung and Jang-seong in Jeollanam-do, and Jeju Islands - were interviewed with and a total of 190 questionnaires were acquired and made use of in the result analysis. Then, the score on management level of each forestry household was determined in the way of aggregating scores from each subcategory. The overall average score of every household was calculated at 62.2 point with more than half of the respondents, 54.7%, belonging to the range of 60 to 80. When considered by regional groups, the average score of Jin-an was the lowest with 57.6 point while that of Jang-seong was the highest with 69.6 point. In case of the 'cultivation management' category, there were a lot of cultivators who expressed a negative awareness of the term 'pest control' because they had a tendency to think the term in connection with 'herbicides or pesticides'. So it is inevitable to adapt and modify existing groups and grades to make sure that the cultivators can make a right choice without confusing the concept 'pest control' with 'herbicides or pesticides'. Meanwhile, the average scores of 'management and administration' categories were mostly low. It was remarkable in these categories that forestry households in Jeolla province, which had remained in lower ranks in the other three categories, recorded higher scores than those in Chungcheong province, boasting a relatively high level of management and administration.

• Journal of Mushroom
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.1-23
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• 2005

World production of mushrooms has been increasing 10-20% every year. Recently, Pleurotus eryngii and P. nebrodensis are very popular as new mushroom species for cultivation. Two kinds of mushrooms, Gumji (Ganoderma) and Soji, were described in old book of Samguksagi (History of the three kingdoms; 1145) in Koryo-dynasty. Many kinds of mushrooms were also described in more than 16 kinds of old books during Chosun-dynasty in Korea. One hundred and sixty commercial strains of 25 species in mushrooms were distributed to cultivators. By the way, only 8 varieties of them have registered variety protection. Mushroom industry as important export products developed from 1960 to 1980. Production of mushrooms as food was 181,828 metric tons valued at 800 billion Korean won in 2003. Isolated and identified substances from mushrooms are promising antifungal, antiinflammatory, antitumor, antiviral (anti-HIV), antibacterial & antiparasitic, antidiabetic, immunomodulating, kidney tonic, hepatoprotective, nerve tonic, and sexual potentiator. These substances can also be used for blood pressure regulation and effective against cardiovascular disorders, hypocholesterolemia & hyperlipidemia, and chronicbronchitis. Mushroom products including pharmaceuticals, tonics, healthy beverages, functional biotransformants, and processed foods have also became available on the markets. Compost and feed can likewise be made from mushroom substrates after harvest. The mushroom industry is already one of the fastest growing investment sectors in Korea. By the way, there is a need to strain improvement for variety protection, advanced cultivation technology at low cost for growers, and control of demand and supply for marketing in order to more upgrade development of mushroom industry in the future.

• The Korean Journal of Air & Space Law and Policy
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.153-194
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• 2009

The resources of outer space are for the common exploitation of mankind, and it is a common responsibility of mankind to protect the outer space environment. With the rapid development of space science and technology, and especially with the busy space activities of some major space powers, environmental contamination or space debris is steadily increasing in quantity and has brought grave potential threats and actual damage to the outer space environment and human activities in space. Especially We must mitigate and seek out a solution to remove space debris which poses a threat directly to man's exploitation and use of outer space activities in the Low Earth Orbit (LEO) and in the Geostationary Orbit (GEO), through international cooperation and agreement in the fields of space science, economics, politics and law, in order to safeguard the life and property of mankind and protect the earth's environment. While the issue of space debris has been the subject of scientific study and discussion for some time now, it has yet to be fully addressed within the context of an international legal framework. During the earlier stages of the space age, which began in the late 1950s, the focus of international lawmakers and diplomats was the establishment of basic rules which sought to define the legal nature of outer space and set out the parameters for space activities and the nature and scope of activities carried out in outer space were quite limited. Consequently, environmental issues and the risks that might arise from the generation of space debris did not receive priority attention within the context of the development international space law. In recent years, however, the world has seen dramatic advances in technology and increases in the type and number of space-related activities which are being carried out. In addition, the number of actors in this field has exploded from two highly developed States to a vast array of different States, intergovernmental and nongovernmental organizations, including private industry. Therefore, the number of artificial objects in the near-Earth space is continually increasing. As has been previously mentioned, COPUOS was the entity that created the existing five treaties, and five sets of legal Principles, which form the core of space law, and COPUOS is clearly the most appropriate entity to oversee the creation of this regulatory body for the outer space environmental problem. This idea has been proposed by various States and also at the ILA Conference in Buenos Aires. The ILA Conference in Buenos Aires produced an extensive proposal for such a regulatory regime, dealing with space debris issues in legal terms This article seeks to discuss the status of international law as it relates to outer space environmental problem and space debris and indicate a course of action which might be taken by the international community to develop a legal framework which can adequately cope with the complexity of issues that have recently been recognized. In Section Ⅱ,Ⅲ and IV of this article discuss the current status of international space law, and the extent to which some of the issues raised by earth and space environment are accounted for within the existing United Nations multilateral treaties. Section V and VI discuss the scope and nature of space debris issues as they emerged from the recent multi-year study carried out by the ILA, Scientific and Technical Subcommittee, Legal Subcommittee of the United Nations Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space ("COPUOS") as a prelude to the matters that will require the attention of international lawmakers in the future. Finally, analyzes the difficulties inherent in the future regulation and control of space debris and the activities to protect the earth's environment. and indicates a possible course of action which could well provide, at the least, a partial solution to this complex challenge.