• 대한가정학회지
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• 제45권8호
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• pp.61-75
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• 2007

This study investigated preschoolers' emotional knowledge, emotional reactions and parents' emotinal reactions to children's negative emotions according to their family income and sex. Subjects were 99 five-year-olds(46 low-income preschoolers, 53 middle-income preschoolers) recruited from three day-care centers and a kindergarten in Seoul and their parents. Each child was individually interviewed with pictorial tasks and parents reported on their own reactions by questionnaires. Results showed that low-income preschoolers were lower than middle-income preschoolers in emotional knowledge. Low-income preschoolers showed higher level of perceptions of the peer's anger in emotional reactions than middle-income preschoolers. Low-income mothers also were more likely than middle income mothers to show punitive reaction in parents' emotional reactions.

• 한국생활과학회지
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• 제17권6호
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• pp.1093-1103
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• 2008

The purpose of this study is to investigate low- and middle-income preschoolers' pretend negotiation. Pretend negotiation of 78 five-year-old children were analyzed by children's sex and their socioeconomic status. Dyads were participated in social pretend play session during 20 minutes. The play session was videotaped and the videotaped data were transcribed. Each transcript was analysed according to the modified version of Howe et al. (1998)'s coding schemes. Results showed that children from middle-income families were higher in directive and responsive pretend negotiation than children from low-income families. And girls from middle-income families were higher in pretend negotiation (play role) than girls from low-income families.

• 부모자녀건강학회지
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• 제9권2호
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• pp.140-149
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• 2006

Purpose: The current descriptive study examined the health and healthcare status of preschoolers in poverty group compared to those of comparison group. Method: Data were collected from 51 mothers in federal poverty group and 49 in low-income group and 200 mothers in normal income comparison group in one city. The instruments used for this study were Korean CBCL and health related questionnaire. Results: Public assistance group showed more low-birth-weight infants, developmental delay, and hospital admission experiences. Their compliance for vaccination and congenital metabolic disorder test were lower than those of comparison group. Preschoolers' behavior problems were not significantly different depending upon the income of the group. Conclusion: Preschoolers' health and healthcare status are affected by the socioeconomic characteristics of the family. It indicated an need for anticipatory guidance and early intervention that might help to prevent or ameliorate potential health problems in poverty.

• 가정과삶의질연구
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• 제32권5호
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• pp.31-40
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• 2014

The purpose of this study is to investigate low- and middle-income preschoolers' use of contextualized and decontextualized talk. The contextualized and decontextualized talk of 70 five-year-old children were analyzed by children's gender and their socioeconomic status. The participants, as dyads, participated in a peer play session for 10 minutes. The play sessions were videotaped and the videotaped data were transcribed. Each transcript was analyzed according to the modified version of Curenton et al. (2008)'s coding schemes. The results showed that children from middle-income families engaged more in both contextualized and decontextualized talk than children from low-income families. Also, girls from middle-income families engaged in more contextualized-decontextualized talk(psychological states) than girls from low-income families.

• 한국식생활문화학회지
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• 제13권5호
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• pp.405-414
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• 1998

This study was to evaluate the anthropometry, dietary attitudes and the other factors of 201 children in day-care centers according to their parents' income levels. The evaluation was conducted using anthropometric measurements such as height, weight, skinfold thickness, blood pressure, and questionnaire survey which was completed by the children's mothers. The results are summarized as follows: Overall growth of children was normal according to Korean standard. There were no significant differences in anthropometry according to the income levels. The scores of eating habits of children were different significantly according to income levels. That is, the score was the lowest in the low-income group. Children generally prefer one-dish meal or snacks, while the preference levels of kimchi, seasoned vegetable and beans broiled in soysauce were lower than those cf other foods. In the questions to know mothers' nutrition knowledge, we could see that they didn't know well about protein, breast-feeding, weaning and balance in nutrients. Nutrition knowledge score of mothers was significantly lower in the low income group, which shows close relationship with low-score eating habits of their children. The score of nutrition knowledge was affected by the mother's education level. The higher the mother's nutrition knowledge and education level, the better children's eating habits. These findings emphasize the planning and application of nutrition education programs for mothers especially in the low income group.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• 제9권5호
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• pp.547-553
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• 2015

BACKGROUNDS/OBJECTIVES: The effects of malnutrition on growth of toddlers and preschoolers by socioeconomic status are not well known. This study aimed to examine the effects of dietary intake on growth outcomes in toddlers and preschoolers by household income level. SUBJECTS/METHODS: The study population was a total of 1,687 children aged 1 to 5 years that participated in the KNHANES from 2009 to 2011. Growth of children was assessed by height for age (HFA) and weight for height (WFH). Children were classified into three groups according to children's HFA and WFH compared to the $10^{th}$ and $90^{th}$ percentiles of the 2007 Korean Children and Adolescent Growth Standard. Average monthly household income was divided into quartile groups. Dietary intake data were obtained by using the one day 24-hr recall method. Risks of inadequate intake of nutrients and unfavorable growth were estimated by using a multiple logistic regression model adjusted for sex, age, region, and energy intake. RESULTS: The low HFA group (<$10^{th}$ percentile) had significantly lower intakes of energy, carbohydrate, and thiamin as compared with the high group (${\geq}90^{th}$ percentile). For WFH status, vitamin C intake was lower in the low group than in the high group. Household income level was related to WFH status but not HFA. Children from lower income households were more likely to have high WFH than those from higher income households (P for trend = 0.038). Household income status was also significantly related with risk of inadequate intake of micronutrients such as thiamin (P for trend = 0.032) and vitamin C (P for trend = 0.002), showing higher odds of inadequate intakes in children from lower income households. CONCLUSIONS: Children from lower income households were prone to be overweight and to have inadequate intakes of micronutrients such as thiamin and vitamin C. To reduce nutritional and health disparities, collective action in the public sector is required from early life.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• 제9권3호
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• pp.278-287
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• 2015

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Diet plays an important role in growth and development of children. However, dietary intakes of children living in either rural or urban areas can be influenced by household income. This cross-sectional study examined energy, nutrient and food group intakes of 749 urban children (1-10 years old) by household income status. SUBJECTS/METHODS: Children's dietary intakes were obtained using food recall and record for two days. Diet adequacy was assessed based on recommended intakes of energy and nutrients and food group servings. RESULTS: For toddlers, all nutrients except dietary fiber (5.5 g) exceeded recommended intakes. Among older children (preschoolers and school children), calcium (548 mg, 435 mg) and dietary fiber (7.4 g, 9.4 g) did not meet recommendations while percentage of energy from total fat and saturated fats exceeded 30% and 10%, respectively. The mean sodium intakes of preschoolers (1,684 mg) and school children (2,000 mg) were relatively high. Toddlers in all income groups had similar energy and nutrient intakes and percentages meeting the recommended intakes. However, low income older children had lowest intakes of energy (P < 0.05) and most nutrients (P < 0.05) and highest proportions that did not meet recommended energy and nutrient intakes. For all food groups, except milk and dairy products, all age groups had mean intakes below the recommended servings. Compared to middle and high income groups, low income preschoolers had the lowest mean intake of fruits (0.07 serving), meat/poultry (0.78 serving) and milk/dairy products (1.14 serving) while low income toddlers and school children had the least mean intake of fruits (0.09 serving) and milk/dairy products (0.54 serving), respectively. CONCLUSION: Low socioeconomic status, as indicated by low household income, could limit access to adequate diets, particularly for older children. Parents and caregivers may need dietary guidance to ensure adequate quantity and quality of home food supply and foster healthy eating habits in children.

• 대한가정학회지
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• 제40권11호
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• pp.119-130
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• 2002

This study investigated preschool children's script knowledge according to task situation and socioeconomic status. Subjects were seventy-eight 5-year-old children (38 low- and 40 middle-income children; 36 boys and 42 girls) recruited from three day-care centers in Seoul. Each child participated in the script knowledge assessment session. Assessment of script knowledge consisted of a picture-recognition and picture-sequencing task. Statistical methods used for data analysis were means, standard deviations, repeated measures ANOVA. Results showed that children's script knowledge scores were higher in familiar task situation than in unfamiliar task situation. Furthermore, middle-income children had higher scores of script knowledge than low-income children. Findings of this study indicate that there is the difference of script knowledge between low- and middle-income preschoolers.

• Human Ecology Research
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• 제51권3호
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• pp.341-353
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• 2013

The object of this study is to examine the relationship between temperament (emotionality, activity, sociability, and shyness) and the resilience (social competence and language ability) of preschool children from low-income families and the moderating effect of maternal warmth. The subjects were 86 low-income preschool children (42 girls and 44 boys; mean age, 70.57 months), their mothers and teachers, recruited from five daycare centers in Namyangju city and Ansan city located in Gyeonggi-do area. Each child's language ability was individually assessed with with the standardized measure, Preschool Receptive-Expressive Language Scale (PRES) and their teachers reported on children's social competence and parents reported on their child's temperament by questionnaire. The collected data was analyzed by correlation analysis and hierarchical regression. The main results of this study were as follows. First, children's emotionality in temperament and maternal warmth had main effects on social competence. Second, only monthly income level and sex had main effects on language ability. Third, maternal warmth moderated the effects of children's shyness in temperament on social competence and language ability as resilience. Findings could provide basic information for programs to promote resilience in preschool children from low-income families.

• 한국식생활문화학회지
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• 제13권4호
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• pp.293-305
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• 1998

According to economical status, under-nutrition and over-nutrition coexist in preschool children in Korea. Subjects consumed more than RDA in most nutrients, and children in of the upper income class tended to have more nutrients than those of the low income class. Especially in case of energy, protein, fat, vitamin $B_2$, and P there were significant differences among the different classes. The mean calorie compositions of carbohydrates, protein and fat were $57{\sim}59:\;16{\sim}17:\;26{\sim}27$ and fat calorie percentage was higher than quantity recommended for Korean adults. Energy, protein, Fe, vitamin A, $B_1$ and C intakes were taken mostly from plant food sources. In the upper income class group, intakes of protein and vitamin $B_2$ from animal food sources were higher than in any other income classes. Intakes of iron, vitamin A, $B_1$ and C were largely provided by plant food group. Especially 44-45% of vitamin A were taken from vegetable and fruits group, which indicated that about 50% of vitamin A intake was the form of ${\beta}-carotene$. Also compared with other groups, in the upper income class group, the intakes of energy, protein, Ca, p, vitamin $B_1$ and vitamin $B_2$ from cereal and potatoes were significantly lower, and those of Ca and P from milks and meats, fishes & eggs were significantly higher(p<0.05). The mean fat intake in all subjects was $38{\sim}43g/day$. Regardless of income class, oleic acid($6.6{\sim}8.4g$) and linoleic acid($6.7{\sim}8.1g$) were the most abundant fatty acids contained in the diet. The upper class group consumed significantly more total saturated fatty acids and total monounsaturated fatty acids(p<0.05). In polyunsaturated fatty acids, there were no differences between 3 different income classes, but intakes of total ${\omega}6$ fatty acids in the upper class tended to be higher and those of total o3 fatty acids in low class tended to be higher. Therefore, ${\omega}6/{\omega}3$ tended to be higher in the upper class group. Regardless of income classes, P/M/S and ${\omega}6/{\omega}3$ ratios in all subjects were $0.9{\sim}l.3/1.0{\sim}1.1/1.0$ and $5.2{\sim}7.4/1.0$, respectively and were in a desirable range. Cholesterol intake of subject was 184-218 mg/day, which was comparable to the value of Korean adult intake.